Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight, Parts I and II / Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Volume 27 Number 3, Publication 1948, 1911

by S. P. Langley; Charles M. Manly

Parts.	Sizes.		Weight.
	m.	ft.	gr.	lbs.
1 Frame, including everything of metal, permanent and undetachable, such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the support of propellers, bearing points for clutch, etc.			3245
2 Engine, bed plates and sparkers			4549	10
3 Gears, shafts, etc.			1662
4
5
6
7 Floats, front, 212; rear, 220			432
8 Reel, float and cord, 142			142
9 Wing clamps, 86 and 97; rudder clamp and post			183
10 Carburetor and fuel			737
11 Spark coil, 1512; holders, 110			1622
12 Battery			1627
13 Primary connections
14 Secondary connections
15 Guy-post clamps, each 13			26
16
17 Wings (without clamp), new flat wings			2634
18 Tail (without clamp), Pénaud rudder			353
19 Rudder, wind vane			88
20 Guy sticks			30
21 Propellers, 585 each			1170
22 Extra length of midrod, front, 125; rear, 225			350
23 Wood bowsprit			75
24 Other Things
25 Counter			110
26 Guy-post clamp and post for rudder			16
27
28
29 Drop piece for rudder			53
30
31 Sundries unknown
32
33
34 Total flying weight			19,104
35
36
37
38 Total area of support (not including tail) . . . sq. ft.		61.41
39 Total area of support in feet, divided by total flying weight in lbs.		1.46
40 Total area of horizontal tail. . . . sq. ft.		6
41 Total area of rudder (vertical). . . . sq. ft.		6
42 Horse-power at brake 1.5 at 750 R. P. M.
43 Engine gave 2.01 H. P. on brake at 900 R. P. M.
44 Lift at pendulum (during one minute absolute)
45 Lift at pendulum (during one minute in terms of wt.)
46 Minimum pressure with which wheels turn
47 Position of center of pressure of wings†
48
49
50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 20-1/2
51 Root angle of wings, 10°
52 Tip angle of wings, 10°
53 Position of wings: C. P. F. W., 157.82; C. P. R. W., 1386.9
54 How guyed
55 Position of tail
56 Angle of tail, 5°
57 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, 200 at center depresses to horizontal
58 Position of rudder (center), 1292.9
59
60 Line of thrust, 1500, through center of propellers
61 Center of gravity1 of whole, 1503.7
62 Center of gravity2, 2497.5
63 Center of pressure1 of whole estimate, 1503.7
64 Center of pressure2, 2513.2
65 Center of clutch post, 1515.4
66 Center of coil, 1555.3
67 Center front float, 16.45
68 Center rear float, 1372.6
69 Center wind vane rudder, 1435.6
70 Center Pénaud rudder, 1292.9
71 Rear end Pénaud rudder, 1215.9
72 Front end of Bowsprit, 1707.2

Footnotes.

• * H.P. = (Rev. × diam. × pitch ratio × thrust)/33000
• † This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wing have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[◊] INDEX

• A
• Abbreviations and symbols for points on aerodrome … [14], [15]
• Accidents, in launching large aerodrome … [126], [184], [185], [265]–[281]
• — loss of model aerodrome … [17], [94], [154]
• Aeolipiles, alcohol … [55], [56], [59], [60], [65], [66], [112]
• Aerial navigation, report of Board of Ordnance on … [276], [279]
• Aerodrome, balancing of … [45]–[52], [81], [90], [109], [134], [211], [212]
• — construction of … [53]–[80], [164]–[187], [234]–[250]
• — definition of word … [iii]
• — dimensions of (see aerodrome models and data sheets).
• — eighth-size model … [133], [134], [154]
• — engines (see engines and motors).
• — experiments with models … [6]–[14], [16]–[24], [133]–[155]
• — field trials (see trials).
• — first flight of model, May 6, 1896 … [2], [3], [107], [108], [117]
• — first trial of a “flying machine” in free air … [97]
• — flight (see also trials).
• — — first model, May 6, 1896 … [2], [3], [107], [117]
• — — large machine (1903) … [126], [127], [255]–[282]
• — — photographs of … [108], [259], [260]
• — large … [126], [127], [129], [130], [156], [183], [225], [255]–[282]
• — — construction of … [164]–[187], [234]–[250]
• — — launching apparatus for … [156]–[163], [183]
• — — shop tests … [251]–[254]
• — — trials (1903) … [126], [181], [255]–[282]
• — — weight of … [277]
• — launching apparatus for models … [92]–[122], [133], [134]
• — — — — large aerodrome … [156]–[163], [183]
• — man-carrying (see also aerodrome large) … [123], [125], [129], [130], [151], [153], [156]–[187], [234]–[250], [255], [282].
• — model, descriptions of (see also data sheets).
• — — — — No. 0 … [21], [30], [31], [36], [38], [40], [53], [55], [75]
• — — — — Nos. 1, 2, 3 … [28], [29], [38], [40], [53]
• — — — — No. 4 … [53], [62]–[67], [69], [70], [72], [75]–[79], [81]–[83], [86], [92]–[109], [120]
• — — — — No. 5 … [26], [64]–[66], [69], [70], [75]–[79], [81], [82]–[84], [86], [88], [89], [90], [92]–[109], [110]–[122], [130], [131], [134], [135]–[155], [158], [174], [188], [189], [208]–[210], [231], [257], [281].
• — — — — No. 6 … [49], [61], [62], [78]–[81], [89], [90], [92]–[109], [110]–[122], [130], [131], [134], [158], [174], [188], [193], [208], [210], [231], [257], [281].
• — — — — rubber pull … [11]–[20]
• — — eighth-size … [133], [134], [154]
• — — frames of … [39], [53]–[80], [90], [112], [119], [129]
• — — launching apparatus for … [92]–[112], [134]
• — — quarter-size … [158], [159], [170], [226]–[233], [234], [255], [257]–[261], [281]
• — — results from … [17], [129]
• — — steam driven (see also Nos. 5, 6) … [122], [164], [165], [224], [281]
• — — trials, of Nos. 0, 1, 2, 3 (1892) … [29], [53]
• — — — — Nos. 4, 5, 6 (1893) … [63], [92]–[106]
• — — — — Nos. 5, 6 (1896) … [2], [79], [106]–[109]
• — — — — No. 6 (1898) … [61]
• — — — — Nos. 5, 6 (1899) … [49], [79], [135]–[155], [231], [257]
• — — — — Nos. 30, 31, and others … [6]–[14], [17], [19]
• — motors (see engines and motors).
• — quarter-size models (see aerodrome models).
• — rubber-power models … [5], [8]–[24], [44]
• — weights of (see weight and data sheets).
• Aerodromics, science of … [iii], [7]
• Aerodynamics … [7], [30], [43], [44], [80], [91], [99]
• — experiments in … [1], [6], [7], [19], [21], [32], [41], [80], [98], [128], [150], [153]
• Aeronaut (see also aviator) … [130]
• Air, compressed … [11], [24], [25], [26], [68], [112]
• — liquid … [154]
• — resistance of … [6], [8], [9], [142], [165]–[167]
• Air-chamber … [64], [68], [69], [98], [112], [113]
• Air-cooled engine … [226]
• Alcohol and hydrocarbons, use of, as fuel … [24], [25], [35], [55], [57], [66], [72], [73]
• Alcohol aeolipiles … [55], [56], [60], [66], [69], [112]
• Allegheny Observatory, experiments at … [11], [13], [31], [150]
• Allotment, Government, for man-carrying aerodrome … [124]–[126], [132], [278]
• Aluminum-bronze, use of … [114], [116], [173], [174]
• Aluminum in engine construction … [32], [114], [243], [252]
• — sheathing of hull … [69]
• — wires … [84]
• Aneroid barometer for determining height … [186]
• Anemometer cups … [143]
• Angle, diedral, of wings … [45], [82], [89]
• — of inclination … [41], [43], [83], [99], [100]
• — — rotation … [61]
• — — wings, root angle … [83], [89], [91], [97], [98], [100], [101], [103]
• Area, relation to weight and power … [43], [44], [64], [90], [99], [101]
• — supporting (see also surface) … [82], [87]–[89], [91], [93]
• Asbestos, use of … [35], [63], [67]
• Associated Press statement to … [266], [280]
• Aviator, equilibrium of … [161], [169], [253]
• — weight of … [130], [210], [256]
• Aviator’s car … [185]–[187], [214], [251], [252]
• — jacket … [273]
• — seat … [185]
• — wheel … [214], [216], [265], [266], [272]
• B
• Bagging or pocketing of wings … [84], [86], [100], [195], [203]
• Balance (see also equilibrium) … [82], [165]
• Balancing of aerodrome … [45]–[52], [81], [90], [109], [134], [211], [258]
• — — engine … [246], [247]
• — — wings and rudder … [211], [255]
• Ball-bearings on launching car … [160], [175], [177], [252], [253]
• Bamboo ribs for wings … [200]
• Barometer, aneroid … [186]
• Barus, Dr Carl, boiler experiments by … [58], [70]–[75], [93]–[95]
• Batteries, electric … [11], [24], [26], [27], [162], [212], [220]–[222], [237], [240], [241], [257], [262], [263]
• Bearings, ball, on aerodrome and launching car … [160], [175], [177], [252], [253]
• — bronze, on model aerodromes … [177]
• Bedplates … [116], [168], [175], [273]
• “Beehive” boilers (see boilers).
• Bell Alexander Graham … [4], [96], [102]–[104], [106], [108]
• Bessemer steel guy wires … [172]
• Bevel gears … [174], [177], [241]
• Bird-wings, construction of … [7], [188], [200], [201]
• Birds, soaring, study of … [7], [9], [88], [287]
• Blazer, S. M., engineer … [126]
• “Bleeder,” feed tube for burner … [67], [113]
• Blériot aeroplane of Langley type … [283]
• Blower for artificial wind … [61], [97], [225]
• Board of Ordnance and Fortification … [124], [126], [132], [250], [255], [271], [276], [278], [279], [280]
• Boat, house … [92], [93], [136], [148], [149], [156]–[163], [269]
• Body, construction of (see also hull) … [32], [60]
• Boiler, “Beehive” type … [34], [39]
• — coil of … [34]–[39], [70], [71], [113]–[116]
• — development of … [55]–[59], [65], [68], [70]–[75], [102], [114]–[116]
• — pressure … [58], [59], [63], [68], [69], [101], [102]
• — report on, by Dr. Barus … [70]–[75]
• — serpollet type … [56], [57]
• — spray type … [70]
• — tests of … [70]–[75], [135]
• — tubing of … [70]–[75], [114], [141]
• — water-tube type of … [34], [35], [70]–[75], [114]
• Bolometer, development of … [123]
• Brake, horse-power … [28], [37], [58], [61], [64]–[69], [117], [223], [224], [230], [233]
• — Prony … [38], [61], [65], [66], [117], [179], [222], [228], [233], [249]
• Brass, use of … [54], [63], [113], [180]
• Brazing … [117], [173], [175], [235], [236]
• Bronze, aluminum … [114], [116], [171], [173], [177], [234], [237]–[240]
• Burners, Bunsen type … [35], [68], [72], [113]
• — gasoline … [56], [60], [61], [62], [65], [67], [68], [70]–[75], [112]–[116], [149]
• — shield for … [60], [67], [95], [115]
• Bushing, cast-iron … [114]–[117], [121]
• Buzzard, American, and “John Crow,” study of … [285]
• C
• Cameras, telephoto … [260], [261], [273]
• “Canvas-covered” propellers … [84], [178]
• Car, aviator’s … [185]–[187], [214], [251], [252]
• — launching (see launching apparatus).
• Carbon, energy developed by the use of … [27]
• Carbonic-acid gas as motive power … [11], [24], [26], [28], [29], [39], [53], [54]
• — liquid … [24], [28]
• — — freezing of … [28]–[29]
• — — latent heat of … [28]
• Carburetor, development of, suitable type of … [224], [225], [239], [240], [248], [249], [251], [253], [259]
• Carpenter, Frank G., witnesses flights … [108]
• Cast-iron, use of (see also iron) … [114]–[117], [121], [234]–[236], [240]
• “Cast-off” apparatus … [96], [110]
• Center of gravity … [10], [13]–[16], [45]–[52], [61], [64], [80], [91], [103], [143], [144], [150], [209], [210]
• — — — in relation to pressure … [10], [11], [15], [46], [48], [64], [98], [99], [101], [103]
• — — pressure … [7], [10], [11], [13], [15], [45]–[52], [78], [80], [84], [87], [88], [90], [91], [200], [209], [210]
• — — — formulæ for … [49], [87], [88], [90]
• — — wings and tail … [16]
• — — rotation … [62]
• — — thrust … [62]
• Centrifugal pump … [241], [248]
• Charcoal, as fuel … [57]
• China silk (see silk).
• Chopawamsic Island, Potomac River … [93], [135], [153], [183], [256]
• Chronograph attachments … [162], [163], [229]
• Circulating pump … [114], [244]
• Clamps, wing … [82], [89], [145], [183]
• Coast and Geodetic Survey … [93], [145], [256]
• Coefficient of elasticity … [146]
• Coil, spark (see sparking devices).
• Compressed air … [24], [25]–[26], [68], [112], [113]
• Condenser, steam … [65]
• Construction and tests of large engine … [234]–[250]
• Construction of frame and engines … [53]–[80]
• — — — of large aerodrome … [164]–[187]
• — — supporting surfaces … [188]–[206]
• Control, equilibrium and … [77], [78], [119], [207]–[217]
• — gyroscopic … [78], [211]
• Cooling systems, (see water and air cooling).
• Copper, use of … [27], [39], [63], [72], [112]–[115], [162]
• Copper tubing … [35], [56], [57], [59], [112], [115], [140], [141], [248]
• Counter, speed … [62], [120], [185], [243], [249]
• — — propellers … [178]
• Covering for tail … [86], [103]
• — — wings … [54], [63], [77], [81], [86], [88], [90], [148], [194], [195], [205]
• Crank bell … [110]
• — starting … [244]
• Crank-pin … [237]–[239], [243]–[247]
• Crank-shaft … [237], [239], [244]–[246], [250]
• Cube, law of the … [129], [130], [222], [244], [249]
• Currie, Rolla P., report on American Buzzard … [289]
• Curved surfaces (see also wing curvature) … [18], [44], [47], [99]
• Cylinders (see also engines, cylinders).
• — aluminum in construction of … [114]
• — brass in construction of … [54]
• — steel tubes in … [116], [121], [234], [235], [239], [240]
• — construction of … [112], [114], [116], [121], [212], [213], [232], [235], [239], [240], [246]
• — five, engine … [245], [246], [250], [255]
• — high-pressure … [33]
• — low-pressure … [33]
• — multiple, engine … [226]
• — oscillating … [33], [38]
• — tests of (see also engine tests) … [55]
• — walls of … [239]
• — weight of … [246], [247], [250]
• D
• Daniell, on energy in storage batteries … [27]
• Data sheets … [297]
• Definitions of terms and symbols … [14], [15]
• Deflection, absence of … [269]
• de Lucy, on sustaining surfaces … [19]
• Diedral angle of wings … [45], [82], [83], [85], [89], [96], [146]
• Dimensions (see aerodrome descriptions and data sheets).
• Distance of flights … [103], [107]–[109], [135]–[155], [258]
• Distortion of wings … [82]–[84], [91], [98], [105]
• Dry batteries … [262]
• Duration of flights (see also time) … [103], [107], [108], [137], [145], [148], [258]
• Dynamometer, use of … [222], [228], [229], [230], [242], [247], [249]
• E
• Eagle quill and spruce rib, comparative strength of … [201]
• Early steam motors and other models … [30]–[40]
• Efficiency of wings … [87], [89], [91], [144], [192], [193]
• Eighth-size models … [133], [134], [154]
• Elastic limit of rubber … [9], [22], [23]
• Elasticity of tail … [78], [90], [144], [152]
• — coefficient of … [51], [144], [146]
• Electric batteries … [24], [26], [27], [212], [262], [263]
• — circuits … [70], [212], [220]–[223], [237], [241], [257]
• Electricity as motive power … [24], [26]–[28]
• Energy in foot pounds (see also lift) … [23]–[27]
• Engine (see also motors) … [112]–[116], [179], [180], [222]–[225], [226]–[233], [234]–[250], [281]
• — American builders … [131], [180], [219], [228]
• — air-cooled … [226]
• — automobile … [219]
• — balancing of … [246], [247]
• — carbonic-acid gas … [24], [26]–[29]
• — compressed air … [11], [24]–[26], [68], [112]
• — construction of, and frames … [53]–[79], [114], [116], [219], [223]–[233]
• — — — — tests … [234]–[250]
• — contract for … [126]
• — cylinders of … [33], [38], [54], [112], [114]–[116], [121], [212], [213], [232], [235]–[239], [246], [250], [255]
• — description of one-horse-power … [37], [116]
• — electric … [24], [26]–[28]
• — European builders … [131], [140], [219], [234]
• — experimental … [218]–[225]
• — five-cylinder … [224], [232], [234]–[250], [255]
• — gas (see also gasoline) … [26], [28], [131], [133]
• — gasoline … [24], [37], [65], [125], [131], [179], [210], [218], [219], [224], [277]
• — gunpowder … [24], [25]
• — horse-power (see also brake, horse-power) … [37], [58], [116], [233]
• — hot-water … [24], [25], [68]
• — large, construction and tests of … [133], [234]–[250], [281], [282]
• — — weight of … [247], [250], [256]
• — Manly … [219]–[225]
• — multiple cylinder … [226]
• — oscillating … [33], [38]
• — radiator … [252]
• — steam … [24], [30]–[40], [64], [69], [116], [120]
• — — dimensions of … [116]
• — Stringfellow … [30], [31]
• — tests … [37], [55], [61], [69], [102], [133], [148], [234]–[250], [281], [282]
• — water-cooled … [220], [235], [236], [241], [247], [248], [252]
• — weight of … [116], [126], [130], [209], [247], [250]
• Equilibrium, maintenance of … [6], [31], [45], [51], [144], [213]–[216]
• — of aviator … [161], [169], [213], [253]
• — and control … [77], [78], [119], [207]–[217]
• — lateral, and longitudinal stability … [31], [45]–[52]
• Evaporation, rate of gasoline … [65], [66]
• Evaporators … [37], [65], [67], [114], [148]
• F
• “Factor of safety” … [111], [186]
• Feathers, pliability of … [188], [200]
• — toy-propeller, blades made of … [8]
• Feed, gravity … [239]
• Fibre insulation … [241], [257]
• Field trials, eighth-size … [133], [134], [154]
• — — large and quarto size models … [126], [158], [170], [181], [226]–[234], [255]–[282]
• — — models Nos. 0, 1, 2, 3 … [29], [53]
• — — — Nos. 4, 5, 6 … [63], [92]–[106]
• — — — Nos. 5, 6, 2 … [61], [79], [135]–[155], [231], [257]
• Fire-proofing preparation … [148]
• First flight of heavier than air machine … [107], [108]
• First trial of a flying-machine in free air … [97]
• Flexure of wings … [82]–[84], [91], [98], [105]
• Flight (see aerodrome and aerodrome model flights).
• — bird, study of … [7]
• — of large machine … [126], [181], [255]–[282]
• — — May 6, 1896 … [2], [3], [107]–[108]
• — — models Nos. 4, 5, 6 … [2], [63], [79], [92]–[109], [135]–[155]
• — — quarter size model … [259]
• — — rubber-driven models … [16]–[20]
• — — quarter-size models … [158], [170], [226]–[233], [243], [255], [257]–[261], [281]
• Floating the models … [64], [68], [69], [99], [103], [119], [120]
• Fly-wheels of engine … [242], [243], [247], [252]
• Flying aerodrome model as a kite … [133], [154], [155]
• Flying-weight of aerodromes (see also data sheets) … [15], [62], [63], [76], [77], [81], [89], [91], [148], [247], [250], [256]
• Foot-pounds, definition of … [15]
• — energy in (see also horse-power) … [22], [27], [62]
• Force-pump … [57]
• Formulæ:
• — area … [19]
• — center of pressure … [49], [87], [88], [90], [101]
• — drift … [41], [43]
• — efficiency … [47]
• — Harting’s … [19]
• — horse-power … [15], [62]
• — lift or weight … [41], [43], [62]
• — Manly’s, for changing center of pressure … [51]
• — Maxim’s, for horse-power … [15]
• — resistance … [41]
• — soaring speed … [91]
• — tandem wing … [87]
• — work (see also horse-power) … [18], [23], [27], [62]
• Frame, construction of, model … [39], [53]–[80], [90], [112], [119], [129]
• — — — large aerodrome … [164]–[187], [253]
• — main … [165]–[168], [170]
• — resistance of … [165]–[167]
• — testing of … [79]
• — transverse … [77], [165], [174]–[178]
• — work … [118]
• French academy, communication to … [3]
• Fuel, alcohol and hydrocarbon … [24], [25], [35], [55], [57], [66], [72], [73]
• — carbon … [27]
• — carbonic acid gas … [11], [24], [26], [28], [29], [39], [53], [54]
• — charcoal … [57]
• — gas … [26], [28], [37]
• — gasoline … [24], [25], [36], [37], [65]–[68], [112], [125], [224], [248], [259]
• — quantity of … [68]
• Fuel-tank … [36], [65], [67], [68], [112], [113]
• Funds for experiments … [124]–[126], [132], [257], [278], [279], [281]
• G
• Gaertner, Mr., instrument maker … [93], [95]
• Gas, carbonic-acid … [24], [26], [28], [36], [68], [113]
• Gas-burners … [35], [55], [60], [65], [70]–[75], [112], [113]
• Gas-engine (see also engines, gas and gasoline) … [26], [28], [37]
• — Five cylinder … [224], [234]–[250], [255]
• — large … [234]–[250], [277]
• — model … [26]–[28], [65], [131], [133], [232]–[234]
• Gasoline-burners … [56], [60], [62], [65], [67], [68], [70]–[75], [112]–[116], [149]
• Gasoline-engines … [24], [37], [65], [125], [131], [179], [210], [218]–[225], [232]–[234], [248], [259], [277]
• Gasoline-evaporator … [37], [65], [148]
• Gears … [114], [117], [136], [137], [168], [174], [175], [177], [237], [241]
• Gibson, Captain, recorder … [250]
• Goldbeater’s skin, for wings … [77]
• Goode, G. Brown … [97]
• Government allotment (see also Board of Ordnance and Fortification) … [124]–[126], [132], [279]
• Gravity, center of … [10], [13]–[16], [45]–[52], [61], [64], [80], [91], [98], [101], [103], [143], [144], [150], [209], [210]
• Gravity-feed … [239]
• Guiding (see equilibrium and control; sustaining surfaces; and rudder).
• Gun-metal … [174]
• Gunpowder … [24], [25]
• Guy-posts … [184], [189], [199], [266], [267], [268], [270], [274], [275]
• Guying, early systems of … [81], [84]–[91]
• — wire … [81], [84]–[90], [99], [164]–[173], [189], [191], [196], [199], [264], [266]
• Gyroscopic control … [78], [211]
• H
• Harting’s formula … [19]
• Head resistance … [142], [165]–[167]
• Heating apparatus (see burners).
• Herring, A. M., assistant … [104]
• Hewitt, Mr., at rescue of Mr. Manly … [273]
• Hodgkin’s fund, aid from … [257]
• Holmes, W. H. … [286], [289]
• Horizontal flight, velocity required to sustain … [1], [16]–[19], [43], [91]
• — rudder … [8]
• Horse-power, exerted by rubber … [9], [22]
• — Maxim’s formula … [15]
• — required to sustain flight … [1]
• — developed … [28], [37], [55], [58], [64]–[69], [117], [179], [223], [233], [249]
• Hot-water engine … [24], [25]
• House-boat and launching apparatus … [92]–[109], [110]–[122], [148], [149], [156], [163], [269]
• Huffaker, E. C. … [44], [46]
• Hull, construction of … [30], [32], [36], [53], [60], [69], [75], [112], [118]–[121]
• — forms of … [30], [31], [32], [38], [60], [69]
• — resistance … [49], [69]
• — steel tubes for … [39], [69], [75], [112], [118], [120]
• I
• Ignition (see electric batteries and circuits).
• Indian rubber for power (see also rubber) … [21], [40]
• Internal work of the wind … [6], [42]
• Inclination, angle of … [41], [43], [83], [99], [100]
• Insulation … [144], [241], [257]
• Iron, use of … [63], [64], [114]–[117], [234], [236], [240]
• J
• Jacket, cork, aviator’s … [273]
• — water … [220], [234], [236], [241], [247], [252]
• “John Crow” (bird of Jamaica), study of … [285]
• K
• Kite, model flown as … [133], [154], [155]
• L
• Langley. S. P. … [3], [4], [9], [18], [76]–[79], [93], [95], [102]–[108], [112], [123]–[126], [128], [131], [133], [135], [153], [156], [161], [179], [183], [184], [188], [211], [212], [219], [223], [230], [231], [257], [266]–[268], [270], [271], [287], [280], [281]
• — statement of … [124], [280]
• — letter of instructions from (see appendix).
• — study of “John Crow” bird (see appendix).
• — aerodrome, War Department report on … [277], [278], [279]
• “Langley type” of aerodrome … [77], [164], [208], [244], [266], [276], [278]–[281]
• — — — rudder … [77], [86]
• Lateral stability … [45]–[52], [97]
• Launching, difficulties of … [10], [11], [12], [92], [94], [96], [99]
• — methods of … [13], [94]–[97], [110]
• — of large machine … [265]–[267], [271]–[272], [276], [282]
• Launching-apparatus … [92]–[122], [134], [149], [156]–[163], [183], [185], [231], [257], [261], [265]–[267], [270], [272], [276], [282]
• — overhead … [5], [92]–[122], [133]–[135], [139], [142], [143], [145], [151], [152], [154], [156]–[163]
• — underneath … [134], [135], [145]–[147], [151], [152], [154], [156]–[163], [183]
• — weakness of … [265], [276], [282]
• Launching-car … [158], [159], [183], [184], [255], [258], [262], [266]–[268], [271], [272], [274], [277]
• Launching speed (see also velocity) … [135], [161], [162]
• Law of the cube … [129], [130]
• Lewis, Captain I. N. … [250]
• Lift of propellers (see also pendulum tests) … [61], [62], [66], [69], [77], [94], [99], [102], [105], [107], [151], [189], [192]
• Lilienthal, Otto, on efficiency of curves … [44]
• Lineal velocity … [1], [43], [110], [166]
• Liquid air … [154]
• Longitudinal stability … [45]–[52]
• Lubrication … [113], [177], [234], [239], [240]
• M
• McDonald, Mr. … [266], [271], [272]
• McKinley, President William … [123], [124]
• Macomb, Major M. M., report of … [276]–[278]
• Maltby, Mr., machinist … [93]–[95], [102], [106]
• Man-carrying machine … [123], [125], [129], [130], [151], [153], [156]–[187], [234]–[250], [255]–[282]
• Manly, C. M., assistant in charge of experiments … [123], [129], [218]–[224], [265], [266], [268], [272], [276], [278]
• — — — engine … [219]–[225]
• — — — formula … [51]
• — John M., description of flight, by … [260]–[261]
• Maxim’s formula for horse-power … [15]
• Mechanical flight … [2]–[4]
• — — theory of … [1]
• — — Dr. Bell on … [4]
• — — Mr. Langley on … [3]–[4]
• Mica, use of … [63], [72], [115], [257]
• Models (see also aerodrome model description and trials).
• — experiments with … [1], [133]–[155]
• — — — small … [6]–[14], [17], [19]
• — flight of (see trials).
• — launching of (see also launching apparatus) … [92]–[122], [133], [134]
• — rubber-driven … [5], [8]–[24], [76]
• — steam-driven (see also Nos. 4, 5, 6) … [134], [135]
• — steam, motor, and other … [30]–[40]
• Motive power (see also engines, electricity, and fuel) … [8], [11], [21]–[29], [118]
• — discussion of … [11]
• Motors, available (see also engines) … [11], [21]–[29], [278]
• — carbonic acid gas … [11], [24], [26], [28], [29], [39], [53], [54]
• — compressed air … [11], [24], [25], [26], [68], [112], [113]
• — construction of early types of … [30]–[40]
• — electrical … [24], [26], [27], [212], [262], [263]
• — gas … [26], [28], [37], [131], [137]
• — gasoline … [24], [37], [65], [125], [131], [179], [210], [218], [219], [224], [277]
• — gunpowder … [24], [25]
• — hot-water … [24], [25], [68]
• — rubber … [5], [8]–[24], [76]
• — steam … [24], [25], [30]–[40]
• — weight of (see also weight of engines) … [116], [126], [130], [209], [247], [250]
• Mount Whitney, observations on … [123]
• N
• Nash, Dr. F. S. … [276]
• National Museum, models in … [282]
• Needle-valve … [56], [57], [113]
• Nitric acid, use of … [71]
• Nomenclature of parts of aerodrome … [14], [15]
• O
• Oiling systems … [113], [177], [234], [239], [240]
• Open wind, experiments in … [42], [99], [257], [271], [272]
• Ordinance and Fortification (see Board of).
• Oxygen, necessity of … [72]
• P
• Paper covering for rudder … [86], [103]
• Pénaud, Alphonse, toy aeroplane designed by … [7]–[9], [21], [22], [40]
• — tail or rudder … [8], [12], [13], [50], [51], [79], [82], [107], [122], [139]–[147], [151], [152], [153], [209], [211], [213], [214], [216], [253], [264], [270]–[272]
• “Pendulum” test for lift … [60], [61], [66], [94], [131], [135], [211], [212], [214], [232]
• Percaline for wing covering … [194], [195]
• Pinion (see gears).
• Piston (see engines and cylinders).
• Pitch of propellers … [63], [69], [76], [94], [181]
• Plane (see also wings and surfaces).
• — dropper … [150]
• — surface, angle of inclination of … [6], [8], [41]–[45], [61], [83], [97], [99], [100]
• — velocity required to sustain … [1], [43], [110], [166]
• Pocketing of wings … [84], [86], [100], [195], [203]
• Potomac River, location of tests on … [93]
• Power (see also steam, fuel, and electricity).
• — development of … [8], [39]
• — formula for … [62]
• — generating apparatus … [112], [125]
• — relation to area and weight … [43]
• Power-gauge (see dynamometer).
• Powell, Major G. H., recorder … [250], [267], [276]
• Press, attitude of … [127], [268]
• — report to, Mr. Langley’s … [280]
• — — — Mr. Manly’s … [266]–[267]
• Pressure, center of … [7], [10], [11], [13], [15], [45]–[52], [64], [78], [80], [84], [87], [88], [90], [91], [200], [209], [210]
• — — — rules for locating … [49], [87], [88], [90], [101]
• — — — and center of gravity … [10], [11], [15], [46], [48], [64], [98]–[101], [103]
• — steam … [24], [30]–[40], [53]–[59], [63]–[75], [101], [114], [117], [134], [135], [137], [141], [142], [149], [150]
• Pressure-gauge … [114]
• Prony-brake … [38], [61], [65], [66], [117], [179], [222], [228], [233], [249]
• Propellers … [7], [8], [11], [13], [22], [40], [68], [69], [94], [95], [102], [103], [108], [109], [118], [119], [136], [139], [143], [145], [149], [178]–[184], [258], [261], [262], [268], [272], [277]
• — construction of … [63], [76], [98], [100], [178]–[184]
• — early forms of … [7], [8], [11], [22], [33]
• — lift of … [61], [62], [66], [69], [77], [94], [102], [105], [107], [131], [148], [151], [189], [192]
• — pitch of … [63], [69], [76], [118], [181]
• — position of … [39], [63]
• — shafts of … [39], [117], [175]–[177], [242]
• — slip of … [107], [109]
• — speed of (see also revolutions per minute) … [61], [91], [94], [99], [107], [114], [134], [264], [272]
• — tests of (see pendulum, lift, and thrust).
• — thrust of … [47], [62], [94], [119], [148], [154], [161], [174]
• — toy … [7], [8], [9], [21], [22]
• Pumps … [36], [37], [57], [59], [65], [68], [71], [75], [114], [115], [141], [241]
• — centrifugal … [241], [248]
• — circulating … [114], [244]
• — double-acting … [68], [114]
• — force … [57]
• Q
• Quantico, Va., flights at … [64], [66], [79], [93], [147], [255], [269]
• Quarter-size model … [158], [159], [170], [226]–[233], [243], [255], [257]–[261], [281]
• Quill, eagle’s, and spruce rib compared … [200], [201]
• R
• Radiator (see also engine, water-cooled) … [252]
• Randolph, Gen. W. F. … [276], [277]
• Record of flights (see also data sheets) … [2], [3], [17], [107], [117], [135]–[155], [255]–[282]
• Reed, R. L., chief carpenter … [93]–[95], [102], [106], [266], [271], [272], [275]
• Reel attached to float … [119], [120]
• Relation of area to weight and power … [43], [44], [64], [81], [89], [90], [99]
• Reservoir (see air-chamber and tank).
• Resistance, air … [6], [8], [9], [142]
• — of frame and guy-wires … [165]–[167]
• Revolutions of engine and propellers per minute (see also speed) … [33], [58], [63], [65], [66], [102], [109], [115], [249], [252]
• Rib, spruce and eagle’s quill, compared … [200], [201]
• Ribs, construction of … [37], [80], [81], [86], [89], [188], [194]–[206], [263], [264]
• Ridgway, Robert, on American Buzzard … [301]
• Root-angle of wings … [82], [83], [91], [98], [100], [101], [103]
• Rotation, angle of … [61]
• — center of … [62]
• Rubber as a source of power … [5], [8]–[24], [44], [76]
• — elastic limit of … [9], [22]
• — “fatigue” of … [23]
• — horse-power produced by … [9], [22], [23]
• — springs … [2], [185]
• — insulation … [144], [241]
• Rubber-driven models … [5], [8]–[22]
• Rubber-pull and rubber-twisted models … [16]–[24]
• Rudder (see also tail) … [8], [9], [77], [80]–[91], [122], [136], [207]–[217], [255], [272], [275]
• — horizontal … [8]
• — Pénaud’s … [8], [12], [13], [50], [79], [87], [107], [122], [139]–[147], [151], [209], [211], [213], [214], [216], [253], [270]–[272], [275]
• — vertical evolution of … [81], [82], [86], [97], [101], [106]
• Rudder-tail (see tail-rudder).
• S
• Sanding-tests of wings … [84], [85], [89], [99], [190]–[204]
• “Separator,” evolution of, for dry steam … [58], [59], [65], [68], [114], [142]
• Serpollet-type boilers … [56], [57]
• Shafts, main, construction of … [117]
• — propeller … [39], [117], [175]–[177], [242]
• Sharp, Archibald, on balancing of engines … [246]
• Sheathing, aluminum … [69]
• — mica … [63], [72], [115]
• Shop tests … [40], [218], [251]–[254]
• Silk wing-covering … [54], [63], [81], [86]–[88], [90], [148], [194], [195], [205]
• Sliding tail designed … [16], [84]
• Smillie, Thomas W., photographer … [260], [267], [271], [273]
• Smithsonian Institution … [1], [6], [17], [18], [31], [42], [124]–[126], [171], [174], [176], [179], [257], [260], [271], [276], [280]–[281]
• Smoke-stack … [60], [67], [74], [78]
• Soaring birds, study of (see also appendix) … [7], [9], [88]
• Soaring-speed … [32], [41], [69]
• Sparking devices (see electric batteries and circuits).
• Specific gravity … [120]
• Speed attained (see also velocity) … [31], [32], [41], [55], [61], [91], [99], [107], [114], [134], [161], [264]
• Speed-counter … [62], [120], [185], [243], [249], [252]
• Spokes, wire … [243]
• Spruce guy-sticks and frames … [85]–[87], [90]
• — ribs compared with quills … [200], [201]
• St. Louis Exposition tests … [249]
• Stability, lateral and longitudinal … [45]–[52], [77]
• Starter on launching-car … [94], [95]
• Starting-crank on launching-car … [243], [244]
• Steam, dry, production of … [58]
• Steam-chest … [117]
• Steam-engine … [24], [30]–[40], [64], [69], [116], [120]
• Steam-gauge … [114]
• — construction of frames and … [53]–[80]
• Steam-generating apparatus … [114]–[116]
• Steam-motors and other models … [30]–[40], [134], [135]
• Steam-pressure … [24], [30]–[40], [53]–[59], [63]–[70], [101], [102], [114], [117], [134], [135], [137], [141], [142], [149], [150]
• Steel, use of … [69], [112], [116], [119], [121], [172], [174], [234], [277]
• — tubes, for hull … [39], [69], [75], [112], [118], [120]
• Steering apparatus (see also equilibrium and control) … [214]–[216], [265], [266], [272]
• — — automatic … [30], [77], [211], [216]
• Steering wheel … [214], [216], [265], [266], [272]
• Storage batteries (see batteries, electrical).
• Stringfellow engine … [30], [31]
• Superposed wings … [13], [14], [17], [138], [153], [193], [231]
• Supporting surfaces … [11], [44], [77], [81], [99], [188]–[206]
• Supports for propellers … [112]
• — — wings and tails … [36], [69]
• Surfaces (see also planes and wings).
• — covering for … [77], [81], [86], [87], [90], [148], [194], [195]
• — curved … [44], [46]
• — plane, observations on velocity of … [1]
• — rigid … [6], [46]
• — supporting … [11] [44], [77], [93], [99] [188]–[206]
• — sustaining … [1], [5], [41]–[44], [80]–[91], [99]
• — — and guiding … [5], [80]–[91]
• Surgeons’ tape, used for mending ribs … [264]
• Sustaining surface … [1], [5], [41]–[44], [80]–[91], [99]
• — — de Lucy on … [19]
• Symbols … [14], [15]
• Synchronizing mechanism … [108], [121], [136], [137]
• T
• Table, turn … [156], [165], [166]
• — whirling … [1], [5], [6], [7], [11], [13], [31], [42], [165], [166], [178], [189]–[194]
• Tachometer … [62], [120], [185], [243], [249], [252]
• Tail … [8], [9], [70], [77], [80], [91], [99], [207]–[217]
• — adjustment of … [16], [84]
• — connections of … [84], [213]–[216]
• — covering … [86] [103]
• — Pénaud … [12], [13], [50], [79], [107], [122], [139]–[147], [151]–[153], [209], [211], [213], [214], [215]
• — sliding … [16], [84]
• — use as guiding and sustaining surface … [80]
• Tail-rudder … [77], [86], [87], [119], [152], [153]
• — Langley … [77], [86]
• Tank, air … [64], [68], [69], [112], [114]
• — fuel … [36], [65]–[68], [112], [113]
• — water … [252]
• Telephoto camera … [260], [261], [273]
• Tests (see also engine tests, trials, and flights).
• — boilers … [70]–[75], [135]
• — construction and … [234]–[250]
• — cylinder … [55]
• — engine … [37], [55], [61], [69], [102], [133], [135], [148], [234]–[250], [251]–[254], [281]
• — experimental engine … 1902–1904 … [250]
• — frame … [79]
• — power … [61], [62], [69], [102]
• — resistance … [165]–[167]
• — sanding, of wings … [84], [85], [89], [90], [190]–[204]
• — shop, of large machine … [40], [218], [251]–[254]
• — St. Louis Exposition … [249]
• — whirling-table … [1], [5], [6], [7], [11], [13], [31], [42], [165]–[166], [178], [189]–[194]
• — wing … [84], [85], [89], [99], [190]–[204]
• Testing ground (see also Quantico) … [64], [66], [92], [93], [255], [256], [277], [280]
• Thrust, center of … [62]
• — propeller … [47], [62], [94], [119], [148], [154], [161], [174]
• Thrust-recording devices … [229], [230]
• Thurston, R. H. … [128], [129]
• Time of flights … [103], [107], [108], [109], [137], [145], [148], [258]
• Torque … [222], [242]
• Toy aeroplanes … [7], [9], [21], [22], [40]
• Transmission (see also shaft and gears) … [117], [175]–[177], [242]
• Transverse frame … [77], [165], [174]–[178]
• Trials, first … [97]
• — (1891) … [17]
• — (1892) … [53], [92]
• — (1893) … [65], [93]–[96]
• — (1894) … [65], [96]–[100]
• — (1895) … [101]–[106]
• — (1896) … [2], [79], [106]–[109]
• — (1897) … [123]–[125]
• — (1898) … [61]
• — (1899) … [79], [135]–[155]
• — (1903) … [126], [181], [255]–[282]
• Tubes in hull construction … [69], [112], [116], [119], [120], [172], [174], [234], [277]
• Turn-table … [156], [165], [166]
• Turnbuckle (see also guying) … [170], [171], [172]
• V
• Valve-chest … [114], [213]
• Valves … [114], [117], [213]
• — exhaust … [237]
• — mechanically operated … [114], [213]
• — motion … [112], [114], [115], [213]
• — needle … [56], [57], [113], [212]
• Vaporization … [37], [67], [148], [149]
• Varnish, collodion … [192]
• — not affected by ammonia … [198]
• — pyroxelene … [86]
• — water-proof … [263], [264]
• Velocity … [18], [31], [32], [55], [91], [99], [107], [109], [114], [134], [150], [161], [166], [185], [264], [265]
• — initial … [100], [110], [150], [163]
• — required to sustain plane … [1], [43], [110], [166]
• Vertical rudder … [81], [82], [86], [97], [101], [106]
• Vulcanite, use of … [257]
• W
• War Department, allotment … [124]–[126], [132], [278], [279]
• — — Board of Ordnance and Fortification … [124]–[126]
• — — — — — — — Report of … [276]–[280]
• Washington Evening Star, report of … [274]
• Watches, stop, for timing flight … [109]
• Water, cooling, for engine … [235], [236], [241], [247], [248], [252]
• Water-engine, hot … [24], [25]
• Water-jacket … [220], [234], [236]
• Water-proof varnish … [263], [264]
• Water-tank … [252]
• Watkins J. E. … [39]
• Weight (see also data sheets).
• — flying, of aerodrome … [15], [38], [62], [63], [76], [77], [81], [89], [90], [91], [101], [109], [116], [148], [206], [247], [250], [256], [277]
• — of aerodrome … [31], [38], [40], [53], [62], [63], [116], [126], [130], [206], [256]
• — — covering for wings … [194]
• — — parts of aerodrome … [31], [63], [116], [190], [250]
• — — engine … [116], [117], [126], [130], [156], [209], [247], [250], [277]
• — per horse-power … [31], [126]
• — relation to area and power … [43], [44], [64], [81], [89], [90], [96]
• — total, with aviator … [256]
• Wellner, Georg … [44], [47]
• Wheel, fly … [242], [243], [247], [252]
• — steering … [214]–[216], [265], [266], [272]
• Whirling-table … [1], [5], [6], [7], [11], [13], [31], [42], [165]–[166], [178], [189]–[194]
• Widewater, Va., experimental grounds (1903) … [255], [256], [277], [280]
• Wind, artificial … [42], [61]
• — difficulties of launching in … [94], [99], [265], [271], [272], [276], [282]
• — experiments in … [42], [61], [99], [257], [271]
• — internal work of the … [6], [42]
• — open … [42], [99], [257], [271], [272]
• Wind-shield for burners … [60], [67], [95], [115]
• Wind-vane rudder … [136]
• Wing-clamps … [82], [89], [145], [183]
• Wings, adjustment of, for center of gravity … [16]
• — angle of … [45], [61], [82], [83], [89], [91], [97], [98], [100], [101], [103]
• — arrangement of … [45]–[47], [77], [86], [89], [194], [255]
• — bagging of … [84], [86], [100], [195], [203]
• — bird, construction of … [7], [188], [200], [201]
• — boxes for … [263], [264]
• — construction of … [7], [70], [80], [81], [87], [90], [91], [99], [105], [119], [121], [138], [188]–[206]
• — covering of, cloth … [195], [199], [204], [205]
• — — — goldbeater’s skin … [77]
• — — — paper … [86]
• — — — silk … [54], [63], [81], [86]–[88], [90], [148], [194], [195], [205]
• — — — weight of … [194]
• — curvature of … [18], [44], [46], [47], [86], [87], [90], [99], [112]
• — distortion of … [82], [83], [84], [91], [98], [105]
• — double tier … [13], [14], [17], [138], [193], [231]
• — efficiency of … [46], [87], [89], [91], [144], [192], [193]
• — flexure of (see distortion of).
• — pocketing of … [84], [86], [100], [195] [203]
• — quills and spruce ribs compared … [200], [201]
• — ribs of … [37], [80], [81], [86], [89], [188], [194]–[206]
• — single tier … [17], [142], [146], [147]–[151], [153], [192], [193], [231]
• — superposed … [13], [14], [17], [138], [153], [193], [231]
• — surface of … [9], [69], [81], [99]
• — tandem efficiency of … [46], [87]
• — two sets of … [13], [77], [106], [138], [231]
• — weight of … [190], [196]
• Wire guying … [81], [84]–[91], [99], [164]–[173], [189], [191], [195], [196], [199], [264], [266]
• — resistance … [165]–[167]
• — spokes … [243]
• Wooden guy sticks … [63], [81], [85]
• — ribs … [37], [80], [81], [86], [89], [188], [194]–[206], [263], [264]
• Wrecking of large machine … [126], [184], [265]–[281]
• Z
• Zinc, energy developed from … [27], [241]
• Zoological Park cameras … [260], [261], [273]

[◊] CONTENTS

Original spelling and grammar have been generally retained, with some exceptions noted below.

Original printed page numbers are shown in the right margin like "p052".

Original small capitals LOOK LIKE THIS.

Footnotes have been renumbered and moved from the ends of pages to the ends of the appropriate sections, which are: Advertisement (page iii); Part I; and Part II, up to just ahead of the Data Sheets—which have their own footnotes, which were neither moved nor renumbered.