| Angle with horizon α. | Soaring speed V. | Horiz- ontal pres- sure R. | Work expended per minute 60 RV. | Weight with planes of like form that 1 horse-power will drive through the air at velocity V. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metres per sec. | Feet per sec. | Gm. | Kgm- metres. | Foot-pounds. | Kgm. | Pounds. | |
| 45° | 11.2 | 36.7 | 500 | 336 | 2,434 | 6.8 | 15 |
| 30 | 10.6 | 34.8 | 275 | 175 | 1,268 | 13.0 | 29 |
| 15 | 11.2 | 36.7 | 128 | 86 | 623 | 26.5 | 58 |
| 10 | 12.4 | 40.7 | 88 | 65 | 474 | 34.8 | 77 |
| 5 | 15.2 | 49.8 | 45 | 41 | 297 | 55.5 | 122 |
| 2 | 20.0 | 65.6 | 20 | 24 | 174 | 95.0 | 209 |
[p042]
It cannot be too clearly kept in mind that these values refer to horizontal flight, and that for this the weight, the work, the area, the angle and the velocity are inseparably connected by the formulæ already given.
It is to be constantly remembered also, that they apply to results obtained under almost perfect theoretical conditions as regards not only the maintenance of equilibrium and horizontality, but also the rigid maintenance of the angle α and the comparative absence of friction, and that these conditions are especially “theoretical” in their exclusion of the internal work of the wind observable in experiments made in the open wind.
EXPERIMENTS IN THE OPEN WIND
I have pointed out[21] that an indefinite source of power for the maintenance of mechanical flight, lies in what I have called the “internal work” of the wind. It is easy to see that the actual effect of the free wind, which is filled with almost infinitely numerous and incessant changes of velocity and direction, must differ widely from that of a uniform wind such as mathematicians and physicists have almost invariably contemplated in their discussions.
Now the artificial wind produced by the whirling-table differs from the real wind not only in being caused by the advancing object, whose direction is not strictly linear, and in other comparatively negligible particulars, but especially in this, that in spite of little artificial currents the movement on the whole is regular and uniform to a degree strikingly in contrast with that of the open wind in nature.
In a note to the French edition of my work, I have called the attention of the reader to the fact that the figures given in the Smithsonian publication can show only a small part of the virtual work of the wind, while the plane, which is used for simplicity of exposition, is not the most advantageous form for flight; so that, as I go on to state, the realization of the actually successful aerodrome must take account of the more complex conditions actually existing in nature, which were only alluded to in the memoir, whose object was to bring to attention the little considered importance of the then almost unobserved and unstudied minute fluctuations which constitute the internal work of the wind. I added that I might later publish some experimental investigations on the superior efficiency of the real wind over that artificially created. The experiments which were thus alluded to in 1893, were sufficient to indicate the importance of the subject, but the data have not been preserved.
What immediately follows refers, it will be observed, more particularly to the work of the whirling-table. [p043]