To such men as Mr. Langley an unsuccessful experiment is not a failure but a means of instruction, a necessary and often an invaluable stepping-stone to the desired end. The trials of the large aerodrome in the autumn of 1903, to which the curiosity of the public and the sensationalism of the newspapers gave a character of finality never desired by Mr. Langley, were to him merely members of a long series of experiments, as much so as any trial of one of the small aerodromes or even of one of the earliest rubber-driven models. Had his health and strength been spared, he would have gone on with his experiments undiscouraged by these accidents in launching and undeterred by criticism and misunderstanding.
Moreover, it is to be borne in mind that Mr. Langley’s contribution to the solution of the problem is not to be measured solely by what he himself accomplished, important as that is. He began his investigations at a time when not only the general public but even the most progressive men of science thought of mechanical flight only as a subject for ridicule, and both by his epoch-making investigations in aerodynamics and by his own devotion to the subject of flight itself he helped to transform into a field of scientific inquiry what had before been almost entirely in the possession of visionaries.
The original plans for this publication provided for a third part covering the experimental data obtained in tests of curved surfaces and propellers. Owing to the pressure of other matters on the writer, the preparation of this third part is not yet complete and is reserved for later publication.
CHARLES M. MANLY.
NEW YORK CITY.
CONTENTS
- PART I
- I. Introductory … [1]
- II. Preliminary … [5]
- III. Available motors … [21]
- IV. Early steam motors and other models … [30]
- V. On sustaining surfaces … [41]
- VI. Balancing the aerodrome
… [45]
- Lateral and longitudinal stability … [45]
- VII. History of construction of frame and engines of aerodromes … [53]
- VIII. History of construction of sustaining and guiding surfaces of aerodromes 4, 5, and 6 … [80]
- IX. History of launching apparatus and field trials of aerodromes 4, 5, and 6 … [92]
- X. Description of the launching apparatus of aerodromes Nos. 5 and 6 … [110]
- PART II
- I. Introductory … [123]
- II. General considerations … [128]
- III. Experiments with models
… [133]
- Condensed record of flights of aerodromes Nos. 5 and 6, from June 7 to August 3, 1899 … [135]
- June 7—aerodrome No. 6 … [135]
- June 13—aerodrome No. 6 … [137]
- June 22—aerodrome No. 6 … [139]
- June 23—aerodrome No. 6 … [140]
- June 27—aerodrome No. 5 … [140]
- June 30—aerodrome No. 5 … [141]
- July 1 to July 8 … [142]
- July 11 to July 14—aerodrome No. 5 … [143]
- July 19—aerodrome No. 5 … [144]
- July 27—aerodrome No. 6 … [145]
- July 28—aerodrome No. 6 … [146]
- July 29—aerodrome No. 5 … [147]
- August 1—aerodrome No. 5 … [148]
- August 3—aerodrome No. 5 … [149]
- IV. House-boat and launching apparatus … [156]
- V. Construction of frame of large aerodrome … [164]
- VI. Construction of supporting surfaces … [188]
- VII. Equilibrium and control … [207]
- VIII. The experimental engine … [218]
- IX. The quarter-size model aerodrome … [226]
- X. Construction and tests of the large engine … [234]
- XI. Shop tests of the aerodrome … [251]
- XII. Field trials in 1903 … [255]
- Appendix. Study of American Buzzard and “John Crow” … [285]
- Index … [309]
LIST OF PLATES
- [1]. Rubber-motor model aerodromes Nos. 11, 13, 14, 15, 26, 30, 31 … 16
- [2]. Rubber-motor model aerodromes Nos. 11, 13, 14 … 16
- [3]. Rubber-motor model aerodromes Nos. 15, 24 … 16
- [4]. Rubber-motor model aerodrome No. 26 … 16
- [5]. Rubber-pull model aerodrome … 24
- [6]. Rubber-pull model aerodrome … 24
- [7]. Rubber-pull model aerodrome … 24
- [8]. Rubber-pull model aerodrome … 24
- [9]. Rubber-pull model aerodrome … 24
- [10]. Steel frames of aerodromes Nos. 0, 1, 2, 3, 1891 and 1892 … 33
- [11]. Steel frames of aerodromes Nos. 4, 5, 6, 1893, 1895, and 1896 … 53
- [12]. Burners, aeolipiles, and separators … 56
- [13]. Boilers of aerodromes … 56
- [14]. Aerodrome No. 5, December 3, 1895. Plan view. Rudder removed … 78
- [15]. Aerodrome No. 5, December 3, 1895. Side view … 78
- [16]. Early types of wings and systems of guying … 81
- [17]. Aerodrome No. 5. Plan of wings and system of guying … 89
- [18]. House-boat with overhead launching apparatus, 1896 … 106
- [19]. Paths of aerodrome flights, May 6 and November 28, 1896, near Quantico, Va., on the Potomac River … 108
- [20]. Instantaneous photograph of the aerodrome at the moment after launching in its flight at Quantico on the Potomac River, May 6, 1896. Enlarged ten times … 108
- [21]. Instantaneous photograph of the aerodrome at a distance in the air during its flight at Quantico on the Potomac River, May 6, 1896. Enlarged ten times … 108
- [22]. Instantaneous photograph of the aerodrome at a distance in the air during its flight at Quantico on the Potomac River, May 6, 1896. Enlarged ten times … 108
- [23]. Overhead launching apparatus … 108
- [24]. Overhead launching apparatus … 108
- [25]. Side view of steel frame of aerodrome No. 5 suspended from launching-car, October 24, 1896 … 112
- [26A]. Dimensioned drawing of boiler coils, burners, pump, needle valve, and thrust bearing … 116
- [26B]. Dimensioned drawing of engine No. 5 … 116
- [27A]. Side and end elevations of aerodrome No. 5, May 11, 1896 … 116
- [27B]. Aerodrome No. 5. Plan view. October 24, 1896 … 116
- [28]. Steel frame of aerodrome No. 6 on launching car … 120
- [29A]. Plan view of aerodrome No. 6. October 23, 1896 … 122
- [29B]. Side elevation of aerodrome No. 6. October 23, 1896 … 122
- [30]. Plan view of steel frames and power plants of aerodromes Nos. 5 and 6 … 122
- [31]. Details of aerodrome No. 5 … 122
- [32]. Drawings of proposed man-carrying aerodrome, 1898 … 130
- [33]. Path of flight of aerodrome No. 6, June 7, 1899 … 136
- [34]. Paths of flight of aerodrome No. 6, June 13 and 23, 1899 … 140
- [35]. Aerodrome No. 5 on launching-ways … 142
- [36]. Paths of flights of aerodrome No. 5, July 29, 1899 … 148
- [37]. Experimental forms of superposed surfaces, 1898, 1899. (See also plates [64] and [65].) … 153
- [38]. House-boat and launching apparatus, 1899 … 156
- [39]. Method of attaching guy-wires to guy-posts to relieve torsional strain … 158
- [40]. General plan and details of launching-car … 160
- [41]. Aerodrome on launching-car … 160
- [42]. Details of clutch-post for launching-car … 160
- [43]. Front end of track just preparatory to launching aerodrome … 160
- [44]. Resistance of wires at given velocities … 166
- [45]. Frame of aerodrome A, January 31, 1900 … 168
- [46]. Frame of aerodrome A, January 31, 1900 … 168
- [47]. Frame of aerodrome A, February 1, 1900 … 168
- [48]. Frame of aerodrome A, February 1, 1900 … 168
- [49]. Guy-wire system, July 10, 1902 … 170
- [50]. Guy-wire system, July 10, 1902 … 170
- [51]. Guy-wire system, July 10, 1902 … 170
- [52]. Scale drawing of aerodrome A. End elevation … 170
- [53]. Scale drawing of aerodrome A. Side elevation … 170
- [54]. Scale drawing of aerodrome A. Plan … 170
- [55]. Frame fittings and guy-wire attachments, etc. … 174
- [56]. Frame fittings and guy-wire attachments, etc. … 174
- [57]. Frame fittings and guy-wire attachments, etc. … 174
- [58]. Bed plate gears, etc. … 176
- [59]. Wing clamps … 183
- [60]. Hoisting aerodrome to launching-track … 184
- [61]. Aerodrome on launching-car; front wings in place, guy-wires adjusted … 184
- [62]. Details of guy-posts … 184
- [63]. Guy-post and pin on launching-car … 184
- [64]. Experimental type of superposed wings, March 2, 1899 … 192
- [65]. Experimental type of superposed wings, March 2, 1899 … 192
- [66]. Details of ribs and fittings for wings … 200
- [67]. Cross-section of ribs … 201
- [68]. Automatic equilibrium devices … 212
- [69]. Mechanism of control … 212
- [70]. Plan view of quarter-size model aerodrome, June 1, 1900 … 232
- [71]. Plan view of quarter-size model aerodrome … 232
- [72]. End, side, and three-quarter elevations of quarter-size model aerodrome … 232
- [73]. Launching-car with floats … 232
- [74]. Launching-car with floats … 232
- [75]. Quarter-size model aerodrome equipped with superposed surfaces, June 11, 1901. Side view … 232
- [76]. Quarter-size model aerodrome equipped with superposed surfaces, June 11, 1901. End view … 232
- [77]. Cylinders of engine of quarter-size model aerodrome … 233
- [78]. Engine of aerodrome A. Section through cylinder and drum … 236
- [79]. Engine of aerodrome A. End elevation, port side … 236
- [80]. Engine of aerodrome A. Top plan … 236
- [81]. Engine of aerodrome A. Elevation starboard bed plate, sparking mechanism … 236
- [82]. Dynamometer tests of large engine … 248
- [83]. Dynamometer tests of large engine … 248
- [84]. Dynamometer tests of large engine … 248
- [85]. Location of house-boat in center of Potomac River, July 14, 1903 … 256
- [86]. Quarter-size model aerodrome mounted on launching-car … 260
- [87]. Quarter-size model aerodrome in flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
- [88]. Quarter-size model aerodrome in flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
- [89]. Quarter-size model aerodrome in flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
- [90]. Quarter-size model aerodrome in flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
- [91]. Quarter-size model aerodrome in flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
- [92]. Quarter-size model aerodrome in flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
- [93]. Quarter-size model aerodrome at end of flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
- [94]. Hoisting wing of full-size aerodrome … 263
- [95]. Flight of large aerodrome, October 7, 1903 … 266
- [96]. Flight of large aerodrome, October 7, 1903 … 266
- [97]. Aerodrome being recovered, October 7, 1903 … 270
- [98]. Aerodrome in water, October 7, 1903 … 270
- [99]. Aerodrome in water, October 7, 1903 … 270
- [100]. Aerodrome in water, October 7, 1903 … 270
- [101]. Attempted launching of aerodrome, December 8, 1903 … 274