PHILADELPHIA & LONDON
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
1904
Copyright, 1904
By J. B. Lippincott Company
Published March, 1904
Printed by J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, U. S. A.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME III.
| CHAPTER XXIII | |
|---|---|
| INFLUENCE OF THE MOORS ON EUROPE THROUGH THE EMPIRE OFFREDERICK II. AND THE STATES OF SOUTHERN FRANCE | |
| PAGE | |
| Permanence of Arab Ideas in the South of Europe—SocialCorruption—Revolts against the Papacy—Antagonismof the Holy See and the German Empire—Consolidationof the Papal Power under Innocent III.—CivilizingAgencies in Sicily—Influence of the Normansas Heirs of the Arabs—Birth of Frederick II.—Characterof Innocent III.—Genius of the Emperor—HisReforms—System of Jurisprudence—Commerce—Legislation—TheUniversity of Naples—The MedicalSchool of Salerno—Character of Frederick—HisCourt—The South of France—Its Early Civilization—CosmopolitanCharacter of its Population—ItsWealth, Intelligence, and Profligacy—Debased Conditionof the Clergy—The University of Montpellier—TheTroubadours—The Albigenses—Their Defianceof Rome—A Crusade is preached against Them—Theyare annihilated—Cruelty of the Crusaders—Parallelbetween the Civilization of Sicily and Languedoc—Survivalof the Philosophical Principles and Opinionsof the Thirteenth Century | [1] |
| CHAPTER XXIV | |
| THE SPANISH JEWS | |
| Influence of the Semitic Race on Civilization—Enterprise ofthe Ancient Jews—Their Eminent Talents—TheirPower during the Middle Ages—Their Universal Proscription—TheirCondition under the Moors of Spain—TheirExtraordinary Attainments—Their Devotionto Letters—Their Academies—Rabbis as Ambassadorsof the Khalifs—Learned Men—Poets, Physicians,Statesmen, Philosophers—Maimonides: His Geniusand His Works—His Character—Preponderating Influenceof the Spanish Jews in Government and Society—TheirNecessity to the Ruling Classes—They aredriven to Usury—Their Prosperity—They are favoredby Alfonso X. and Pedro el Cruel—Their Proficiencyin Medicine—Obligations of Mediæval and ModernScience to the Jews—Their Wonderful Survival underOppression—Their Exile from the Peninsula—TheirSufferings—The Taint of Hebrew Blood in the Aristocracyof Spain and Portugal | [105] |
| CHAPTER XXV | |
| THE CHRISTIANS UNDER MOSLEM RULE | |
| Scarcity of Information concerning the Tributary Christians—Supremacyof the Church under the Visigoths—Independenceof the Spanish Hierarchy—Its Wealth—CivilOrganization of the Christians under the Moors—TheirPrivileges—Restrictions imposed upon Them—Freedomof Worship—Churches, Monasteries, andConvents—Conditions in Sicily—Greater Severity ofthe Laws in that Island—Anomaly in the EcclesiasticalGovernment of Spain—The Khalif the VirtualHead of the Church—Abuse of His Power—Results ofthe Arab Occupation of Septimania—Increased Authorityof the Spanish Hierarchy resulting from itsIsolation—Social Life of the Christian Tributaries—TheirDevotion to Arab Learning—They are employedby the Khalifs in Important Missions—InnateHostility of Moslem and Christian—Number and Influenceof the Renegades—The Martyrs—Causes ofPersecution—Contrast between the Maxims and Policyof the Two Religions—Impediments to Racial Amalgamation | [177] |
| CHAPTER XXVI | |
| THE MORISCOES | |
| State of the Kingdom after the Conquest—Superiority ofthe Moors—Policy of the Crown—Introduction of theHoly Office—Administration of Talavera—His Popularity—Heis superseded by Ximenes—The Two GreatSpanish Cardinals—Their Opposite Characters—Influenceon Their Age—Violence of Ximenes—He burnsthe Arabic Manuscripts—Insurrection of the Moriscoes—Routin the Sierra Bermeja—Bigotry of Isabella—TheMoors under Charles V.—Persecution by theClergy and the Inquisition under Philip II.—War inthe Alpujarras—Ibn-Ommeyah—Operations of DonJohn of Austria—Removal of the Moors of Granada—Deathof Ibn-Ommeyah—Ibn-Abu becomes King—Siegeof Galera—Atrocities of the Campaign—Fate ofIbn-Abu—Condition of the Moriscoes in Spain—Theyare Exiled by Philip III.—Their Sufferings—Effectof their Banishment upon the Prosperity of the Kingdom | [218] |
| CHAPTER XXVII | |
| GENERAL CONDITION OF EUROPE FROM THE VIII. TO THE XVI.CENTURY | |
| Effects of Barbarian Supremacy on the Nations of Europe—Riseof the Papal Power—Character of the Popes—TheirVices and Crimes—The Interdict—CorruptPractices of Prelates and Degradation of the Papacy—Institutionof the Monastic Orders—Their GreatInfluence—Their Final Degeneracy—Wealth of theReligious Houses—The Byzantine System—Its Characteristics—Powerof the Eunuchs—Splendor of Constantinople—Destructionof Learning—Debased Conditionof the Greeks—The People of Western Europe—Tyrannyof Caste and its Effects—Feudal Oppression—Lifeof the Noble—His Amusements—The Serfand his Degradation—His Hopeless Existence—Treatmentof the Jews—Prevalence of Epidemics—ReligiousFestivals—General Ignorance—Scarcity and Value ofBooks—Persecution of Learning—The Empire of theChurch—Its Extraordinary Vitality | [324] |
| CHAPTER XXVIII | |
| THE HISPANO-ARAB AGE OF LITERATURE AND SCIENCE | |
| Intellectual Stagnation of Europe during the Period ofMoslem Greatness—High Rank of Scholars in Spain—Attainmentsof the Khalifs—Character of ArabLiterature—Progress of Science—The AlexandrianMuseum—Its Wonderful Discoveries—Its Contributionsto Learning—Its Influence on the Career of the Mohammedans—TheArabic Language—Poetry of the Arabs—ItsGeneral Characteristics—Theology and Jurisprudence—History—Geography—Philosophy—Libraries—Rationalism—Averroes—Mathematics—Astronomy—Al-Hazen—Gerbert—Botany—Alchemy—Chemistry—Pharmacy—AlbertusMagnus, Robert Grossetête, and Roger Bacon—Medicine andSurgery—Ignorance of their Theories and Scientific—Applicationin Mediæval Europe—Prevalence of Imposture—Fatalityof Epidemics—Great Advance of theArabs in Medical Knowledge—Hospitals—Treatmentof Various Diseases—The Famous Moslem Practitioners—Contrastbetween the Christian and MohammedanSystems—Enduring Effects of Arab Science—ItsExample and Benefits the Creative Influence ofModern Civilization | [423] |
| CHAPTER XXIX | |
| MOORISH ART IN SOUTHERN EUROPE | |
| Absolute Ignorance of Art among the Original Arabs—TheirDebt to Antiquity—Their Early Architecture—Materials—MassiveCharacter of the First Edifices ofthe Moslems—The Horseshoe Arch—Its Phallic Derivation—Progressof Artistic Embellishment—ItsWonderful Diversity—Byzantine Influence—Employmentof Encaustic Tiles—Mosaics of the Mosque ofCordova—Stuccoes—Their Composition and InfiniteVariety of Form—Stalactitic Pendentives—Woodwork—ItsBeautiful and Intricate Designs—Disappearanceof Arabic Architectural Monuments in Sicily—MilitaryStructures of Mohammedan Spain—TypicalForm of the Mosque—Its Hebrew Origin—ManifoldDerivation of Hispano-Arab Architecture—Developmentof Art in Moorish Spain—Its Three Epochs—TheAlhambra its Culmination—Representation ofAnimal Forms—Painting and Sculpture—Mural Decoration—TheIndustrial Arts—Working of Metals—Arms—EngravedGems—Ceramics—The LeathernTapestry of Cordova—Textile Fabrics—Calligraphyand Illumination—Destruction of the Artistic Remainsof the Moors | [534] |
| CHAPTER XXX | |
| AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURES, AND COMMERCE OF THE EUROPEANMOSLEMS; THEIR MANNERS, CUSTOMS, AND AMUSEMENTS | |
| Disappearance of the Memorials of Arab Civilization—AgriculturalSystem of the Spanish Moors—Its WonderfulPerfection—Irrigating Apparatus—The Tribunalof the Waters—The Work of Ibn-al-Awam—UniversalCultivation of the Soil—Mineral Resourcesof the Peninsula—Manufactures—The Great MoslemEmporiums of the Mediterranean—Commerce—Its ExtensiveRamifications—Articles of Traffic—CommercialProsperity of Sicily—The Magnetic Needle—Gunpowderand Artillery—War—Coinage—Characteristicsof the Khalifs—Demoralization of the People—TheBath—General Prevalence of Superstition—Social Lifeof the Moslems of Europe—Privileges of Women—Polygamyand Morals—Slavery—Amusements—TheGame of Chess—Other Pastimes—Dances—Music—EquestrianSports—The Bull Fight—The Tilt ofReeds—The Course of the Rings—Hawking—Peculiaritiesof Hispano-Arab Civilization—The Crusades—TheirEffect on Christendom—Unrivalled Achievementsof the Moors in Europe—Conclusion | [595] |
HISTORY OF THE MOORISH EMPIRE IN EUROPE
