The foundation of that dynasty marks a great epoch in the history of Europe. Of its noble deeds, in both war and peace, every individual of Moslem faith or Arab lineage may well be proud; proud of its long line of illustrious princes; proud of its conquests; proud of its civilization, which surpassed the splendors of Imperial Rome, and whose arts modern science has found it impossible to successfully imitate; proud of its unequalled agricultural prosperity; proud of the exquisite beauty of its edifices, still pre-eminently attractive even in their decay; proud of its mighty capital; proud of its academical system, with its perfect organization, its colleges, its lyceums, its libraries; proud of the vast attainments of its scholars, its surgeons, its chemists, its botanists, its astronomers, its mathematicians; proud of the theories of its philosophers, which for a thousand years, amidst the incessant fluctuations of human opinion and the infinite variations of religious belief, have retained their original form, and are accepted as correct by the most enlightened thinkers of the present age. The destruction of this wonderful empire was an event of more than national significance; it was a misfortune to be deplored by every lover of learning for all coming time. For evil was the day for human progress when from his battlemented walls the Moor looked down upon the signing of a truce craftily devised for the betrayal of his kindred; evil was the day when upon the red towers of the Alhambra, decorated by the emirs with profuse and unexampled magnificence, and which for seven centuries had been the stronghold of Moslem power, the home of Moslem art, were raised the victorious banners of the Spanish monarchy, suggestive, it is true, of incredible achievement, of undaunted valor, of heroic self-sacrifice, of imperishable renown, yet at the same time harbingers of an endless train of national calamities which, like avenging and relentless furies, stalked unseen in the wake of the exultant conqueror.
INDEX
A
- Abbeys of France and England, their extent and wealth, iii. [351].
- Abd-al-Aziz, first Emir of Spain, i. [267];
- marries widow of Roderick, [269];
- is assassinated, [271].
- Abdallah gains crown by treachery, i. [535];
- character of, [561].
- Abd-al-Melik, emir, i. [306];
- is impaled, [317].
- Abd-al-Mumen, ruler of the Almohades, ii. [259];
- conquers Spain, [287].
- Abd-al-Rahman-al-Ghafeki conducts retreat, i. [277];
- becomes emir and is deposed, [287];
- is again raised to that office, [292];
- attempts conquest of France, [295];
- defeated and killed at Poitiers, [305].
- Abd-al-Rahman I., his early career, i. [384], [385];
- escapes to the Desert, [385];
- lands in Spain, [389];
- conquers the Peninsula, [393], [394];
- his death and character, [408–411].
- Abd-al-Rahman II., ability of, i. [475];
- receives embassies from the East, [478], [479];
- builds a navy, [491];
- his death, [494].
- Abd-al-Rahman III. ascends the throne, i. [563];
- his noble qualities, [564];
- subdues the rebels, [567];
- death of, [596];
- his fame, [597];
- domestic policy of, [605];
- his patronage of letters, [631].
- Abd-al-Rahman IV., ii. [85];
- his independence, [93].
- Abd-al-Rahman V., ii. [99].
- Abu-Abdallah, the Mahdi, ii. [249];
- character of, [250].
- Abu-Bekr, chief of Almoravides, ii. [194];
- deposed, [196].
- Abul-Hassan, Sultan of Fez, invades Spain, ii. [476].
- Abul-Kasim-Mohammed, Kadi of Seville, great power of, ii. [116];
- death of, [140].
- Abu-Said betrayed by Pedro el Cruel, ii. [492].
- Africa, innate barbarism of, ii. [88].
- Agriculture, system of the Arabs, its perfection, iii. [599–601].
- Aguilar, Alonso de, death of, iii. [250].
- Ajarquia, rout of, ii. [562], [563].
- Alarcos, battle of, ii. [311].
- Albigenses, rise and doctrines of, iii. [90];
- crusade against, [95], [96].
- Alfonso I., King of Aragon, raid of, ii. [263], [264];
- defeated and killed at Fraga, [269].
- Alfonso I., King of the Asturias, i. [357];
- his expeditions, [359];
- his death, [361].
- Alfonso III., exploits of, i. [532].
- Alfonso VI., reforms of, ii. [162];
- prowess of, [183];
- enters Toledo, [185].
- Alfonso VIII. wins battle of Las Navas, ii. [331].
- Alfonso X., great talents of, ii. [441];
- literary works, [443];
- his death, [444].
- Alfonso XI., death of, before Gibraltar, ii. [483].
- Al-Hakem I. ascends the throne, i. [440];
- defeats his uncles, [443], [444];
- quells rebellion of southern suburb, [466];
- his sufferings and death, [474].
- Al-Hakem II., accession of, i. [636], [637];
- character of, [668];
- his love of learning, [670];
- his great library, [672];
- his erudition, [673];
- attempts at reform, [676];
- public works, [677].
- Alhambra, origin of, i. [547];
- magnificence, ii. [525];
- gardens, [529].
- Alhandega, battle of, i. [588].
- Al-Haytham-Ibn-Obeyd appointed emir by the Khalif, i. [290].
- Al-Horr appointed emir by the Viceroy of Africa, i. [272].
- Ali, ruler of Spain, ii. [87];
- his severe measures, [89], [90];
- his death, [93].
- Al-Maghreb, its extent and fertility, i. [134];
- invasion of, by Abdallah, [138];
- by Ibn Hajij, [141];
- is conquered by Okbah, [143];
- is invaded by Hassan, [145];
- is finally subjugated by Musa, [162].
- Al-Mansur—see [Ibn-abi-Amir.]
- Almohades, rise of, ii. [255].
- Al-Mondhir, character of, i. [533];
- is poisoned, [535].
- Almoravides, origin of, ii. [191];
- they conquer Africa, [194];
- their immense empire, [239].
- Al-Morthada, ii. [91].
- Al-Nazer, King of Granada, ii. [454].
- Al-Samh, Emir, i. [273];
- invades France, [276];
- is killed, [277].
- Al-Zagal defeats Christians, ii. [563];
- becomes king, [591];
- abdication of, [664].
- Al-Zarkal, clepsydra of, ii. [164];
- quadrant of, iii. [435];
- suggests elliptical orbit, [477].
- Amulets of Arabs, i. [36].
- Anbasah-Ibn-Sohim succeeds Abd-al-Rahman, i. [287];
- his severity, [288];
- invades Septimania, [290].
- Arabia, topography of, i. [1];
- dearth of history, [4];
- visited by Phœnicians, [5];
- its great wealth, [7];
- exemption from foreign influence, [10].
- Arabs, their prominence in antiquity, i. [16];
- their energy, [16];
- predatory instincts predominant, [16];
- influence of the sheik, [19];
- difference from other pastoral nations, [19];
- blood revenge, [25];
- habits of life, [27], [28];
- treatment of woman, [28];
- idolatry, [30];
- relationship with Jews, [32];
- trade of, [39];
- wonderful career of the race, [54];
- rebel after death of Mohammed, [128].
- Architecture under the Moors of Spain, iii. [537–540].
- Art, absence of, in Arabia, iii. [535].
- Asturias, foundation of the kingdom of, i. [341].
- Aurora, sultana, intrigues with Ibn-abi-Amir, i. [691];
- opposes the latter, [735].
- Averroes, iii. [473–475].
- Ayub-Ibn-Habib, provisional emir, i. [271];
- is deposed by the Khalif, [272].
B
- Badis, King of Granada, ii. [134].
- Balj-Ibn-Beshr besieged in Ceuta, i. [314];
- relieved by Abd-al-Melik, [316];
- seizes authority, [317].
- Barcelona taken by the Franks, i. [450].
- Baths, iii. [643];
- luxury of, [644].
- Baza, siege of, ii. [651];
- capitulation of, [663].
- Bedouins, life and character of, i. [17].
- Beni-Khaldun, clan of, i. [552].
- Berbers, origin and characteristics of, i. [136];
- language and government, [137], [138];
- oppressed by Arabs, [313], [325].
- Bermudo, King of Leon, renders homage to Al-Mansur, i. [727].
- Bernhart, count of Barcelona, killed, i. [492].
- Béziers, destruction of, iii. [98].
- Biscay, its ruggedness and severe climate, i. [338].
- Black Stone of Kaaba, i. [35].
- Boabdil taken prisoner at Lucena, ii. [568];
- released, [572];
- his worthless character, [594].
- Botany of Spanish Moslems, iii. [486], [487].
- Byzantine Empire, condition of, after barbarian conquest, i. [70];
- its society and its policy, iii. [370–372];
- degradation of all classes, [381], [382].
C
- Calligraphy, skill in, iii. [590].
- Carmona taken by Arabs, i. [235];
- its siege raised by Abd-al-Rahman I., [400].
- Carthage, the ancient city, its origin and splendor, i. [147], [148];
- trade, [148];
- religion, [151];
- buildings, [152];
- the Megara, [152];
- the Roman city, its arts, its learning, and its vices, [153];
- stormed by Hassan, [154].
- Castrogiovanni, first attack on, ii. [18];
- surprised by Moslems, [29].
- Chakya, the impostor, rebels against Abd-al-Rahman I., i. [401];
- his defeat and death, [402].
- Charlemagne invades Spain, i. [405].
- Charles Martel, character of, i. [302];
- hated by the clergy, [303];
- invades Provence, [309].
- Chemistry, its great progress in the Peninsula, iii. [490–492].
- Chess, game of, introduced by the Arabs, iii. [661], [662].
- Christian tributaries of the Moors, iii. [183];
- their tribute and their privileges, [184], [185];
- disabilities of, [186], [189];
- persecution of, by the khalifs, [204–206].
- Christianity made no progress in Arabia, i. [41].
- Church, condition of, before Mohammed, i. [66].
- Cid, rise of, ii. [160];
- character and career of, [220];
- valor of, [224];
- duplicity of, [226];
- takes Valencia, [235];
- horrors of the siege, [236];
- his death, [237].
- Civil organization of the Arabs, iii. [638].
- Clergy, influence of, among the Visigoths, i. [175];
- their luxury, [194], [211];
- increasing power of, ii. [420];
- wealth of, [422].
- Commerce, its great extent under the Moors, iii. [616–619].
- Cordova, beauty and wealth of, under the Ommeyades, i. [618], [619];
- suburbs of, [622];
- taken by Ferdinand III., ii. [366].
- Count Julian resents outrage on his daughter, i. [221];
- enters Spain, [224];
- retires to Ceuta, [259].
- Covadonga, battle of, i. [350].
D