[227] Chinese Repository, Vol. IV., p. 576.
[228] Missionary Chronicle, Vol. XIV., p. 324; Hardy, Manual of Buddhism, p. 69; Heeren, Asiatic Nations, Vol. I., p. 246.
[229] M. Ed. Biot furnished a good account to the Journal Asiatique (3d series, Vol. III.) of the legal condition of slaves in China; see also Chinese Repository, Vol. XVIII., pp. 347-363, and passim; Archdeacon Gray’s China.
[230] Chinese Chrestomathy, Chap. XVII., Sec. 4, p. 570.
[231] A still more common designation for officers of every rank in the employ of the Chinese government has not so good a parentage; this is the word mandarin, derived from the Portuguese mandar, to command, and indiscriminately applied by foreigners to every grade, from a premier to a tide-waiter; it is not needed in English as a general term for officers, and ought to be disused, moreover, from its tendency to convey the impression that they are in some way unlike similar officials in other lands. Compare Notes and Queries on China and Japan, Vol. III., p. 12.
[232] Chinese Repository, Vol. IV., p. 138. Chinese Chrestomathy, p. 573.
[233] Fraser’s Magazine, February, 1873. China Review, Vol. III., p. 13. Note on the Condition and Government of the Chinese Empire in 1849. By T. F. Wade. Hongkong, 1850. Translations of several years of the Gazette have appeared since 1872, reprinted from the columns of the North China Herald.
[234] Essai sur l’Instruction en Chine, pp. 540-589.
[235] Chinese Repository, Vol. IV., pp. 188, 276-287; Vol. V., pp. 165-178; Vol. XX., pp. 250, 300, and 363. Mémoires concernant les Chinois, par les Missionaires à Pekin, Tomes VII. and VIII., passim.
[236] Compare an article by E. C. Taintor, in Notes and Queries on China and Japan. Chinese Repository, Vols. IV., pp. 148, 164, and 177, and XII., pp. 32 and 67.