[114] Geschichte der Ostseeprovinzen.
[115] Herberstein.
[116] Karamzin.
[117] S. Solov’ev; Karamzin.
[118] Karamzin gives the date as 8th of October. The day is fixed by Sigismund’s letter to Leo X., written on 18th September, in which he mentions the battle as taking place on “die natali beatissime virginis Marie, que erat VIII. Septembris.”
[119] Acta Tomiciana, tom. III.
[120] Much that appeared eastern or barbarous to outsiders was in fact only a survival of customs and costumes that had long died out in the west. Russia, cut off by many causes, already set forth, from the march of progress in occidental Europe, retained many things which had there been cast aside.
[121] Herberstein.
[122] Johannes Voigt, Geschichte Preussens.
[123] Herberstein.