[18] For healing, soothing, or emollient purposes, al-Zahwārī suggested medications, such as egg white, salt water (normal saline), sap of psyllium, several ointments, "duhn" of rose, and other "adhān" (plural of "duhn," the fatty or oily essences extracted from various substances through pharmaceutical processes).
[19] For a more accurate estimate of the equivalence of "dirham" according to the area in which the measurement was taken, the reader may consult Walter Hinz, Islamische Masse und Gewichte umgerechnet ins metrische System, Leiden, 1955, pt. 1, pp. 2-8; and George C. Miles, Early Arabic Glass Weights and Stamps, New York, 1948, p. 6.
[20] The contents of several manuscripts (such as Ali 2854, Wien 476 A, Bes. 503, and Tüb. MS. 91) give different numbers.
[21] See, for example, Tüb. MS. 91, fol. 45v; and Bes. 502, fol. 530v.
[22] Sudhoff, op. cit. (footnote 10), p. 29, fig. 6.
[23] For a more detailed and interesting discussion with beautiful illustrations included, the reader may consult Ch. Niel, "La Chirurgie Dentaire D’Abulcasis Comparée a celle des Maures du Trarza," Revue de Stematologie, April 1911, vol. 18, pp. [169]-180 and 222-229.
[24] It is regrettable that Franz Rosenthal in his fine article "Bibliographical Notes on Medieval Muslim Dentistry" (Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1960, vol. 34, pp. 52-60) failed to refer to this or any other section of al-Zahrāwī’s work.
[25] Bes. 502, fol. 538. See also Channing, Albucasis, pp. 206-208. For the identification of the drugs and their botanical origins the author of the present paper consulted H. P. J. Renaud and Georges S. Colin, Tuḥfat al-Aḥbāb, Glossaire de la Matière Médicale Marocaine, Paris, 1934, pp. 133, 143, 193-194, and Max Meyerhof, Un Glossaire de Matière Médicale Composé par Maimonide, Cairo, 1940, pp. 168-169.
[26] Tüb. MS. 91, fol. 99v.
[27] Dragon’s blood is a resin obtained from the scales covering the surface of the ripe fruits of "Daemonorops draco Blume" (Heber W. Youngken, Textbook of Pharmacognosy, ed. 6, Philadelphia, 1948, p. 175). See also Renaud and Colin, op. cit. (footnote 25), pp. 54-55.