PART I.—THE CAUSES OF JEWISH EMIGRATION.
PAGE
[
CHAPTER I]
Introduction.
1.Character of Jewish immigration[21]
2.Eastern Europe[22]
3.Distribution of Jews in Eastern Europe[21]
4.Uniform character of East-European Jews[22]
[
CHAPTER II]
Eastern Europe: Economic, Social and Political Conditions
I.Russia.
1. Medieval past[27]
2. Agricultural character[28]
3. Emancipation of serfs[29]
4. Reminiscences of serfdom[29]
5. Changes since the emancipation[30]
6. Epoch of transition[31]
7. Social orders: classes, the church[31]
8. Political order: autocracy, bureaucracy[32]
9. Political struggle: Russian liberalism[32]
10. Reaction since Alexander III[33]
II.Roumania.
1. Social-economic classes[34]
2. Emancipation of the serfs: results[35]
3. Development of industry and commerce[36]
4. Growth of a middle class[36]
III.Austria-Hungary.
1. Reminiscences of medieval economy[37]
2. Transitional nature of economic life[37]
3. Organization of industry and commerce[37]
4. Politico-economic struggles[38]
5. Galicia: economic and social conditions[39]
IV.Summary.
[
CHAPTER III]
The Jews in Eastern Europe: Economic and Social Position
I.Russia.
1. Economic characteristics[42]
a. Occupational distribution of the Jews[42]
b. Comparison with the non-Jews[42]
c. Participation of the Jews in principal occupational groups[43]
d. Comparison of occupational distribution of Jews and non-Jews in the Pale[43]
e. Economic activities of the Jews[44]
2. Social characteristics[46]
a. Urban distribution of the Jews[46]
b. Comparison with the non-Jews[46]
c. Literacy: comparison with the non-Jews[47]
d. Liberal professions: comparison with the non-Jews[48]
II.Roumania.
1. Economic characteristics[48]
a. The Jews as merchants and entrepreneurs[48]
b. The Jewish artisans[49]
c. Participation of the Jews in industry and commerce[49]
2. Social characteristics[49]
a. Urban distribution of the Jews[49]
b. Comparison with the non-Jews[49]
c. Literacy: comparison with the non-Jews[50]
III.Austria-Hungary.
1. Economic characteristics[50]
a. Occupational distribution of the Jews[50]
b. Comparison with the non-Jews[51]
c. Participation of the Jews in principal occupational groups[51]
Galicia[51]
a. Occupational distribution of the Jews[51]
b. Comparison with the non-Jews[51]
c. Participation of the Jews in principal occupational groups[51]
d. Industrial and commercial position of the Jews in East and West Galicia[52]
2. Social characteristics[52]
a. Urban distribution of the Jews[52]
b. Comparison with the non-Jews[52]
c. Liberal professions: comparison with the non-Jews[52]
III.Summary.
[
CHAPTER IV]
Thirty Years of Jewish History
I.Russia.
1. Treatment of the Jews after the partitions of Poland[56]
2. Pale of Jewish Settlement: special Jewish laws[57]
3. Attitude of Russian government toward the Jews[57]
4. Alexander II and liberalism[58]
5. Reaction: antagonism to the Jews[59]
6. Economic attack: the May Laws[60]
7. Effect of the May Laws[61]
8. Educational restrictions: the "percentage rule"[62]
9. Pogroms: pogroms of 1881-2[63]
10. Expulsions from Moscow[64]
11. Nicholas II: anti-Jewish agitation: Kishineff[64]
12. War and revolution: effect upon the Jews[65]
13. Pogroms as counter-revolution[66]
14. Results: economic and social pressure[67]
15. Jewish policy of reactionary régime[ 68]
II.Roumania.
1. Early legal status of the Jews[69]
2. Convention of Paris[69]
3. Anti-Jewish activities of the government: Article VII[70]
4. Berlin Congress[70]
5. Article 44 of the Berlin Treaty[71]
6. The revised Article VII[71]
7. Legal status of the Jews fixed[72]
8. Campaign of discrimination[73]
9. Exclusion of Jews from economic activities[73]
10. Educational restrictions: restrictions to professional service[74]
11. Political basis of anti-Jewish policy[75]
12. Results: economic and social pressure[76]
13. Jewish policy of Roumanian government: Hay's circular note[76]
III.Austria-Hungary.
1. Early legal status of the Jews: emancipation[77]
2. Jews attacked as liberals and capitalists[78]
3. Rise of political antisemitism: its triumph: the clericals[78]
Galicia[78]
1. Rise of a Polish middle class: displacement of Jews in industry and commerce[79]
2. Economic boycott of Jewish artisans and traders[79]
3. Anti-Jewish activity of local authorities[79]
4. Over-competition and surplus of Jews in industry and commerce[80]
5. Historical rôle of the Jews: antagonism of peasantry and clergy[80]
[
CHAPTER V]
Conclusion
[
PART II.--JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES]

A. Its Movement
[
CHAPTER I]
Determination of Number of Jewish Immigrants
1.Construction of table: difficulties[87]
2.Sources utilized: reports of Jewish societies[87]
3.Rearrangement of numbers from 1886 to 1898[88]
4.Determination of numbers by country of nativity: methods used[88]
5.Determination of numbers from 1881 to 1885: methods used[90]
6.Tendency to magnify numbers of Jewish immigrants[91]
7.Results[92]
[
CHAPTER II]
Immigration of Jews from Eastern Europe
1.Jewish immigration East-European[95]
2.Summary by decades of Jewish immigration from Russia, Roumania and Austria-Hungary[95]
3.Annual contributions of Jewish immigration from Russia, Roumania and Austria-Hungary[96]
[
CHAPTER III]
Immigration of Jews from Russia
1.Russian Jewish immigration a movement of steady growth[98]
a. Summary by decades[98]
b. Annual variations: effect of the Moscow expulsions[98]
2.Participation of Jews in the immigration from Russia[101]
a. Annual variations[101]
b. Summary by decades[102]
c. Relative predominance of Jewish in total[102]
3.Intensity of Jewish immigration from Russia[103]
a. Rate of immigration[103]
b. Fluctuations of rate[104]
[
CHAPTER IV]
Immigration of Jews from Roumania
1.Roumanian Jewish immigration a rising movement[105]
a. Summary by decades[105]
b. Annual variations[105]
2.Participation of Jews in the immigration from Roumania[107]
a. Jewish and total synonymous[107]
b. Annual variations[107]
3.Intensity of Jewish immigration from Roumania[108]
a. Rate of immigration[108]
b. Fluctuations of rate[108]
[
CHAPTER V]
Immigration of Jews from Austria-Hungary
1.Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary a rising movement[109]
a. Summary by decades[109]
b. Annual variations[109]
c. Comparison of Jewish with total[110]
2.Participation of Jews in the immigration from Austria-Hungary[110]
a. Summary by decades[110]
b. Annual variations[111]
3.Comparison of immigration of Jews from Austria and Hungary[111]
a. Numbers[111]
b. Participation in total[111]
4.Immigration of Jews and other peoples from Austria-Hungary[112]
5.Rate of Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary[112]
[
CHAPTER VI]
Jewish Immigration
1.Total movement one of geometrical progression[113]
a. Summary by decades[113]
b. Summary by six-year periods[113]
c. Annual variations[114]
[
CHAPTER VII]
Participation of Jews in Total Immigration
1.Rise in proportion of Jewish to total[117]
2.Summary by decades[117]
3.Annual variations[117]
4.Comparison of annual variations of Jewish and total immigration[118]
5.Rank of Jewish in total immigration[119]
6.Rate of immigration[120]
[
CHAPTER VIII]
Summary

B. Its Characteristics
[
CHAPTER I]
Family Movement
1.Importance of sex and age distribution[127]
2.Proportion of females in Jewish immigration[127]
a. Tendency towards increase[127]
3.Proportion of children in Jewish immigration[128]
4.Proportion of sexes in total and Jewish immigration[129]
5.Proportion of children in total and Jewish immigration[129]
6.Comparison of composition by sex of Jews and other immigrant peoples[130]
7.Comparison of composition by age of Jews and other immigrant peoples[130]
8.Comparison of composition by sex and age of Jews and the Slavic races[131]
9.Comparison of composition by sex and age of Jews from Roumania and Roumanians[131]
10.Comparison of composition by sex and age of Jewish and "old" and "new" immigration[132]
11.Conclusion[132]
[
CHAPTER II]
Permanent Settlement
1.Emigration of Jews compared with immigration of Jews[133]
2.Comparison of return movement of total and Jewish immigration[134]
3.Comparison of return movement of Jews and other immigrant peoples[134]
4.Emigration tendency of Jews from Russia, Roumania and Austria-Hungary[135]
5.Comparison of return movement of Jews and Poles from Russia and Austria-Hungary[136]
6.Comparison of return movement of Jewish and "old" and "new" immigration[137]
7.Comparison of return movement of Jews and other immigrant peoples, 1908[137]
8.Response of Jewish immigration to economic conditions in the United States[138]
9.Comparison of Jews and other immigrant peoples who have been previously in the United States[138]
10.Conclusion[139]
[
CHAPTER III]
Occupations
1.Occupational distribution of Jewish immigrants[140]
2.Jewish immigrants reporting occupations[141]
a. Number and percentage of occupational groups[141]
3.Skilled laborers[141]
a. Garment workers[141]
b. Other important groups[142]
4.Participation of Jews in occupational distribution of total immigration[142]
5.Comparison of occupational distribution of Jews and other immigrant peoples[143]
6.Comparison of occupational distribution of Jews and Slavic peoples[144]
7.Comparison of occupational distribution of Jewish and "old" and "new" immigration[144]
8.Conclusion[145]
[
CHAPTER IV]
Illiteracy
1.Illiteracy of Jewish immigrants[146]
2.Influence of sex upon illiteracy of Jewish immigrants[146]
3.Illiteracy of Jewish male and female immigrants[147]
4.Comparison of rate of illiteracy of Jews and other immigrant peoples[147]
5.Comparison of rate of illiteracy of Jewish and "old" and "new" immigration[147]
6.Comparison of rate of illiteracy of Jews and East-European peoples[148]
7.Comparison of rate of illiteracy of each sex among Jews and East-European peoples[148]
8.Conclusion[148]
[
CHAPTER V]
Destination
1.Factors influencing destination[149]
2.Proportion of Jewish immigrants destined for divisions[149]
3.Proportion of Jewish immigrants destined for principal states[149]
4.Comparison of destination of Jews and other immigrant peoples[150]
5.Participation of Jews in the immigration destined for divisions[150]
6.Final disposition of Jewish immigrants[151]
[
CHAPTER VI]
Summary and Conclusions

[STATISTICAL TABLES]

PAGE
IA.[Participation of Jews in occupations in the Russian Empire, 1897]158
IAB.[Participation of Jews in occupations in the Pale of Jewish Settlement, 1897]159
II.[Jewish immigration at the ports of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, July to June, 1886 to 1898]159
III.[Jewish immigration at the port of New York, July, 1885 to June, 1886, by month and country of nativity]159
IVA.[Jewish immigration at the port of Philadelphia, 1886 to 1898, by country of nativity]160
IVB.[Jewish immigration at the port of Baltimore, 1891 to 1898, by country of nativity]160
V.[Jewish immigration at the ports of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, 1886 to 1898, by country of nativity]161
VI.[Jewish immigration to the United States, 1881 to 1910]93
VII.[Percentage of annual Jewish immigration to the United States, contributed by each country of nativity, 1881 to 1910]94
VIII.[Jewish immigration to the United States, 1881 to 1910, absolute numbers and percentages, by decade and country of nativity]162
IX.[Jewish immigration from Russia, 1881 to 1910, and percentage of total arriving each year]162
X.[Jewish immigration from Russia, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage of total arriving each decade]163
XI.[Jewish immigration from Russia at the port of New York, January 1, 1891 to December 31, 1891, and January 1, 1892 to December 31, 1892, by month]163
XII.[Total immigration from Russia and Jewish immigration from Russia, 1881 to 1910, and percentage Jewish of total]164
XIII.[Total immigration from Russia and Jewish immigration from Russia, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage Jewish of total]164
XIV.[Immigration to the United States from the Russian Empire, 1899 to 1910, by annual percentage of contribution of principal peoples]165
XV.[Rate of immigration of peoples predominant in the immigration from Russia, 1899 to 1910]165
XVI.[Rate of Jewish immigration from Russia per 10,000 of Jewish population, 1899 to 1910]166
XVII.[Jewish immigration from Roumania, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage of total arriving each decade]166
XVIII.[Jewish immigration from Roumania, 1881 to 1910, and percentage of total arriving each year]167
XIX.[Total immigration from Roumania and Jewish immigration from Roumania, 1899 to 1910, and percentage Jewish of total]168
XX.[Rate of Jewish immigration from Roumania per 10,000 of Jewish population, 1899 to 1910]168
XXI.[Jewish immigration from Austria Hungary, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage of total arriving each decade]169
XXII.[Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary, 1881 to 1910, and percentage of total arriving each year]169
XXIII.[Total and Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage Jewish of total]170
XXIV.[Total and Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary, 1881 to 1910, and percentage Jewish of total]170
XXV.[Percentage of annual immigration from Austria-Hungary contributed by principal peoples, 1899 to 1910]171
XXVI.[Rate of Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary per 10,000 of Jewish population, 1899 to 1910]171
XXVII.[Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by decade]172
XXVIII.[Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by six-year period]172
XXIX.[Jewish immigration to the United States, 1881 to 1910]173
XXX.[Total immigration and Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage Jewish of total]174
XXXI.[Total immigration and Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by year and percentage Jewish of total]174
XXXII.[Total and Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by number and percentage of increase or decrease]175
XXXIII.[Sex of Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910]176
XXXIV.[Sex of Jewish immigrant adults at the port of New York, 1886 to 1898]176
XXXV.[Age of Jewish immigrants, 1809 to 1910]177
XXXVI.[Age of Jewish immigrants at the port of New York, 1886 to 1898]177
XXXVII.[Sex of total and Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910]178
XXXVIII.[Sex of European immigrants, 1899 to 1910]179
XXXIX.[Age of European immigrants, 1899 to 1909]180
XL.[Sex, 1899 to 1910, and age, 1899 to 1909, of Slavic immigrants]181
XLIA.[Sex of Roumanian immigrants, 1899 to 1910, and of immigrants from Roumania. 1900 to 1910]181
XLIB.[Age of Jewish and Roumanian immigrants, 1899 to 1909]181
XLII.[Sex and age of "old" and "new" immigration (Jewish excepted) and of Jewish immigration, 1899 to 1909]182
XLIII.[Jewish immigration and emigration, 1908 to 1912]182
XLIV.[Total and Jewish emigrant aliens and percentage Jewish immigrant aliens of total immigrant aliens, 1908 to 1912]183
XLV.[European immigrant aliens admitted, and European emigrant aliens departed, 1908, 1909 and 1910]183
XLVI.[Jewish immigration and emigration, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Roumania, 1908 to 1912]184
XLVII.[Polish immigration and emigration, Russia and Austria-Hungary, 1908 to 1912]184
XLVIII.["Old" and "new" (Jewish excepted) and Jewish immigration and emigration, 1908 to 1910]185
XLIX.[European immigrant aliens, 1907, and European emigrant aliens, 1908]185
L.[Total European immigrants admitted and total of those admitted during this period in the United States previously, 1899 to 1910]186
LI.[Occupational distribution of Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910]186
LII.[Jewish immigrants reporting occupations, 1899 to 1910]187
LIII.[Jewish immigrants engaged in professional occupations, 1899 to 1910]187
LIV.[Jewish immigrants reporting skilled occupations, 1899 to 1910]188
LV.[Occupations of total European and Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1909, and percentage Jewish of total]189
LVI.[Total European immigrants and immigrants without occupation, 1899 to 1910]189
LVII.[Occupations of European immigrants reporting employment, 1899 to 1910]190
LVIII.[Occupations of Slavic and Jewish immigrants reporting employment, 1890 to 1910]191
LIX.[Occupations of "old" and "new" immigration (Jewish excepted) and of Jewish immigration, 1899 to 1909]191
LX.[Illiteracy of Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910]192
LXI.[Sex of Jewish immigrant illiterates, 1908 to 1912]192
LXII.[Illiteracy of European immigrants, 1899 to 1910]193
LXIII.[Illiteracy of "old" and "new" immigration (Jewish excepted) and of Jewish immigration, 1899 to 1909]194
LXIV.[Illiteracy of peoples from Eastern Europe, 1899 to 1910]194
LXV.[Sex of illiterates of peoples from Eastern Europe, 1908]194
LXVI.[Destination of Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910, by principal divisions]195
LXVII.[Destination of Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910, by principal states]195
LXVIII.[Percentage of Jewish and total immigrants destined for each division, 1899 to 1910]196
LXIX.[Participation of Jewish immigrants in destination of total immigrants, 1899 to 1910, by principal divisions]196

APPENDICES
A. [President Harrison's Message, 1891]199
B. [Article VII of the Constitution of Roumania]200
C. [Secretary Hay's Note]201
[Bibliography]207

CHAPTER I[ToC]