[1] Marx, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in 1848.

[2] Marx, Revolution and Counter-Revolution, p. 70.

[3] Op. cit., pp. 123-124.

[4] Marx, Die Klassenkämpfe in Frankreich, pp. 26-28.

[5] See the third address issued by the International Workingmen's Association on the Franco-Prussian war, 1870-71.

The Italian Socialists in Milan, June, 1871, closed a rhetorical address to the Parisian Communards as follows: "To despotism they responded, We are free.

"To the cannon and chassepots of the leagued reactionists they offered their bared breasts.

"They fell, but fell like heroes.

"To-day the reaction calls them bandits, places them under the ban of the human race.

"Shall we permit it? No!