The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648

by Samuel Rawson Gardiner

§ 12. Fate of the French monarchy.

It was not for this that Henry IV. and Richelieu had laboured. The tree that bears no fruit must be cut down to the ground, or it will perish by its own inherent rottenness. As the Empire had fallen, as the Spanish monarchy had fallen, the French monarchy, shaken by the thunders of La Hogue and Blenheim, fell at last, when, amidst the corruption of Versailles, it ceased to do any useful work for man.

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[INDEX.]

• [Aachen] (Aix-la-Chapelle) place of coronation, [2].
• Administrators. See [Bishoprics].
• Aix-la-Chapelle. See [Aachen].
• Aldringer, offers to assist Wallenstein, [175];
• declares against him, [177];
• tries to seize him, [177].
• Alsace, Mansfeld in, [50];
• his designs there, [56];
• Mansfeld returns to, [60];
• proposed march of Mansfeld to, [75];
• its possession of importance to France, [191];
• comes into French possession, [197].
• Anhalt, Prince of. See [Christian of Anhalt].
• Anne of Austria, Regent of France, [205].
• Anspach, the Margrave of, hopes for a revolution, [135].
• Anstruther, Sir Robert, his mission to the King of Denmark, [84].
• Arnim, ordered by Wallenstein to besiege Stralsund, [108];
• commands the Saxons at Breitenfeld, [139];
• his conference with Wallenstein, [153];
• is expected to meet Wallenstein at Eger, [179].
• Arras, besieged by Condé, [223].
• Augsburg, city of, swears obedience to Gustavus, [150];
• besieged by the imperialists, [187];
• resists Turenne, [212].
• [Augsburg], Peace of, [9];
• questions arising out of it, [10];
• evaded by the Protestants, [11].
• Austria, Lower, estates of, attempt to wring concessions from Ferdinand, [36].
• Austria, Upper, surrenders to Maximilian, [42];
• pledged to Maximilian, [46];
• restored to Ferdinand, [119].
• Austria, the House of, territories governed by it, [9];
• its branches, [24].
• Avesnes incorporated with France, [225].
• Bautzen, besieged by John George, [42].
• Bergen-op-zoom, siege of, [63].
• Bernhard of Weimar, joins the King of Denmark, [101];
• joins Gustavus, [138];
• takes the command of the Swedes at Lützen, [163];
• his expectations after the death of Gustavus, [166];
• his duchy of Franconia, [167];
• takes Ratisbon, [173];
• is invited to assist Wallenstein, [179];
• prepares to march to Eger, [179];
• is defeated at Nördlingen, [183];
• loses his duchy of Franconia, [183];
• his alliance with France, [190];
• defeats the imperialists at Rheinfelden and takes Rheinfelden, Freiburg, and Breisach, [195];
• his death, [196].
• Bachararch, misery at, [187].
• Baden-Durlach, Margrave of, joins Frederick, [54];
• defeated at Wimpfen, [57];
• abandons his allies, [60];
• aids the King of Denmark, [101].
• Bamberg and Würzburg, Bishop of;
• attacked by Mansfeld, [49].
• Baner, defeats the Imperialists at Wittstock, [194];
• is driven back to the coast of the Baltic, [195];
• fights in different parts of Germany, [196].
• Bärwalde, treaty of, [132].
• Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania, attacks Austria, [40];
• prepares to aid Frederick, [44];
• defeats Bucquoi, [49];
• threatens Austria, [88], [94];
• is joined by Mansfeld, [97];
• withdraws from the contest, [101].
• [Bishoprics], question connected with them left unsettled at the Peace of Augsburg, [10];
• in the north they mainly fall under Protestant administrators, [12];
• forcible reconversion of the population where this is not the case, [14];
• Protestant administrators not acknowledged by the Diet, [14];
• attempt to bring over Cologne and Strasburg to Protestantism, [14];
• questions relating to them settled for a time at Mühlhausen, [41];
• reopened after the battle of Stadtlohn, [67];
• names of those reclaimed in the Edict of Restitution, [121];
• arrangement for them at the treaty of Prague, [184].
• [Boguslav], Duke of Pomerania, compelled to accept a garrison by Wallenstein, [108];
• supports Wallenstein in the siege of Stralsund, [110];
• complains of Wallenstein's soldiers, [127];
• submits to Gustavus, [130].
• Bohemia, the Royal Charter granted in, [25];
• its infringement, [27];
• acknowledgment of Ferdinand as its king, [28];
• revolution in, [29];
• directors appointed, [32];
• war begins in, [32];
• political incapacity of the revolutionary government, [32];
• it makes application to foreign powers, [35];
• election of Frederick as king, [38];
• suppression of the Revolution, [45];
• occupied by John George, [151];
• the Saxons driven out of, [155];
• Torstenson's occupation of, [209].
• Bohemia, King of, his functions as an Elector, [1].
• See also [Rudolph II]., [Matthias], [Frederick V]., and [Ferdinand II].
• Bohemian Brethren expelled from Bohemia, [46].
• Brandenburg, bishopric of, named in the Edict of Restitution, [131].
• Brandenburg, Elector of, [1].
• See also [John Sigismund], and [George William].
• Braunau, Protestant church at, [27].
• Breda, siege of, [76].
• Breisach, taken by Bernhard, [195].
• Breisgau, taken possession of by the French, [195].
• [Breitenfeld], battle of, [141].
• Bremen, archbishopric of, connexion of, with Christian IV., [78];
• named in the Edict of Restitution, [120];
• given up to Sweden, [214].
• Bridge of Dessau, battle of, [96].
• Brünn, besieged by Torstenson, [209].
• Brunswick, peace negotiations at, [93].
• Brussels, conferences for peace at, [52], [57], [60].
• Bucquoi, commands the army invading Bohemia, [32];
• defeats Mansfeld, [37];
• joined by Maximilian, [43];
• advises to delay a battle, [44];
• is killed, [49].
• Buckingham, Duke of, his expedition to Rhé, [114];
• intends to raise the siege of Rochelle, [115];
• is murdered, [115].
• Budweis, attacked by the Bohemians, [32].
• Burgundy, Eastern. See [Franche Comté].
• Butler, receives orders to capture Wallenstein, [180];
• consults on the murder with Leslie and Gordon, [180].
• Calvinism in Germany, [18].
• Camin, bishopric of, named in the Edict of Restitution, [121].
• Casale, sieges of, [122], [123].
• Catalonia, insurrection of, [199].
• [Charles I.], King of England, forms an alliance with Christian IV., [86];
• is unable to fulfil his engagement, [95];
• sends Sir C. Morgan to aid Christian IV., [101];
• quarrels with France, [111];
• attempts to succour Rochelle, [113];
• his arrangements about the Spanish fleet in the Downs, [198].
• Charles V., his strength external to the empire, [8];
• his meeting with Luther, [9];
• forced to yield to the Protestants, [9].
• [Charles Emanuel], Duke of Savoy, helps the Bohemians, [33];
• plans for his advancement in Germany, [35];
• attacks Genoa, [76];
• reduced to submission by Richelieu, [122].
• Charles Lewis, Elector Palatine, claims his father's dominion, [198];
• receives the Lower Palatinate, [214].
• [Charles, Prince of Wales], proposed marriage with an Infanta, [51];
• treaty with Spain broken off, [70];
• proposed marriage with Henrietta Maria, [74].
• See [Charles I.], King of England.
• Charles the Great (Charlemagne), nature of his authority, [2].
• Cherasco, treaty of, [135].
• Chichester, Lord, his embassy to the Palatinate, [59].
• Christian IV., King of Denmark, his connection with Germany, [78];
• his views on the course of the war, [79];
• his offers to England to make war, [84];
• his offer accepted, [85];
• attacked by Tilly, [94];
• defeated at Lutter, [96];
• refuses Wallenstein's terms of peace, [101];
• sends agents to Stralsund, [109];
• makes peace at Lübeck, [117].
• [Christian of Anhalt], leader of the German Calvinists, [18];
• his character and policy, [18];
• his part in the foundation of the Union, [21];
• his intrigues in Austria, [26];
• his plan for supporting the Bohemians, [34];
• commands the Bohemian army, [44].
• Christian of Brunswick, administrator of Halberstadt, his instalment in the cathedral, [54];
• resolves to take part in the war, [55];
• invades the diocese of Paderborn, [55];
• defeated at Höchst, [59];
• retreats to Alsace, [60];
• marches through Lorraine, [63];
• loses his arm at Fleurus, [64];
• threatens the Lower Saxon Circle, [65];
• negotiates with the Emperor, [66];
• is defeated at Stadtlohn, and resigns the See of Halberstadt, [67];
• joins Christian IV., [95];
• dies, [96].
• Christina, Queen of Sweden, [166].
• Christina, Regent of Savoy, assisted by the French, [197].
• Church lands secularized, [10], [11];
• legal decision about them against the Protestants, [14].
• Cities, free imperial, their part in the Diet, [6].
• Cleves, war of succession in, [21].
• Coblentz, fired at by the French in Ehrenbreitstein, [187].
• Colbert, his reforms, [226].
• [Cologne], Elector of, [1];
• failure of an attempt by him to bring over the electorate to Protestantism, [14].
• [Condé], Prince of, takes part with Spain, [223].
• Convention of Passau. See [Passau].
• Corbie, taken by the Spaniards, and retaken by the French, [193].
• Cordova, Gonzales de, commands the Spaniards in the Lower Palatinate, [50];
• takes part in the battle of Wimpfen, [57];
• joins in defeating Christian of Brunswick at Höchst, [59];
• commands at Fleurus, [63].
• Corneille, writes "The Cid," [169].
• Cromwell, courted by France and Spain, [223];
• decides to help France, [224].
• Dänholm, seized by Wallenstein's soldiers, [109].
• Darmstadt, entered by Mansfeld, [58].
• Descartes, his first work published, [169].
• Dessau, the Bridge of, battle of, [96].
• Devereux, murders Wallenstein, [180].
• Diet of the Empire, [1];
• its reform in the 15th century, 5;
• its constitution, [5];
• how far opposed to Protestantism, [8];
• its meeting in 1608, [21].
• Directors of Bohemia appointed, [31].
• Donauwörth, occupation of, [20];
• entered by Gustavus, [149];
• surrenders to Turenne, [212].
• Downs, the Spanish fleet takes refuge in the, [198].
• Dunkirk, surrender of, [224].
• [East Friesland], invaded by Mansfeld, [64].
• Ecclesiastical reservation, the, See [Bishoprics].
• Edict of Restitution, issued, [120].
• Eger, Wallenstein summons his colonels to, [179].
• Eggenberg confers with Wallenstein, [99];
• favours Wallenstein's restoration, [151];
• joins Oñate against Wallenstein, [176].
• Ehrenbreitstein, receives a French garrison, [170];
• fires on Coblentz, [187].
• Elector Palatine, [1].
• See also [Frederick IV.], and [Frederick V.]
• Electors, functions of, [1];
• their part in the Diet, [6];
• their quarrel with Wallenstein, [103], [124];
• demand Wallenstein's dismissal, [127].
• Eliot, Sir John, his satisfaction at the victories of Gustavus, [142].
• Elizabeth, Electress Palatine, encourages her husband to accept the crown of Bohemia, [39].
• Emperor, functions of, [1];
• he is practically scarcely more than a German king, [2].
• Enghien, Duke of (afterwards Prince of Condé), defeats the Spaniards at Rocroy, [206];
• commands at the battle of Freiburg and Nördlingen, [208].
• See [Condé], Prince of.
• England. See [James I.], [Charles I.], [Charles, Prince of Wales].
• English ambassador (the Earl of Arundel), notes of his journey through Germany, [187].
• Erfurt, Gustavus at, [147].
• Fabricius, thrown out of window, [30].
• Felton, murders Buckingham, [115].
• Ferdinand, the Archduke, afterwards the Emperor Ferdinand I., represents Charles V., at Augsburg, [10].
• [Ferdinand], Archduke (afterwards the Emperor Ferdinand II.), rules Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, [24];
• puts down Protestantism there, [24];
• acknowledged as King of Bohemia, [28];
• his character, [28];
• swears to the Royal Charter, [29];
• elected King of Hungary, [32];
• receives help from Spain, [33];
• promises to respect the Royal Charter, [36];
• besieged by Mansfeld, [37];
• elected Emperor, [38];
• comes to terms with Maximilian, [40];
• puts Frederick to the ban, [46];
• refuses to go beyond the agreement of Mühlhausen, [68];
• accepts Wallenstein's offer to raise an army, [89];
• grants Mecklenburg to Wallenstein, [105], [118];
• oppresses the Protestants, [120];
• recovers Upper Austria, [119];
• takes part in the Mantuan war, [121];
• carries out the Edict of Restitution, [126];
• despises Gustavus, [134];
• refuses to abandon the Edict, [137];
• looks to Spain for help, [151];
• hesitates what to do about Wallenstein, [174];
• decides against him, [176];
• consents to the Peace of Prague, [184];
• his death, [194].
• Ferdinand, King of Hungary (afterwards the Emperor Ferdinand III.), his marriage, [174];
• commands the army after Wallenstein's death, [182];
• becomes Emperor, [194];
• reluctance to surrender Alsace to the French, [210].
• Ferdinand, the Cardinal-infant, proposed command of, resisted by Wallenstein, [171];
• joins the King of Hungary before the battle of Nördlingen, [182];
• proceeds to Brussels, [183];
• invades France, [192].
• Fleurus, battle of, [63].
• France, takes precautions against Mansfeld, [63];
• its internal dissensions, [77], [112];
• at war with England, [113];
• intervenes in Italy and makes peace with England, [122];
• supremacy of Richelieu in, [168];
• places itself at the head of a German alliance, [189];
• declares war openly against Spain, [192];
• continues the war with Spain, [197];
• its victories over Spain, [205];
• its victories in Germany, [207];
• its gains by the Peace of Westphalia, [214];
• continuance of its war with Spain, [221];
• successes of, in Flanders, [224];
• its gains by the treaty of the Pyrenees, [224];
• its condition under Lewis XIV., [226].
• [Franche Comté], included in the Empire, [2].
• Franconia, duchy of, assigned to Bernhard, [167];
• taken from him, [183].
• Frankenthal, garrisoned by Vere's troops, [57];
• given up to the Spaniards, [60].
• Frankfort-on-the Main, place of coronation, [2].
• Frankfort-on-the-Oder, taken by Gustavus, [134].
• Frederick III., the Emperor, words used to him, [2].
• [Frederick IV.], Elector Palatine, nominal leader of the Calvinists, [18];
• his death, [31].
• [Frederick V.], Elector Palatine, his marriage, [31];
• encourages the Bohemians, [31];
• proposal that he shall mediate in Bohemia, [34];
• is elected King of Bohemia, [38];
• becomes unpopular at Prague, [43];
• his defeat at the White Hill, [45];
• takes refuge at the Hague, [45];
• put to the ban, [46];
• maintains his claims to Bohemia, [48];
• proposal that his eldest son shall be educated at Vienna, [52];
• his prospects in 1622, [53];
• joins Mansfeld in Alsace, [57];
• seizes the Landgrave of Darmstadt, [58];
• driven back to Mannheim, [59];
• returns to the Hague, [60];
• enters Munich with Gustavus, [150];
• his death, [171].
• Freiburg (in the Breisgau), surrenders to Bernhard, [195];
• retaken, [208];
• battle of, [208].
• Friedland, Prince and Duke of. See [Wallenstein.]
• Friesland. See [East Friesland].
• Fronde, the, [217].
• Fuentes, Count of, killed at Rocroy, [207].
• Fürth, Wallenstein's entrenchments at, [158].
• Gallas, offers to assist Wallenstein, [175].
• Gassion, advises the French to give battle at Rocroy, [206].
• Gaston, Duke of Orleans, leaves France, [167];
• takes part in a rebellion, [168].
• George of Lüneburg, a Lutheran in Wallenstein's service, [98];
• sent into Silesia, [101].
• [George William], Elector of Brandenburg, consents to his sister's marriage with Gustavus, [81];
• refuses to join Gustavus, [131];
• compelled to submit to him, [135].
• Germany, its political institutions, [1]-7;
• what it included, [2];
• divided into circles, [6];
• its miserable condition, [186];
• its condition after the Peace of Westphalia, [217].
• Glückstadt, fortified by Christian IV., [78];
• siege of, [117].
• Gordon, his part in Wallenstein's murder, [180].
• Gravelines surrenders to the French, [224].
• Guebriant, defeats the Imperialists at Wolfenbüttel and Kempten, [201].
• Guise, the Duke of, leaves France, [168].
• Guiton, Mayor of Rochelle, [115].
• Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, his character, [79];
• early struggles, [80];
• visits Germany, [81];
• hostile to the growth of the Empire, [82];
• views on religion and politics, [83];
• projects a general league against the House of Austria, [84];
• refuses to take part in it on the terms offered, and attacks Poland, [86];
• sends help to Stralsund, [104];
• makes peace with Poland, [124];
• negotiates with France, [124];
• lands in Pomerania, [127];
• gains possession of the lands on the Baltic coast, [131];
• negotiates with France, [131];
• signs the treaty of Bärwalde, [132];
• compels the Elector of Brandenburg to join him, [135];
• fails to relieve Magdeburg, [136];
• entrenches himself at Werben, [138];
• allies himself with Saxony, [139];
• his skill as a commander, [140];
• defeats Tilly at Breitenfeld, [141];
• receives overtures from Wallenstein, [143];
• his political plans, [144];
• determines to march to the Rhine, [145];
• keeps Christmas at Mentz, [147];
• his reception at Nüremberg, [148];
• enters Donauwörth, and defeats Tilly at the Lech, [149];
• occupies Munich, [150];
• lays down terms of peace, [156];
• proposes a league of the cities, [157];
• rebukes his officers, [159];
• fails in storming Wallenstein's entrenchments, [160];
• follows Wallenstein into Saxony, [161];
• attacks Wallenstein at Lützen, [162];
• his death, [163];
• his future plans, [165].
• Hagenau, seized by Mansfeld, [50].
• Hague, the, Frederick takes refuge there, [45];
• returns after his campaign in Germany, [60].
• Halberstadt, diocese of, Christian of Brunswick Bishop of it, [54];
• forfeited by his treason, [65];
• occupied by Wallenstein, [92];
• named in the Edict of Restitution, [120];
• execution of the Edict at, [125];
• not recovered by the Protestants at the treaty of Prague, [184];
• restored at the peace of Westphalia, [214].
• Halle, Pappenheim's march to, [162].
• Hamburg, its commerce, [78];
• refuses to submit to Wallenstein, [110].
• Hanse Towns, offers made them by the Emperor, [106].
• Havelberg, bishopric of, named in the Edict of Restitution, [121].
• Heidelberg, garrisoned by Vere, [57];
• taken by Tilly, [61];
• treatment of Protestants at, [119].
• Heilbronn, the league of, [167];
• its leading members excepted from the amnesty of the treaty of Prague, [184].
• Heiligenhafen, combat of, [102].
• Henry IV., King of France, plans intervention in Germany, [22].
• Henry the Fowler, not an emperor, [2].
• Hesse Cassel, Landgrave of. See [Maurice], and [William].
• Hesse Darmstadt. See [Lewis].
• Höchst, battle of, [59].
• Horn, commands a Swedish force in Mecklenburg, [134];
• is defeated at Nördlingen, [183].
• Huguenots, nature of toleration granted to, [173];
• insurrection of, [77], [112];
• tolerated by Richelieu, [116].
• Hungary, political divisions of, [40].
• [Imperial Council] (Reichshofrath) intervenes in the case of Donauwörth, [20].
• [Imperial Court] (Reichskammergericht), institution, [6];
• out of working order, [19].
• Ingolstadt, Tilly's death at, [149].
• Italy, kingdom of, [3], [122].
• [James I.], King of England, offers to mediate in Bohemia and Germany, [35], [47];
• proposes to pay Mansfeld, [51];
• his negotiations with Spain, [51], [70];
• desires aid from France, [71];
• supports Mansfeld, [75];
• orders him not to relieve Breda, [76];
• agreement with Christian IV., [85];
• death of, [86].
• Jankow, battle of, [209].
• Jesuits, the, appear in Germany, [13].
• John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, ideas of religious liberty, [94];
• supports Mansfeld, [96];
• dies, [101].
• [John George], Elector of Saxony, at the head of the Lutheran and neutral party, [15], [22];
• wishes to pacify Bohemia, [31];
• his share in Ferdinand's election to the Empire, [38];
• is gained over by Maximilian, [41];
• his vacillations in 1622, [62];
• refuses to join in the Danish war, [87];
• his son elected administrator of Magdeburg, [126];
• attempts to mediate between Gustavus and the Emperor, [133], [134];
• joins Gustavus, [139];
• failure of his army at Breitenfeld, [141];
• despatched into Bohemia, [151];
• enters Prague, [151];
• is driven out of Bohemia, [155];
• proposes terms of peace to Gustavus, [156];
• refuses to join the League of Heilbronn, [167];
• negotiates with Wallenstein, [170];
• hopes for peace, [184];
• agrees to the Peace of Prague, [185];
• his troops defeated at Wittstock, [194].
• [John Sigismund], Elector of Brandenburg, his claim to the duchy of Cleves, [21];
• turns Calvinist, [22].
• Joseph, Father, employed as Richelieu's agent, [128].
• Kempten, battle of, [201].
• Klostergrab, Protestant church at, [27].
• Köln. See [Cologne].
• La Force, commands at Paris, [193].
• Lamormain, Father, Ferdinand's confessor, declares against peace, [171].
• Landrecies incorporated with France, [224].
• League, the Catholic, its formation, [21];
• agrees to the treaty of Ulm, [42].
• See [Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria].
• Lebus, bishopric of, [121].
• Lech, battle at the passage of the, [149].
• Leipzig, assembly at, [133].
• Leipzig, battle of. See [Breitenfeld].
• Leslie, his part in Wallenstein's murder, [180].
• Leuchtenberg, Landgrave of, taken prisoner by Mansfeld, [49].
• Lewis XIII., King of France, his character, [72];
• his jealousy of Spain, [73];
• summons Richelieu to his council, [74];
• takes part against Spain, [75];
• his policy towards the Huguenots, [112];
• at war with England, [113];
• invades Italy, [122];
• dislikes the success of Gustavus, [148];
• takes the field against Spain, [193];
• dies, [205].
• Lewis XIV., King of France, accession of, [205].
• [Lewis], Landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt, taken prisoner, [58].
• Lombardy, the iron crown of, [3].
• Lorraine (Lothringen), included in the Empire, [2];
• Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick, in, [63].
• Lorraine, Duke of, joins the Spaniards against Gustavus, [158];
• is reduced to subjection by France, [170].
• Lower Saxony, Circle of, threatened by Christian of Brunswick and Tilly, [64];
• refuses to support Christian, [65];
• disunion amongst its members, [68];
• attacked by Tilly, [87].
• Lübeck, bishopric of, named in the Edict of Restitution, [121].
• Lübeck, Peace of, [117].
• Lusatia, invaded by the Saxons, [42].
• Luther, his meeting with Charles V., [9].
• Lutherans, [17];
• their estrangements from Frederick in Bohemia, [43];
• still remain in Paderborn, [55].
• Lutter, battle of, [96].
• Lützen, battle of, [161].
• Magdeburg, city of, refuses to admit Wallenstein's troops, [105], [126];
• declares for Gustavus, [134];
• stormed and sacked, [136].
• Magdeburg, diocese of, occupied by Wallenstein, [92];
• included in the Edict of Restitution, [120];
• execution of the Edict at, [126].
• Magdeburg, Protestant administrator of, not acknowledged as Archbishop by the Diet, [14].
• Maintz. See [Mentz].
• Majestätsbrief. See [Royal Charter].
• Manheim, garrisoned by Vere, [57];
• retreat of Frederick and Mansfeld to, [59];
• taken by Tilly, [60].
• Mansfeld, Count Ernest of, takes service with the Bohemians and besieges Pilsen, [33];
• takes the field against Bucquoi, [36];
• is defeated by him, [37];
• character of his army, [48];
• occupies the Upper Palatinate, [49];
• marches into Alsace, [50];
• aims at becoming master of part of it, [56];
• invades the Lower Palatinate, [57];
• seizes the Landgrave of Darmstadt, [58];
• state of his army, [59];
• retreats to Alsace, [60];
• occupies Lorraine, [63];
• cuts his way through the Spanish Netherlands, relieves Bergen-op-zoom, and invades East Friesland, [64];
• returns to the Netherlands, [69];
• assisted by France, [74];
• proposed march into Alsace, [75];
• fails to relieve Breda, [76];
• sent to help the King of Denmark, [86];
• joins Christian IV., [94];
• defeated at the Bridge of Dessau, [96];
• marches through Silesia into Hungary, [96];
• dies, [97].
• Mantua and Montferrat, war of succession in, [121].
• Mardyke, surrender of, [224].
• Martinitz, one of the Regents of Bohemia, thrown out of window, [30].
• Mary of Medici, opposes Richelieu, [132];
• obliged to leave France, [160].
• [Matthias], Archduke, rises against Rudolph II., [25];
• succeeds as Emperor, [26].
• See Matthias, Emperor.
• Matthias, Emperor, his election, [26];
• his attempts to break the Royal Charter, [27];
• his death, [36].
• [Maurice], Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, submits to Spinola, [47].
• Maximilian, Archduke, governs Tyrol, [24].
• [Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria], his character and policy, [15];
• his part in the formation of the League, [21];
• prepares to attack Bohemia, [39];
• proposed transference of the Palatinate Electorate to, [40];
• gains over the North German princes, [41];
• attaches Austria and Bohemia, [42];
• receives Upper Austria in pledge, [46];
• receives the Electorate, [60];
• his policy after the peace of Lübeck, [118];
• makes an effort against the French, [207];
• is ready to surrender Alsace to the French, [211];
• but refuses to surrender the Upper Palatinate, [211];
• makes a truce, which does not last long, [213].
• Mayence. See [Mentz].
• Mazarin, Cardinal, Minister of Anne of Austria, [205].
• Mecklenburg, Dukes of their land pledged to Wallenstein, [105];
• formally given to Wallenstein, [118].
• Meissen. See [Misnia].
• Melancthon, his protest against theological disputation, [13].
• [Mentz], entered by Spinola, [42];
• treaty for the dissolution of the Union signed at, [47].
• Mentz, Archbishop of, one of the Electors, [6];
• lays claim to lands in North Germany, [98].
• Mentz, city of, Gustavus at, [147];
• given over to Oxenstjerna, [148];
• misery at, [187].
• Mercy, prudence of, [208];
• is killed, [208].
• Merseburg, bishopric of, named in the Edict of Restitution, [121].
• Merseburg, city of, taken by Pappenheim, [139].
• Metz, annexed by France, [215].
• Minden, bishopric of, named in the Edict of Restitution, [121].
• [Misnia], bishopric of, named in the Edict of Restitution, [121].
• Montmorenci, Duke of, his rebellion, [168].
• Morgan, Sir Charles, commands an English force sent in aid of Denmark, [101].
• Mühlhausen (in Thuringia), agreement of, [41];
• meeting of the Electors at, [103].
• Munich, occupied by Gustavus, [150].
• Münster, meeting of diplomatists at, [210].
• Münster, diocese of, threatened by Mansfeld, [64].
• Nancy, taken possession of by the French, [180].
• Nantes, Edict of, [71];
• its revocation, [226].
• Naumburg, bishopric of, named in the Edict of Restitution, [121].
• Naumburg, city of, entered by Gustavus, [161].
• Netherlands, the, included in the Empire, [2].
• Netherlands, the Spanish, defended against a French attack, [191].
• Netherlands, United States of the, end of their truce with Spain, [51];
• acknowledgment of their independence, [221].
• Neuberg, Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of, lays claim to the duchy of Cleves, [22];
• has his ears boxed, [22].
• Neustadt, misery at, [188].
• Nevers, Duke of, his claims to the succession in Mantua, [122].
• New Brandenburg, taken by Tilly, [134].
• Nienburg, holds out for Christian IV., [101].
• Nordheim, holds out for Christian IV., [101].
• Nördlingen, treatment of the Protestants at, [120];
• battle of, [183];
• second battle of, [208];
• surrenders to Turenne, [213].
• Nüremberg, joins the Union, [20], [21];
• meeting of the Union at, [41];
• deserts the Union, [47];
• welcomes Gustavus, [148];
• despatches Gustavus against Wallenstein, [158];
• sufferings of, [158].
• Oñate, opposes Wallenstein, [175];
• proposes to kill Wallenstein, [177].
• Oppenheim, stormed by Gustavus, [147].
• Osnabrück, election of a Catholic Bishop of, [67];
• meeting of diplomatists at, [217].
• Otto the Great, becomes Emperor, [2].
• Oudenarde, surrender to the French, [224].
• Oxenstjerna, his view of Gustavus' march upon the Rhine, [145];
• receives the government of Mentz, [148];
• his position after the death of Gustavus, [166];
• asked to help Wallenstein, [172];
• keeps his doubts till the last, [179];
• surrenders fortresses in Alsace to Richelieu, [192].
• Paderborn, attack upon by Christian of Brunswick, [55].
• Palatinate, the Lower, attacked by Spinola, [43];
• defended by Vere, [49];
• invaded by Tilly, [50];
• conquered by Tilly, [60];
• the eastern part made over to Maximilian, [119];
• the whole restored to Charles Lewis, [214].
• Palatinate, the Upper, Mansfeld's occupation of, [50];
• its conquest by Tilly, [50];
• made over to Maximilian, [119];
• secured to him by the peace of Westphalia, [214].
• Pappenheim, confidence that Gustavus will be beaten, [139];
• storms Magdeburg, [135];
• commands on the Rhine, [161];
• leaves Wallenstein before the battle of Lützen, [161];
• is killed at Lützen, [161].
• [Passau], convention of, [9].
• Peace of Augsburg. See [Augsburg].
• Peace of Phillipsburg, French garrison of, [215].
• Piccolomini, offers to join Wallenstein, [175];
• declares against him, [177];
• tries to seize him, [177];
• orders Butler to capture Wallenstein, [180].
• Pignerol, seized by Richelieu, [124].
• Pilsen refuses to take part with the Bohemian directors, [32];
• besieged and taken by Mansfeld, [33];
• Wallenstein holds a meeting of officers at, [177].
• Pomerania laid waste by Wallenstein's troops, [127];
• Gustavus lands in, [128];
• divided between Brandenburg and Sweden, [214].
• Pomerania, Duke of, See [Boguslav].
• Portugal, independence of, [200].
• Prague, revolution at, [29];
• Frederick crowned King of Bohemia at, [38];
• Frederick's growing unpopularity there, [43];
• battle at the White Hill near, [45];
• entered by the Saxons, [151];
• recovered by Wallenstein, [155];
• part of it taken by the Swedes, [213].
• Prague, the treaty of, [184].
• Princes of the Empire, their increasing power, [3];
• compared with the French vassals, [4];
• care little for the Diet, [5];
• their part in the Diet, [6];
• the majority opposed to Protestantism, [9].
• Protestantism, its rise in Germany, [7];
• its position in North Germany, [12];
• its division, [12];
• contrast between it in the north and the south, [17].
• Pyrenees, treaty of the, [224].
• [Ratisbon], diets held at, [61], [127];
• taken by Bernhard, [173].
• Ratseburg, bishopric of, named in the Edict of Restitution, [121].
• Regensburg. See [Ratisbon].
• Reichshofrath. See [Imperial Council].
• Reichskammergericht. See [Imperial Court].
• Rhé, Isle of, Buckingham's expedition to, [114].
• Rheinfelden, battle of, [195].
• Richelieu, becomes a minister of Lewis XIII., [74];
• recovers the Valtelline, [75];
• his plans frustrated by the insurrection of the Huguenots, [77];
• wishes to make peace with them, [112];
• causes of his success, [116];
• his policy of toleration, [116];
• takes part in the Mantuan War, [122];
• negotiates with Sweden, [124];
• is startled by the victories of Gustavus, [148];
• defends himself against the French aristocracy, [167];
• nature of the government established by him, [168];
• his aims in Europe, [169];
• intervenes more decidedly in Germany, [184], [190];
• aims at the conquest of Alsace, [191];
• obtains control over fortresses in Alsace, [192];
• failure of his attack upon the Spanish Netherlands, [192];
• successfully resists a Spanish invasion, [193];
• continues the struggle with Spain, [197];
• his successes, [197], [201];
• his death and policy, [201].
• Rochelle, insurrection of, [77], [112];
• siege of, [114];
• surrender of, [115];
• subsequent treatment of, [116].
• Rocroy, attacked by the Spaniards, [206];
• battle of, [207].
• Rohan, Duke of, insurrection of, [123].
• Rostock, its harbour blocked up by Wallenstein, [108].
• Roussillon, conquered by France, [200], [201];
• annexed to France, [224].
• [Royal Charter], the (Majestätsbrief), granted by Rudolph II., [25];
• its forfeiture declared, [45].
• Rüdesheim, misery at, [187].
• [Rudolph II]., Emperor, his part in the Austrian territories, [24];
• grants the Royal Charter of Bohemia, [25];
• tries to withdraw it, [26];
• dies, [26];
• fate of his art-treasures, [43].
• Rupert, Prince, his birth at Prague, [43].
• Saluces, seized by Richelieu, [124].
• Salzburg, persecution of Protestants of, [216].
• Saxony, Elector of, [1]. See also [John George].
• Savoy, Duke of. See [Charles Emanuel].
• Schorndorf, surrenders to Turenne, [212].
• Sigismund, King of Poland, a claimant to the crown of Sweden, [81].
• Sigismund, the Emperor, anecdote of, [2].
• Slawata, one of the Regents of Bohemia, [30];
• thrown out of window, [30].
• Soissons, Count of, rebels in France, [200].
• Soubise, Duke of, rebels, [77].
• Spain, intervenes in the war, [42];
• anxious for peace, [43];
• military position of in 1624, [74];
• loses the Valtelline, [75];
• takes part in the Mantua war, [121];
• supports Wallenstein, [151];
• takes part in the war on the Rhine, [158];
• turns against Wallenstein, [171];
• at war with France, [192];
• invades France, [193];
• naval inferiority of, [197], [198];
• rebellion of the Catalans, [199];
• loss of Portugal, [200];
• continues the war with France after the Peace of Westphalia, [221];
• agrees to the Peace of the Pyrenees, [224].
• Spens, Sir James, his mission to Sweden, [84].
• Spinola, attacks the Palatinate, [42];
• returns to Brussels, [50];
• besieges Bergen-op-zoom, [63];
• besieges Breda, [75];
• besieges Casale, [123].
• Spires, Bishop of, attacked by Vere, [50].
• Stade, taken by Tilly, [117].
• Stadtlohn, battle of, [66].
• Stenay, besieged by Condé, [223].
• Stralsund, siege of, [108].
• Strasburg, Bishopric of, failure of an attempt to place it in Protestant hands, [14].
• Strasburg, city of, joins the Union, [20], [21];
• deserts it, [47].
• Sweden, her gains at the Peace of Westphalia, [214].
• Switzerland included in the Empire, [21].
• Tabor, occupied by Mansfeld, [48].
• Thionville, besieged by the French, [207];
• annexed to France, [224].
• Thirty Years' War, the disputes which led to it, [14];
• commencement of, [30];
• end of, [213].
• Thurn, Count Henry of, his part in the Bohemian Revolution, [30];
• his operations against Bucquoi, [33];
• besieges Vienna, [36];
• aids Christian IV., [101].
• Tilly, commands the army of the League, [42];
• his part in the conquest of Bohemia, [44];
• his army, [48];
• conquers the Upper Palatinate, [50];
• invades the Lower Palatinate, [51];
• his prospects in 1622, [55];
• defeats the Margrave of Baden at Wimpfen, [57];
• defeats Christian of Brunswick at Höchst, [59];
• conquers the Lower Palatinate, [61];
• threatens the Lower Saxon Circle, [64];
• defeats Christian of Brunswick at Stadtlohn, [66];
• attacks Lower Saxony, [87];
• makes head against Christian IV., [95];
• defeats him at Lutter, [96];
• besieges Stade and Glückstadt, [117];
• his campaign against Gustavus, [134];
• takes Magdeburg, [136];
• attacks Saxony, [139];
• defeated at Breitenfeld, [141];
• his defeat and death at the passage of the Lech, [149].
• Torgau, holds out against Wallenstein, [161].
• Torstenson, his campaign of 1645, [209].
• Toul, annexed to France, [215].
• [Treves], Elector of, [1];
• makes an alliance with France, [170].
• Trier. See [Treves].
• Tübingen, university of, [17].
• Turenne, his part in the campaigns of 1644 and 1645, [208];
• his strategy in Bavaria in 1646, [212].
• Turin, changes of government in, [197].
• Ulm, joins the Union, [20], [21];
• deserts it, [47].
• Ulm, treaty of, [42].
• Union, the Protestant, formation of, [21];
• enters into an agreement with the Duke of Savoy, [33];
• its coolness in the cause of the Bohemians, [34];
• refuses to support Frederick
• in Bohemia, [41];
• agrees to the treaty of Ulm, [42];
• its dissolution, [47].
• Valtelline, the Spaniards driven from the, [75].
• Verden, bishopric of, occupied by a son of Christian IV., [78];
• named in the Edict of Restitution, [121];
• given up to Sweden, [215].
• Verdun, annexed to France, [214].
• Vere, Sir Horace, defends the Lower Palatinate, [49], [57].
• Vienna, besieged by Thurn, [36];
• attacked by Bethlen Gabor, [40];
• attacked by Torstenson, [209].
• [Wallenstein], his birth and education, [88];
• raises an army for the Emperor, and is created Prince of Friedland, [89];
• his mode of carrying on war, [90];
• enters Magdeburg and Halberstadt, [92];
• defeats Mansfeld at the Bridge of Dessau, [96];
• his quarrel with the League, [98];
• confers with Eggenberg, [99];
• is created Duke of Friedland, [100];
• subdues Silesia, [101];
• conquers Schleswig and Jutland, [102];
• complaints of the Electors against him, [103];
• his fresh levies, [104];
• Mecklenburg pledged to him, [105];
• named Admiral of the Baltic, [108];
• attempts to burn the Swedish fleet, [108];
• besieges Stralsund, [108];
• assists in the siege of Glückstadt, [117];
• his investiture with the Duchy of Mecklenburg, [118];
• his breach with the Electors, [124];
• talks of sacking Rome, [127];
• his deprivation demanded, [127];
• his dismissal, [129];
• makes overtures to Gustavus, [142];
• breaks off his intercourse with Gustavus, [152];
• is reinstated in command by the Emperor, [153];
• character of his army, [153];
• drives the Saxons out of Bohemia, [155];
• entrenches himself near Nüremberg, [158];
• repulses Gustavus and marches into Saxony, [160];
• takes up a position at Lützen, is defeated, [161];
• negotiates with the Saxons, [170];
• hopes to bring about peace, [171];
• negotiates with the Swedes, [172];
• prepares to force the Emperor to accept peace from him, [174];
• opposition to him, [175];
• the Emperor decides against him, [176];
• throws himself upon his officers, [177];
• is declared a traitor, and abandoned by the garrison of Prague, [178];
• his murder, [181];
• causes of his failure, [181].
• Werben, camp of Gustavus at, [138].
• Werth, John of, general in Maximilian's service, [207].
• Weston, Sir Richard, represents England at the Congress at Brussels, [57].
• Westphalia, the Peace of, opening of negotiations for, [209];
• signature of, [213];
• its results, [215].
• White Hill, battle of the, [45].
• Wiesloch, combat of, [57].
• [William], Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, joins Gustavus, [138];
• shut out from the benefits of the treaty of Prague, [186];
• his alliance with France, [190].
• Wimpfen, battle of, [57].
• Winter-king, nickname of Frederick, [39].
• Wismar in Wallenstein's hands, [108].
• Wittingau, occupied by Mansfeld, [48].
• Wittstock, battle of, [194].
• Wolfenbüttel holds out for Christian IV., [101];
• battle at, [201].
• Wrangel, succeeds Torstenson as commander of the Swedes, [209];
• joins Turenne, [212].
• Würtemberg, accepts the terms of the treaty of Prague, [195].
• Würzburg taken by Gustavus, [147];
• surrenders to Turenne, [212].
• Ypres, surrenders to the French, [224].
• Znaim, Wallenstein confers with Eggenberg at, [153].
• Zusmarshausen, battle of, [231].

---

[An Important Historical Series.]
EPOCHS OF HISTORY.

EDITED BY
EDWARD E. MORRIS, M.A.,
Of Lincoln College, Oxford.
Head Master of the Bedfordshire Middle-Class Public School, &c.