Wines.—Wines are made from the juices of fruits which have sugar in them, especially grapes. Sometimes people have what they call home-made wines, which they make from blackberries, currants, elderberries, gooseberries, cherries, or other fruits. They may ask you to take some, saying, "This will do you no harm; we did not put any alcohol into it." They do not know what you have learned, that alcohol is always formed in fermented juices which contain sugar. It does not wait to be put into the home-made wines; it quietly comes in as they are getting made, at home or any other place, and will make people drunk as surely as when it is found in brandy or any other liquor.

Some of the wines in the stores are made from grape juice, but many more are made by mixing hurtful and poisonous things together to make the liquor strong, and give it what is called a fine color and good taste.

Beer and Ales.—These are made from grains and hops, which contain no sugar, it is true, but are composed of starch, which may be changed into sugar. When a seed of grain is put into the ground and begins to grow, the starch in it becomes sugar, which feeds the young plant. When a brewer wishes to make beer, he takes some grain, puts it in a dark place, wets it, and leaves it to sprout, or begin to grow. Then he puts it into an oven to dry it, and make it stop growing. This makes what is called malt. The malt is mashed and soaked in warm water to get the sugar out of it; this forms a liquid called sweet wort. The wort is separated from the mashed grain and boiled; yeast is mixed with it to help it to ferment more quickly; it soon becomes changed; a dirty yellow scum filled with bubbles comes to the top, which we know is the poisonous carbonic acid gas;

the other poison, alcohol, stays in the liquid and makes the beer taste good to those who like it.

Liquors made from grain are called malt liquors. Lager beer, and all kinds of ales and porters, are malt liquors. They make people dull, sluggish, and stupid who drink much of them. They do much mischief in the body, though it takes a larger quantity of any one of them to make a person drunk than it does of whiskey or brandy.

AN ATOM OF
GRAPE SUGAR.
Carbon, 6 atoms.
Oxygen, 6 atoms.
Hydrogen, 12 atoms. 		CARBONIC ACID GAS.
Carbon, 1 atom.
Oxygen, 2 atoms. 		ALCOHOL.
Carbon, 2 atoms.
Oxygen, 1 atom.
Hydrogen, 6 atoms.

SUB-FERMENTED GRAPE SUGAR MAKES 2 atoms of carbonic acid gas and 2 atoms of alcohol.

ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS
MADE FROM
FRUITS. GRAINS.
Cider.Wines.Beer, Ales, etc.
Apples.
Perry.
Pears. 		Grapes,
Currants,
Blackberries, 		Gooseberries,
Elderberries,
Cherries, etc. 		Barley,
Wheat,
Corn, 		Oats,
Peas, etc.
(with hops).

DISTILLATION.