[53] Rogeri de Hoveden, preface to vol. IV, lxxxii-lxxxvii.
[54] The mark was the equivalent of two-thirds of a pound.
[55] Carucage, a land-tax based upon the carucate, “the quantity of land that could be ploughed by one plough, caruca, full team of eight oxen in a season.” 1 Dowell, Taxation and Taxes, p. 35. Roger of Hoveden sets down the equivalent of the carucate as being 100 acres,—iv. 47.
[56] 3 Rogeri de Hovoden, 242.
[57] 1 Stubbs, Const. Hist. Eng. 548.
[58] 4 Rogeri de Hoveden, 40.
[59] The implication in Vita Magna S. Hugonis is to this effect. Vid. Round. Feudal England, 528 et seq.
[60] Vita Magna S. Hugonis, 248, in Stubbs, Select Charters, 255.
[61] Beside the instances of taxation cited above, Richard exacted from the tenants of the royal demesne a tax upon movables known as tallage. It was semi-feudal in nature, being taken from the dwellers on land held immediately of the king, and consequently the authority of the tax for the time was far beyond question, save as the turbulent elements in the urban populations might assume it as a pretext for a riot. Henry II levied this tax in 1168, 1173; Richard in 1189 and 1194, and probably upon other occasions. These are the only references to tallages in the Rolls of these two reigns. The term appears frequently in later records.
[62] 4 Rogeri de Hoveden, 107.