Fig. 12. Mandibular and hyoid arches of a Cod (Gadus
morrhua) × ½ (Brit. Mus.).

1. palatine.9. articular.
2. meso-pterygoid.10. dentary.
3. pterygoid.11. inter-hyal.
4. quadrate.12. epi-hyal.
5. symplectic.13. cerato-hyal.
6. meta-pterygoid.14. hypo-hyal.
7. hyomandibular.15. uro-hyal.
8. angular.16. branchiostegal rays.

The quadrate is united behind with the symplectic (fig. 12, 5), and the meta-pterygoid with the symplectic and hyomandibular, both of which bones will be described immediately in connection with the hyoid arch.

The Lower jaw.

The lower jaw or mandible like that of the Salmon is partly cartilaginous, forming Meckel's cartilage, partly formed of cartilage bone, partly of membrane bone. Meckel's cartilage is of course not seen in the dried skull.

The lower jaw includes one cartilage bone, the articular (fig. 12, 9), this is a large bone connected by a saddle-shaped surface with the quadrate. Meckel's cartilage lies in a groove on its under surface, and projects beyond it in front. The angular is a small thick bone united to the lower surface of the articular at its posterior end. The dentary (fig. 12, 10) is a large tooth-bearing bone meeting its fellow in the middle line in front, while the articular fits into a deep notch at its posterior end.

The hyoid arch.

The hyomandibular (fig. 12, 7) is a large irregular bone, articulating by a prominent rounded head with the sphenotic and pterotic. It is united in front with the meta-pterygoid and symplectic, and sends off behind a strong process which articulates with the opercular. The symplectic is a long somewhat triangular bone drawn out in front into a process which fits into a groove on the inner surface of the quadrate. The distal portion of the hyoid arch is strongly developed and consists of first the inter-hyal (fig. 12, 11), a short bony rod, which articulates dorsally with a patch of cartilage intervening between the posterior part of the hyomandibular and the symplectic. Below it is united with the apex of the triangular epi-hyal, a bone suturally connected with the large cerato-hyal (fig. 12, 13) which unites distally with two small hypo-hyals. To the cerato-hyal are attached a series of seven strong curved cylindrical rods, the branchiostegal rays. The first of these is the smallest and they increase in size up to the last. The four dorsal ones are attached to the outer surface of the cerato-hyal, the three ventral ones to its inner surface. Interposed between the hypo-hyals of the two sides is an unpaired somewhat triangular plate, the uro-hyal or basi-branchiostegal (fig. 12, 15).

The branchial arches.