History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, Volume 3 [of 3] / From the Accession of Nicholas II until the Present Day

by Simon Dubnow

(1648), I 144 ff, 154, 246
exclude Jews from their country (1649), I 151
readmit Jews to their territory (1651), I 152
ally themselves with Russia (1654), I 152 ff
invade Polish territories, I 154, 156, 244 ff
rise against Poles and Jews, I 182 ff
Jews visit territory of, despite prohibition, I 246
C's. of Little Russia plead for admission of Jews, I 250
See also Khmelnitzki
Costanda, military governor of Moscow, inaugurates expulsion of Jews, II 401
Council, Church C., see Church Council
Council of Ministers, in duchy of Warsaw, opposes Jewish emancipation, I 299
in Russia, Nicholas I. appends resolution to report of, II 62
reports to Tzar on Jewish agricultural colonization, II 71
recommends appointment of "High Commission" on Jewish question, II 336
passes anti-Jewish laws, II 338
not consulted in expulsion from Moscow, II 402
favors grant of franchise to Jews, III [122]
presided over by Witte, II 125
suggests moderate Jewish reforms to Nicholas II., II 141
Council of State, in Poland, discusses Jewish question, II 93 f
formation of, in Russia, I 335
bars Jews from Russian Interior, I 316
condemns expulsion of Jews from White Russian villages, I 407; II 34
objects to further expulsions, II 34 f
discusses right of residence outside Pale, II 35 f, 161 ff, 163 ff, 169 f
recommends alleviation in military service, II 36
disagrees on expulsion from Kiev, II 36 f
passes Statute of 1835, II 37
receives memoranda on Jewish question, II 38
discusses Jewish question and suggests measures (1840), II 47 ff
discusses exact limits of Pale, II 70
acquits Velizh Jews of ritual murder charge, II 81 ff
convicts Jews of Saratov, II 152
discusses Jewish separatism, under influence of Brafman's charges, II 190
recommends appointment of Commission of Amelioration of Jews, II 191, 193
material on Jewish question prepared for, II 336
plans of Pahlen Commission said to have been brought before, II 320
disregarded by Alexander III. in issuing "Temporary Rules," II 312, 386;
in passing anti-Jewish restrictions, II 338;
in passing school norm, II 349;
in expulsion from Moscow, II 402
confirms exclusion of Jews from Zemstvos, II 386
members of, favor Jewish franchise, III [122]
Courland, added to Pale, I 321
Jews settled in, I 341
new Jewish settler expelled from, II 32
Lipman Levy, Russian financial agent, native of, I 248
Mordecai Aaron Ginzburg, Hebrew writer, resident of, II 133
Nisselovich, Duma deputy for, III [153]
Courts, Jews of Poland exempted from jurisdiction of municipal and ecclesiastic C's., I 45 f, 51 f, 84, 94, 103
cases between Jews tried by royal C's., or Voyevoda C. (in Lithuania, Starosta C.), I 45 f, 51 f, 59 f
"Jewish Judge," Polish official nominated by Jews, attached to Voyevoda C., I 46, 52, 192
Voyevoda C. tries cases between Jews and Christians, I 84, 191;
acts as Court of Appeals, I 191;
Kahal elders attached to, I 84
tax-farmer Yosko and employees placed under jurisdiction of royal C., I 71
Jews on noble estates placed under C's. of nobles, I 84
Municipal C's. claim jurisdiction over Jews, I 93 f
ritual murder cases tried by C's. without proper jurisdiction, I 95 f
civil and partly criminal cases between Jews tried by C. of rabbis and Kahal elders, I 83, 105 f
Kahal C. granted right of imposing herem and other penalties, I 73, 105 f
Kahal C. granted exclusive jurisdiction in cases between Jews, I 191
Kahal C. consists of rabbis as judges and Kahal elders as jury, I 191
Council of Four Lands acts as C., I 111;
appoints provincial judges, I 111
Kahal C. of Vilna issues herem against Hasidim (1772), I 237
Kahals recognized as C's. by Russian Senate (1776), I 309
cases between Jews tried by C's. of District and Gubernatorial Kahals, I 309
Gubernatorial Kahals act as C's. of Appeal, I 309
cases between Jews and Christians tried by municipal C's., I 309
Senate questions legality of special Jewish C's. (1782), I 310
Jews admitted to membership in municipal C's. (1783), I 310
cases between Jews tried by municipal C's. (1786), I 313
Jews represented on municipal C's. by elective jurymen, I 313
Kahal C's. limited to spiritual affairs (1786), I 313;
(1795), I 319
Jews of Lithuania plead for preservation of Kahal C's. (1795), I 320
Statute of 1804 places Jews under jurisdiction of Russian C's., I 344
Jews continue to resort to Kahal C., I 367;
see Kahal, Jewish Judge, and Rabbi
Cox, Samuel S., of New York, protests in Congress against pogroms, II 294 ff
Cracow, leading city of Little Poland, I 42, 110, 196
capital of Western Galicia, I 53
election diets held in, I 98
superseded as Polish capital by Warsaw, I 85
conquered by Swedes, I 154
surrendered by Shlakhta, I 155
Province of, annexed by Austria, I 297
Jewish refugees from Crusade seek shelter in, I 41
Jewish Community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
Jewish communities in Province of, destroyed, I 156
Jewish charter ratified by Casimir the Great, in, I 51
Jews of, receive charter from John Casimir, I 159
anti-Jewish riots in, I 56 f, 63 f, 75 f, 102, 161, 166
Jews of, subjected to commercial restrictions, I 74 f, 98
restrictions for Jews of, demanded by Church Synod, I 82
ghetto established in, I 64, 85
ritual murder trial in, I 164 f
host trial in, I 101 f
"Judaizing" tendencies in, I 79 f
anti-Semitic writers in, 96 f
Oleshnitzki, archbishop of, I 62
Gamrat, bishop of, I 79
Kmita, Voyevoda of, I 76
Hebrew printing-press in, I 131, 195
Delacruta, Cabalist, resident of, I 134
Horowitz, Isaiah, Cabalist, studies in, I 135
Pollak, Jacob, head of yeshibah in, I 122
Spira, Nathan, head of yeshibah in, I 135
Rabbis of:
Asher, I 104
Fishel, I 105, 132
Heller, I 158
Isserles, I 123
Kaidanover, Samuel, I 200
Meir of Lublin, I 129
Meisels, II 179
Peretz, I 104
Sirkis, I 133
Crémieux, Adolf, president of Alliance Israélite, corresponds with Lilienthal, II 67
petitions Alexander II. on behalf of Jews accused of ritual murder, II 153
criticized by governor-general of Kiev, II 194
Crimea, The, name defined, I 13
Greeks in, I 13 f
conquered by Khazars, I 19 f
last refuge of Khazars, I 28
known as Khazaria, I 28 f
ruled by Pechenegs and Polovtzis, I 29
conquered by Tatars, I 33
Tataric Khanate of, I 35 f, 142
Tatars of, ally themselves with Cossacks, I 143 ff
Kaffa, Genoese colony in, I 33 f
list of cities in, I 26
visited by Petahiah of Ratisbon, I 33
Taman peninsula, in neighborhood of, I 23
Jews in, I 14 ff, 33 ff
Karaite communities in, I 35
Jews of, settle in Kiev, I 30;
in Lithuania, I 35
expelled Lithuanian Jews emigrate to, I 65
Jewish State in, suggested, I 412;
see Tavrida, government of
Crimean War, stops plan of Jewish "Assortment," II 143
effect of, on Jewish situation II 149 f, 154
Crown, the, signifying Poland as contrasted with Lithuania, I 72, 88, 110, 113, 127, 162, 193
Crown Rabbis ("official," or kazyonny, rabbis), name explained, II 176
forced upon congregations, II 176
act as Government agents
See Rabbis
Crown Schools, see Schools
Crusades, the, stimulate immigration of Jews into Poland, I 33, 41
give rise to Teutonic order, I 63
victims of Cossack massacres (1648) compared with those of, I 156
Cyril, Christian missionary, disputes with Jews, I 18
Daitzelman, Jewish merchant in Nizhni-Novgorod, victim of pogrom, II 361
Dakota, North and South, Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 374
Damascus, ritual murder trial of, II 68
Daniel Apostol, Hetman of Little Russia, pleads for admission of Jewish salesman, I 250
Dantzic, annexed by Prussia, I 292
Danube, The, Jewish emigration form provinces of, to Poland, I 41
Dardanelles, The, commerce between Genoa and Crimea through, I 34
Darkest Russia, periodical published in England, II 381
Darshanim (Preachers), in Poland, I 201 f
Darvin, Charles, influences Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 209
Dashevski, Pincus, assaults Krushevan to avenge Kishinev massacre, III [81] f
trial of, induces Plehve to forbid Zionism, III [82]
receives greetings of Russian-Jewish convention, III [132]
Davidov, Russian military leader, praises Jews, I 357
Davis, Noah, Judge, speaks at New York protest meeting, II 297
Decembrists (Russian, Dyekabrist), Russian revolutionaries, name explained, I 410
suppressed by Nicholas I., II 13
attitude of, towards Jews, I 409 ff
Dekert, John, mayor of Warsaw, champion of burgher class, I 286
Delacruta, Mattathiah, Italian Cabalist in Cracow, I 134
Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon, called Yashar, of Candia, arraigns Polish Jews for opposing secular culture, I 134
Dembrovski, Polish bishop, arranges disputations between Frankists and Talmudist, I 214 f
orders burning of Talmud, I 215
Demiovka, suburb of Kiev, pogrom at, II 254 f
De non Tolerandis Iudæis, right of excluding Jews
in Warsaw (and other Polish cities), I 85
in Kiev, I 94 f
abolished in Zhitomir, Vilna (and other cities), II 172
abolished throughout Poland (1862), II 181
Denis, Greek-orthodox priest, converted to Judaism, I 36
Department of Law, part of Council of State, considers Jewish legislation, II 34 ff
Deputation of the Jewish People, The, created by Alexander I., I 392 ff
disbanded in 1825, I 395
instrumental in stopping ritual murder trial in Grodno, II 74
induces Alexander I. to veto prohibition of liquor trade in Poland, II 94
Derbent, see Bab Al-Abwab
Diaspora, Jewish, neglected by Zionism, III [52]
as conceived by National-Cultural Autonomism, III [53] ff
as conceived by Russian-Jewish historians, II 65
Diet, The, in Poland, term defined, I 76
controlled by Shlakhta, I 58, 77, 160
authority of, undermined by liberum veto, I 92, 168
Jews represented at, by "syndics," I 111
anti-Jewish tendency of, I 76 f, 160
preceded by anti-Jewish propaganda, I 165
counteracts benevolent intentions of kings, I 160
censures King Sobieski for interest in Jews, I 167
condemns anti-Jewish riots, I 166 f, 171
fixes amount of Jewish head-tax, I 194
granted right to elect government, I 263
Jews admitted to Warsaw during sessions of, I 268 ff
re-established in duchy of Warsaw, I 298
Coronation D's., name explained, I 98
Jewish privileges ratified at, I 98, 160, 168

Election D's., name explained, I 98
Individual Diets, according to years:
1423 (of Varta), restricts financial operations of Jews, I 58
1454 (of Nyeshava), rescinds Jewish privileges, I 63
1496 (of Piotrkov), confirms restrictions of Nyeshava Diet, I 64
1521 (of Piotrkov), limits commerce of Lemberg Jews, I 75
1538 (of Piotrkov), passes anti-Jewish "constitution," I 77;
confirmed by Diet of 1562, 1565 and 1768, I 87
1548 (of Piotrkov), Sigismund II. ratifies Jewish charter at, I 83
1618, discusses passionately Jewish question, I 97
1643 (of Warsaw), restricts profits of Jews, I 99
1658 (of Warsaw), expels sectarians from Poland, I 91
1670 (of Warsaw), restricts financial operations of Jews, I 160
1693 (of Grodno), arraigns Bezalel, Jewish tax-farmer, I 167
1717 (of Warsaw), increases Jewish head-tax, I 169;
protests against anti-Jewish riots, I 171
1740, rejects resolution turning Jews into serfs, I 170
1764 (of Warsaw), alters system of Jewish taxation, I 181, 197;
prohibits conventions of Jewish District elders, I 198
1768 (of Warsaw), renews commercial restrictions of 1538, I 182, 267;
admits Jews temporarily to Warsaw, I 268
1788-1791, see Diet, Quadrennial
1808, elections to, force Government to take up Jewish question, I 299
1818, first D. of kingdom of Poland, displays anti-Jewish attitude, II 96, 99
1831, releases Jews from conscription, II 107
Diet, The Quadrennial, or Great (1788-1791), name explained, I 263
reflects liberal ideas, I 278
elaborates modern constitution, I 263
equalizes burgher class, I 278
discusses agrarian question, I 279
prepares for struggle with Russia, I 279
attitude of, towards Jewish question, I 263 ff, 279 ff, 285, 288 ff
refers Jewish question to special commission, I 264, 279, 287, 327
finance committee of, reports on Jews, 263 ff
Chatzki, Polish historian, member of, I 263, 288
Butrymovich, champion of Polish Jews, member of, I 264, 274, 280 f, 285, 289
Chatzki and Butrymovich submit proposals to, I 271
Jews admitted to Warsaw during, I 285
notified of anti-Jewish demonstration in Warsaw, I 286;
and investigates it, I 287
literature centering around, I 279 ff
appealed to by Simeon Wolfovich against Kahals, I 276
project of Jewish reforms submitted to king during, I 284
Dietines, the, Polish provincial diets, I 76
provide occasions for anti-Jewish riots, I 170
serve as pattern for Jewish D., I 113, 196 f
Jewish D., called officially "synagogues," I 196
Dilke, Sir Charles, English Under-Secretary of State, interpellated about pogroms, II 262
Dillon, Eliezer, army purveyor, represents Jews before Russian Government, I 358
member of Deputation of Jewish People, I 392 f
Disabilities, see Restrictions
Disputations, religious, between Jews and Christians, I 136 f
between Frankists and orthodox Jews, I 214 f, 216 f;
attended by Besht, I 229
Disraeli, see Beaconsfield
Distillers, Jewish, admitted to Russian Interior, II 170
Distilling, see Propinatzya
Dlugosh, Jan, called Longinus, Polish historian, quoted, I 57
Dnieper, the, river, Petahiah of Ratisbon reaches banks of, I 33
Jews disappear from left bank of, I 157
Jews decimated on right bank of, I 157
southern basin of, subject to Poland, I 140
left bank of, called Little Russia, ceded to Russia, I 159
Jews penetrate into Little Russia "from other side of," I 253
Cossacks beyond Falls of, I 143 ff
uprising against Poles and Jews on right bank of, I 182
Cossack army "on both sides of," plead for admission of Jewish salesmen, I 250
central river of Pale, I 317
See Moghilev on the Dnieper
Dniester, The, river, Moghilev on, I 98
Dobrolubov, Russian critic, influences Jewish intelligenzia, II 207, 209
Doctor, official title of rabbis in ancient Poland, I 72, 104, 109
Dolgoruki, Count, governor-general of Moscow, friendly to Jews, II 400 f
Dombrovski, Polish revolutionary leader, I 303
Domestics, Christian, the keeping of, prohibited by Church Council of Breslau (1266), I 49
by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 82
by "Lithuanian Statute" (1566), I 87
by Diet of Warsaw (1670), I 160
prohibition of, in Russia, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333, and Golitzin, 404
prohibited by Russian Senate (1820), I 404 f
prohibited for permanent employment (1835), II 40
Christians of Pereyaslav call upon Jews to refrain from, II 266
Pobyedonostzev deplores influence of Jews on their D., III [9]
Domestics, Jewish, outside Pale, Jewish merchants allowed limited number of, II 162
Jewish university graduates allowed two, II 166, 344
fictitious D. in St. Petersburg, II 344 f
Dominican Order, the, church of, in Posen, collects regular fine from Jews, I 55
priest of, in Cracow, causes execution of Jews, I 164
general of, in Rome, calls upon head of, in Cracow, to defend Jews, I 165
Don, the, river, Khazars move towards, I 19
Territory of D. Army closed to Jews, II 346
Dondukov-Korsakov, governor-general of Kiev, criticizes Jews, II 193 f
Drabkin, rabbi of St. Petersburg, reports conversation with Ignatyev, II 305
Drenteln, governor-general of Kiev, ferocious Jew-baiter, abets pogroms, II 252, 254
recommends severe repression of Jews, II 276
upbraids Jews of Balta, II 316 f
misconstrues "Temporary Rules" against Jews, II 341
Dresden, Jews of, appeal to Augustus III. against ritual murder libel, I 176
Dress, Christian, forbidden to Jews by "Lithuanian Statute" (1566), I 87
deprecated by rabbis (1607), I 112
prescribed for Jewish visitors to Russian Interior (1835), II 40
prescribed for Jewish members of municipalities (1804), I 345
German D. adopted by "Berliners," I 384
Russian D. preferred by Jews to German D., I 350;
see Dress, Jewish
Dress, Jewish (hat or badge), prescribed by Synod of Breslau (1266), I 48
by Synod of Buda (1279), I 49
by Synod of Kalish (1420), I 57
by Diet of Piotrkov (1538), I 78
by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 83
abandoned by some Jews in Warsaw, I 300 f
defended by Polish rabbi, I 283
Jews of Warsaw demand equal rights as reward for discarding, I 385 f
prohibition of, recommended by Butrymovich, I 281;
by Polish nobility of Lithuania, I 326;
by Friesel, governor of Vilna, I 327;
and Dyerzhavin, I 333
tax imposed on, in Russia (1843), I 110;
extended to Poland (1845), I 110
Russian Council of State finds principal source of Jewish separatism in (1840), II 48;
and suggests prohibition, II 49;
but modifies view (1870), II 190 f
governors-general advised of impending prohibition of, II 66
prohibition of, enacted (1850), I 144;
and extended to female attire (1851), I 144
prohibition of, remains ineffective, I 144 f
Alexander II. displeased with, in Poland, II 190
luxury in, forbidden (1566), I 87;
deprecated by Abraham Hirshovich, I 284;
by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128;
by Christians of Pereyaslav, II 266
white D. favored by early "Hasidim," I 209, 231, 237;
objected to by assembly of rabbis, I 237;
see Dress, Christian
Dreyfus Affair, the, exploited by Russian press, III [32]
witnessed by Doctor Herzl, III [42]
Druskeniki (government of Grodno), Conference of "Lovers of Zion" at, II 377
Drusus, name of Greek Jew, I 15
Dubnow, S. M., author of present work, quoted, I 114, 163, 235
champions national rejuvenation of Judaism in Russia, II 327
formulates theory of Spiritual Nationalism, or National-Cultural Autonomism, III [52]
member of central committee of League for Equal Rights, III [42]
editor of periodical Yevreyskaya Starina, III [160]
Dubossary, ritual murder libel at, III [70] f
pogrom at, frustrated by Jews, III [71]
Dubrovin, head of Black Hundred, received by Nicholas II., III [149]
Dubrovna (government of Moghilev), Voznitzin, captain of navy, converted to Judaism at, I 252
Duchy of Warsaw, see Warsaw, Duchy of
Dukhobortzy, Russian sect, flees from persecution to Canada, III [10]
Duma, Imperial Russian, plans for, formulated, III [122];
and published, III [124]
manifesto of October 17 promises establishment of, III [127]
First D., elections to, III [133]
League for Equal Rights participates in elections to, III [133] f
Zionists participate in elections to, III [145]
boycotted by Left, III [134]
Jewish deputies to, III [134]
Jewish question before, III [135] ff
pogroms discussed by, III [126], 136 ff
appoints commission to investigate Bialystok pogrom, III [137]
adopts resolution condemning pogroms, III [139]
dissolved, III [139]
Second D., convoked, III [141]
only three Jewish deputies elected to, III [142]
Jewish question referred by, to committee, III [142]
dissolved, III [142]
Third D., called the Black, III [153]
only two Jewish deputies elected to, III [153]
violently anti-Semitic, III [153] ff
discusses Beilis case, III [165]
Fourth D., anti-Semitic agitation in Poland during elections to, III [167]
Jewish D. deputies co-operate with joint Jewish Council in St. Petersburg, III [148]
Dunaigrod (Podolia), ritual murder trial at, I 178
Durnovo, Russian official, investigates ritual murder trial at Saratov, II 150
Durnovo, Russian Minister of Interior, fanatic reactionary, II 379
bars Jews from local self-government (Zemstvos), II 386;
and municipal self-government, II 425
suggests expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 402
revokes decree of 1880, causing expulsion of "circular Jews," II 428
continues in office under Nicholas II., III [9], 16
member of Witte cabinet, III [31]
Dusyaty (government of Kovno), pogrom at, III [115]
Dvina, river, Jews drowned by Russian troops in, I 243
Dyekabristy, see Decembrists
Dyelanov, Minister of Public Instruction, decrees "school norm," limiting admission of Jews to schools and universities, II 349 ff
applies school norm leniently, III [27] f
Dyen ("The Day"), Russian-Jewish weekly, II 218, 220, 238
Dyerzhavin, Gabriel, member of Russian Senate, becomes interested in Jewish question, I 327
meets Jews for first time on tour to White Russia, I 328
meets modernized Jewish physician in White Russia, I 386
pursues anti-Jewish purpose on tour, I 329 f
prepares elaborate "Opinion" on Jews, I 330 ff
appointed Minister of Justice, I 335
"Opinion" of, studied by Committee for Amelioration of Jews, I 335 f
retires, I 337
example of, followed later in White Russia, 405
Earlocks (Peies), discarded by modernized Jews, I 384
cutting off of, recommended in Poland, I 385
wearing of, prohibited by Nicholas I., II 144 f
See Beards
Easter, Russian, duration of, II 249
season of pogroms, II 248, 299; III [34], 71 ff, 96 f, 114 f, 134
Economic life, of Jews, in Poland, I 42, 44 f, 67 f, 160, 264 ff, 270
in Polish Silesia, I 42
in Lithuania, I 60
in Russia, I 353 f, 359 ff
in White Russia, I 310 ff; II 14
in Russian South-west, II 193 f
in Kiev, II 264
undermined under Nicholas I., II 70, 72
improved under Alexander II., II 185 f
E. importance of Russian Jews pointed out by Vorontzov, II 64 f;
by Pahlen Commission, II 366;
and by foreign press, II 408
Russian Jews accused of E. exploitation, II 193 f, 270 ff
restricted under Alexander III., II 318, 346 ff
E. misery of Russian Jews, II 318, 366 f
collapse of, under Nicholas II., III [22] ff
in America, II 374
E. boycott in Poland, III [166] ff
Edels, Samuel, called Maharsho, famous Polish talmudist, I 129 f
Education, Jewish, see Heder and Yeshibah
modernization of, in Poland, urged by Kalmansohn, I 385;
by David Friedländer, II 90;
by Polish assimilationists, II 101
criticized by Russian Council of State, II 48
negative effects of, pointed out by author, II 113
national E. demanded by Zionist Convention at Minsk, III [45]
fostered by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, III [160]
autonomy of, demanded by League for Equal Rights, III [112]
progress of, in Palestine, III [148]
See School
Education, Secular, promotion of, among Jews, urged by Russian dignitaries, I 327, 333
championed by Frank, Jewish physician, I 331;
by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128;
and by Maskilim of Vilna, II 137
encouraged by Alexander I., I 344 f;
by Nicholas I., II 20, 57 f;
and by Alexander II., II 163 ff, 166, 175, 216
shunned by Russian Jews, I 350, 380; II 48, 53 ff, 175
spreads under Alexander II., II 176 f, 216
promoted by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment
spread of, among Jews feared by Russian authorities, II 339, 348
disparaged in general by Pobyedonostzev, II 348
Educational Restrictions, demanded by Alexander III., II 349
issued by Minister of Instruction (1887), II 350
disastrous effects of, II 350 f
compel Jewish youth to study abroad, II 351; III [31]
stimulate emigration, II 373
applied with increasing rigor under Nicholas II., III [27] ff
abolished in institutions of higher learning (1905), III [124]
restored (1907), III [152]
placed on Statute books in 1908, III [157] f
See Enlightenment, School, and University
Efron-Litvin, converted Jew, anti-Semitic playwright, III [38]
Egypt, emigration of Jews from, into Tauris, I 16
Sabbatian propaganda in, I 205
Eibeschütz, upheld by Polish rabbis in struggle with Emden, I 204
Einhorn, David, modern Jewish writer, III [162]
Eisenbaum, Anton, Polish-Jewish assimilationist, head of rabbinical seminary, II 103
Eisenmenger, anti-Jewish writer, II 104
Eisenstadt, Michael, represents Kahals before Russian Government, I 393
Ekaterinoslav, see Yekaterinoslav
Ekron, Jewish colony in Palestine, II 375
Eliezer, Bohemian scholar, quoted, I 43
Elijah, the prophet, believed to associate with Besht, I 228
Russian church festival in honor of, II 358

Elijah of Vilna, called the Gaon, idolized by rabbis of Lithuania and other countries, I 235 f
familiar with Cabala, I 235
studied secular sciences, I 235 f
tolerant towards pursuit of secular sciences, I 381
avoids pilpul and cultivates method of textual analysis, I 236
introduces method into yeshibahs of Lithuania, I 380;
particularly into yeshibah of Volozhin, I 381
fragmentary nature of literary work of, I 236
rigorist in religious practice, I 236
opposes Hasidism, I 236
causes issuance of herem against Hasidism, I 237
reaffirms herem, I 373
checks growth of Hasidism in Vilna, I 372
refuses to see Shneor Zalman, I 374 f
death of, I 375
Hasidim of Vilna rejoice over death of, I 375
Elimelech of Lizno, hasidic leader, I 232
Elizabeth Petrovna, Russian empress (1741-1761), persecutes non-Orthodox, I 254
decrees expulsion of Jews from entire Russian empire (1727), I 255
refuses plea of Ukrainians and Livonians for admission of Jews, I 257
pens famous resolution against Jews (1743), I 257
decrees again unconditional expulsion of Jews (1744), I 257 f
dismisses Sanches, Jewish court physician, I 258
policy of, followed by Catherine II., I 259
Elizabethgrad, see Yelisavetgrad
Emancipation (Equal Rights), introduced by Napoleon into duchy of Warsaw, I 298
not applied to Jews, I 298 f
Warsaw Jews apply to Polish Government for, I 299
opposed by Polish Council of Ministers, I 299
suspended by duke of Warsaw for ten years, I 299
17 Jews of Warsaw apply for, as reward for assimilation, I 300
refused by Polish Minister of Justice, I 300 f
representatives of Warsaw community plead for, I 301 f
opposed by Polish Senate, I 302
Warsaw Jews apply to Nicholas I. for, II 110
granted to Jews of Poland by Alexander II. (1862), II 181 ff
promised to Jews by early Russian revolutionaries, I 413
prominent St. Petersburg Jews apply to Alexander II. for, II 159 f
recommended by Stroganov, governor-general of New Russia, II 168 f
advocated by Russian-Jewish press, II 219 f, 238, 332
claimed by Young Israel, heterodox Jewish sect, II 334
recommended by Pahlen Commission, II 364, 368
urged by Guildhall meeting in London, II 391
demanded by Russian lawyers and writers for all citizens, III [105]
partial E. promised by Russian Government, III [106]
unrestricted E. demanded by Russian Jews, III [108] ff
demanded by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, III [111]
urged by League for Equal Rights, III [111] f
adopted for all citizens by First Duma, III [135]
bill providing for E. of Jews referred by First Duma to Committee, III [137] f
opposed by Nicholas II., III [141]
bill providing for, passed by Committee of Second Duma, III [142]
forms platforms of Jewish people's group, III [140] f
See League for Attainment of Equal Rights
Emden, Jacob, opposed by Polish rabbis in fight with Eibeshütz, I 204
Emigration, of Jews, from Lithuania, prevented by Sigismund I. (1540) I 81
from Poland, caused by Khmelnitzki massacres (1648 ff), I 157
from Russia, caused by persecutions and pogroms, II 268, 327 ff, 413, 420; III [96]
causes shortage of Jewish recruits, II 356
prompts imposition of military fine, II 373, 414
stimulated by educational restrictions, I 373
welcomed by Russian Government as solution of Jewish problem, II 419 f; III [10]

encouraged by Russian Government, II 285, 414, 417 f, 420
old Russian law prohibiting E. not enforced, II 69, 285
Plehve promises to support E., III [83]
to Algiers, proposed by French Jews, II 69
to Argentina, II 413, 416 ff, 419 f
to Canada, II 421
to Palestine, I 269 f; II 321 f, 419 ff, 421 ff;
advocated by Poale Zion, III [145];
importance of, recognized by Russian Jewry, III [54], 147
to United States, II 297 f, 320 f, 373 ff, 409, 413, 420 f; III [96], 104;
calls forth protest of U. S. Government, II 396;
importance of, recognized by Russian Jewish parties, III [54], 145, 147
Emigration, Regulation of, attempted by emigrant societies, II 297 f
urged by Mandelstamm and part of Jewish press, II 298
feared by prominent St. Petersburg Jews, II 298
deprecated by Voskhod as subversive of emancipation, II 298 f
rejected by Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg (April, 1882), II 307;
disastrous results of rejection, II 420
proposed by Baron Hirsch, II 416, 419
sanctioned by Russian Government, II 420
Encyclopedists, French, praise polemical treatise of Isaac Troki, I 138
England, represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398
Parliament in, discusses pogroms, II 262 f, 281 f, 287 ff, 388 ff
prominent men in, approach Nicholas I. on behalf of Russian Jews, II 63
Priluker, Russian Jew, missionary in, II 335
Russian-Jewish students in, II 351
offers Uganda to Zionists, III [85]
See London
Enlightenment, see Haskalah
Equal Rights, see Emancipation
Ephes-Dammim, name of biblical place, used as book title, II 131
Ephesus, city in Asia Minor, Jewish community in, I 14
Epstein, Samuel, represents Jews before Russian Government, I 393
Eshet Hayil, term explained, II 113
Estate, Real, see Property, Real
Estherka, concubine of Casimir the Great, I 53 f

Euclid, geometry of, translated into Hebrew, I 381
Euler, German mathematician, criticizes dismissal of Jewish court physician in St. Petersburg, I 258
Europe, Eastern, beginnings of Diaspora in, I 13
Euxine Colonies, see Black Sea
Evangelists, Protestant sect in Poland, I 91
Evarts, William M., American Secretary of State, makes representations to Russian Government, II 293
Eve, daughter of Jacob Frank, head of Frankist sect, I 220
Excise Farmers, called aktzizniks, II 186
Excommunication, see Herem
Execution, or forcible seizure, term explained, II 20
Exilarchs, heads of Babylonian Jewry, I 20
Exploitation, economic, Russian Jews accused of, II 193
used as pretext for pogroms, II 261 f, 264, 270 ff, 315
handicrafts stigmatized as, I 347
Expulsion, of Jews, by Polish Government from Lithuania (1495), I 65
from Sandomir, I 173
from Warsaw, I 260, 286 f
by Russian troops, from invaded Polish cities (1654), I 153 f, 245
by Russian Government, from Little Russia (1727), I 249 f, 253 ff
from Russia in general (1741), I 255; (1744), I 257 f
from Courland and Livonia (1829), II 32
from Port Arthur and Kuantung Peninsula (1904), III [94]
from Russian Interior (outside of Pale), in general, I 402 f; II 264, 399, 428; III [95], 154, 157;
foreign Jews expelled from, II 262, 293, 345
from Kharkov, II 319
from Moscow, II 264, 319, 396 f, 399 ff, 402, 408, 424 f; III [14] f
from Oryol, II 264
from Riga, II 256
from St. Petersburg, II 319, 344, 399, 410
from Pale of Settlement;
Fifty-Verst Zone, I 408; II 62 ff, 385
from Kiev, II 31, 33, 263 f, 319, 346; III [157]
from Nicholayev, II 32
from Sevastopol, II 32
from Yalta, II 428 f; III [18] f
from villages, I 319, 323 f, 326, 343, 345 ff, 349, 351 f, 354 f, 405 ff; II 30 f, 32 f, 35, 48, 310 f, 318 f, 385; III [17], 157
For particulars see special headings;
see also Residence, Right of, and Temporary Rules
Externs, extra muros pupils, result of educational restrictions, II 351; III [31]
school norm applied to, without sanction of Duma, III [159]
join revolutionary ranks, III [31]
Factor, Polish name for agent, I 170; II 55
Fair, commercial, Jews permitted to visit F's.
of Little Russia, for wholesale trade (1728), I 250;
and for retail trade (1734), I 251
of government of Smolensk (1731), I 251
of government of Kharkov, for retail trade (1734), I 251
of Warsaw (1768), I 268
of Nizhni-Novgorod, Kharlov, and other cities (1835), II 40
Jews travel to F's. abroad, particularly Leipsic, I 359
Polish F's. provide occasion for Jewish conferences, I 109 f
F. of Lublin, chief meeting-place of Council of Four Lands, I 109
F. of Lantzkrona, mystical services of Frankists during, I 213, 215
F's. of Brody and Zelva, rabbis assembled at, excommunicate Hasidim, I 237
Farrar, Canon, addresses Mansion House Meeting in London, II 290
Feder, Tobias, Hebrew writer, I 388
criticizes translation of Bible into Yiddish, I 388
Feigin, Litman, of Chernigov, submits memorandum on Jewish question to Council of State, II 38 f
Feldshers, Jewish, name explained, II 167
granted right of universal residence (1879), II 167
admission of, into army restricted, II 319
Fergusson, English Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, replies to interpellation concerning Russian Jews, II 382
Fez (Morocco), Alfasi native of, I 118
Fichman, modern Hebrew writer, III [162]
Fifty-Verst Zone, see Border Zone
Finkelstein, Nahum, delegate of Jews wishing to engage in agriculture, I 363

Finns, oppressed by Russian Government, III [159]
Fishel, Moses, chief-rabbi of Cracow, I 105
studied medicine in Padua, I 132
Foreign Jews forbidden to settle in Russia (1824), I 409
expelled from Russia, II 262, 293, 345
Foster, John W., United States Minister to Russia, reports about pogroms, II 260
Fox, Polish tailor, starts anti-Jewish riot at Warsaw, I 286 f
Fraind, Yiddish daily in St. Petersburg, III [162]
France (and French), Napoleon's policy towards Jews of, I 298
Jews killed by French for loyalty to Russia (1812), I 358
represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398
high officials of, favor immigration of Russian Jews to Algiers, II 69
Polish-Jewish patriots, pursued by Russia, flee to, I 298; II 105, 109
French witness protest against pogroms, II 326
Russian Jews, in search of university education, go to, II 351
Dreyfus Affair in, III [32], 42;
see Paris
Franchise, Jewish, discussed by Russian officials, III [121]
proposed denial of, elicits protests from Jewish communities in Russia, III [121];
and representatives of Russian people, III [122]
finally granted, III [122]
Frank, physician in White Russia, adherent of Mendelssohn, suggests Jewish reforms, I 331, 386
Frank, Helena, English translator of Peretz' works, III [62]
Frank, Jacob, Polish-Jewish sectarian, born in Podolia, I 211
settles in Wallachia, I 212
travels as salesman in Turkey, I 212
joins, and later heads, Turkish Sabbatians, I 212
banished by Polish authorities to Turkey, I 213
regarded as reincarnation of Sabbatai Zevi, I 214
reappears in Podolia, I 216
submits to preliminary baptism in Lemberg, I 217
appears for final baptism in Warsaw, I 217 f
Polish king acts as godfather of, I 218
poses as Messiah, I 218
arrested in Warsaw, I 218
imprisoned in Chenstokhov, I 219 f
freed by invading Russian troops, I 219
escapes to Brünn (Moravia), I 219
moves to Vienna, I 220
settles in Offenbach (Germany), I 220
supported in Offenbach by adherents in Poland, I 283
See Frankists
Frank, Mendel, rabbi of Brest, receives large powers from Polish king, I 73, 104 f
Frankfort-on-the-Main, Naphtali Cohen, Polish Cabalist and Sabbatian, settles in, I 204
Offenbach, in neighborhood of, residence of Jacob Frank, I 220
Oppenheim, Jewish painter, resident of, II 67
place of publication, II 202
Frankists, adherents of Jacob Frank, hold mystical services and engage in excesses, I 213 f
excommunicated by rabbis, I 214
address themselves to Demboviski, Catholic bishop, I 214
denounce Talmud and recognize Trinity, I 214
call themselves "Contra-Talmudists," and "Zoharists," I 214
bishop arranges disputation between, and rabbis, I 214 f
acknowledged victorious in disputation and awarded fine, I 215
obtain safe-conduct from Polish king, I 215
offer to embrace Christianity, I 216
hold second disputation with rabbis, I 216 f
accuse Jews of ritual murder, I 216 f
large number of, baptized at Lemberg, I 217
remain loyal to Frank, I 218, 283
follow Frank to Chenstokhov, his place of imprisonment, I 219
settle with Frank in Offenbach, I 220
Sabbatian movement compromised by, I 222
shunned and despised by Poles, I 283
ultimately absorbed by Poles, I 230
Frederic, Harold, quoted, II 378
Freeman, see Lieberman, A.
Frederick of Austria, Jewish charter of, used as model by Polish rulers, I 45
Frederick II., The Great, annexes Polish territory, I 262
Frederick Augustus, Saxon king, made ruler of duchy of Warsaw, I 297
receives report of Council of Ministers, opposing Jewish emancipation, I 299
issues decree, postponing Jewish emancipation for ten years (1808), I 299
receives anti-Jewish report from Polish Senate, I 302
Frelinghuysen, Frederic T., American Secretary of State, expresses regret at treatment of Russian Jews, II 294
Friedlaender, Israel, quoted, II 235
translator of Dubnow, III [52]
translator of Ahad Ha'am, III [60]
Friedländer, David, submits memorandum to Polish Government, suggesting reform of Polish Jewry, II 90 f
followers of, in Warsaw, plead for secular culture, I 386
Friedman, Jewish deputy to Third Duma, III [153]
complains about Jewish disabilities, III [157]
Friesel, governor of Vilna, invites Polish nobility of Lithuania to express opinion on Jews, I 325 f
submits opinion of nobility to Senate with his own memorandum, I 326
urges Jewish cultural reforms, I 327
Frischman, David, Hebrew writer, III [60]
Frug, Simon, Russian and Yiddish poet, III [63]
resides in St. Petersburg as "flunkey," II 345
glorifies emigration, II 330
pictures despair of Russian Jewry, II 371
appeals for victims of Kishinev massacres, III [78]
Fünn, Samuel Joseph, Jewish historian and writer, II 136
editor of Pirhe Tzafon, II 136;
and ha-Karmel, II 217
Gabbaim, directors of Kahal institutions, I 107
"gentlemen in waiting" of Tzaddiks, II 120
Galatia (Asia Minor), Jewish communities in, I 14
Galatovski, Ukrainian writer, quoted, I 205
Galicia, divided into Eastern and Western, I 53
annexed by Austria (1772), I 187, 262
Sabbatian propaganda in, I 208, 210 f
intellectual development of Jews in, contrasted with North-west, I 221
Besht, founder of Hasidism, active in, I 223
Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274
type of Tzaddik in, I 233
rabbis of, excommunicate Hasidim, I 237
Tzaddik of Sadagora (Bukovina) attracts Hasidim from, II 121
I. B. Levinsohn associates with Maskilim of, II 125 f; contrasted with them, II 127
Haskalah carried from, to Odessa, II 133
Hebrew publications of, imitated in Vilna, II 136
Meisels, rabbi of Cracow, joins Polish patriots in, II 179
Baron Hirsch establishes schools in, II 416
Hebrew writers in, III [163];
see Russia (Red), Lemberg, and Yaroslav
Galicia, Eastern, see Russia, Red Uniat Church in, I 141
Galilee, Jewish colonies in, II 375
Gamrat, Peter, bishop of Cracow, condemns woman to death for adhering to Jewish doctrine, I 79
leads agitation against Jews, I 81 f
Ganganelli, cardinal, later Pope Clement XIV., defends Polish Jews against ritual murder charges, I 179 f
Gania, Cossack leader, perpetrates Jewish massacre in Niemirov, I 146
Gans, David, work of, copied by Halperin, Polish-Jewish chronicler, I 201
Gaons, heads of Babylonian Jewry, I 20
Gaon of Bagdad corresponds with early Russian rabbis, I 33
Gaon of Vilna, see Elijah of Vilna
Gapon, Russian priest and demagogue, III [106]
Gatchina, near St. Petersburg, secret conferences of high Russian dignitaries held at, II 244 f
Jewish deputation received by Alexander III. at, II 261
Geiger, Abraham, quoted, I 136
corresponds with Lilienthal, II 67
Gemara, term explained, II 114;
see Talmud
Gendarmerie, see Police
Genoa, commercial colony of, in Crimea, I 33 f
Germany, Poland commercially dependent on, I 39;
and religiously, I 40 f, 44
Polish rulers welcome settlers from, I 43 f;
bestow upon them autonomy (Magdeburg Law), I 44
Jews of, carry on commerce with Slav countries, I 39
Jewish delegation from, pleads for admission of Jews to Poland, I 40
Jews of, immigrate to Poland, I 33, 41, 66
anti-Jewish hatred in Poland fed from, I 57;
fostered by German burghers in Poland, I 95
Polish-Jewish pilgrims to Palestine pass through, I 209
Jacob Frank settles in, I 220
Jews of Slav lands culturally dependent on, I 33;
invite rabbis from, I 43
Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious advice, I 125
grandfather of Solomon Luria native of, I 124
Haskalah originates in, I 239, 384 ff
Polish Jews contrasted with Jews of, I 386
Hebrew publications of, imitated in Vilna, II 136
Russian-Jewish students in, II 381
Hebrew writers in, III [163]
Doctor Herzl negotiates with emperor of, III [46]
penalty of Spiessruten introduced into Russia from, II 85
See Prussia and Berlin
Gershon Kutover, see Kutover
Gershuni, member of Social-revolutionary party, III [67]
Ghederah, Jewish colony in Judea, II 375
Gher (Poland), see Goora Kalvaria
Ghetto, separate Jewish quarter in cities, creation of, demanded by Polish Church, I 48, 57
in Cracow, I 64, 85
in Moghilev (on the Dnieper), I 98 f
in Posen, I 85
in Vilna, I 99
in Warsaw, I 269
former Moscow Gh. called Glebov Yard, II 403
Gicatilla, Joseph, Cabalist, work of, published in Poland, I 134
Giers, De, Russian minister for Foreign Affairs, discusses Jewish question with American Government, II 293, 396
Ginzberg, Asher, see Ahad Ha'am
Ginzburg, Mordecai Aaron, Hebrew writer, II 133 f
translates German works into Hebrew, II 134
influences formation of neo-Hebraic style, II 134
Giovio, Paolo, Italian scholar, I 242
Gladkov, instigator of pogrom in Starodub, II 411 f
Gladstone, English Prime Minister, cultivates friendly relations with Russia, II 287 f
appealed to by Mansion House Meeting on behalf of Russian Jews, II 290
answers interpellation concerning Russian Jews, II 291 f
Glebov Yard, former Ghetto in Moscow, raided by police, II 403
Glogau (Germany), Solomon Maimon buried in, I 240
Gmina, Polish name for Congregation, II 102
Gnesen (Province of Posen), oldest Polish diocese, I 47
seat of Polish primate, I 82
Council of Breslau demands introduction of canonical laws into diocese of, I 47 f
archbishop of, attends Synod of Constance and presides
over Synod of Kalish, I 57
John Casimir, primate of, becomes Polish king, I 151
God, conception of, by Besht, I 225 f
Goeje, De, quoted, I 23
Goethe, impressed by autobiography of Solomon Maimon, I 240
Goetz, F., author of pamphlet defending Jews, II 389
Gogol, Russian writer, anti-Jewish tendency of, 138 f
"Going to the People," phase of Russian revolutionary movement, term explained, II 222
practised by Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 222
Golitzin, Count, Minister of Ecclesiastic Affairs, associate of Alexander I. in Christian mysticism, I 392, 396
president of Russian Bible Society, I 396
all Jewish matters transferred to, I 394
communicates with Kahals through "Deputies of Jewish People," I 394
receives protest of deputies against blood accusation, II 74
prohibits blood accusation by decree, II 74 f
extends prohibition of blood accusation to Poland, II 99
advises dissolution of Society of Israelitish Christians, I 400
orders investigation of "Judaizing heresy," I 401
accuses Jews of proselytizing, I 404
suggests prohibition of keeping Christian domestics, I 404
discharged, I 395
Gonta, Cossack leader, engineers Jewish massacre, I 184 ff
Goora Kalvaria (Polish, Gora Kalwarza; Yiddish, Gher), hasidic dynasty of, popular in Warsaw, II 122
Gorchakov, viceroy of Poland, receives deputation of revolutionary Poles, II 180
opposes Jewish rights at Berlin Congress, II 202
Gordin, Jacob, founds anti-talmudic sect, II 333 f
becomes Jewish playwright in America, II 325
Gordon, Judah Leib, Hebrew poet, champion of Haskalah, II 228
secretary of Society of Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 229
attacks traditional Judaism, II 129 ff
champions emigration from Russia, II 328
dies (1892), III [63]
Goremykin, Minister of Interior, pursues reactionary policy, III [9], 16, 135
Gorgippia (Crimea), now called Anapa, ancient Jewish settlement in, I 14
Gorodnya (near Chernigov), alleged ritual murder at, reported to Peter the Great, I 247 f
Gotovtzev, Assistant-Minister of Interior, chairman of Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, II 227
Gotz, member of Social Revolutionary party, III [67]
Government (province), governor, and governor-general, terms explained, I 308
Grace, William R., mayor of New York, presides at protest meeting, II 296
Granville, Lord, English Secretary for Foreign Affairs, receives Anglo-Jewish deputation on subject of pogroms, II 262 f
receives resolutions of Mansion House Meeting, II 290
Grazdanin ("The Citizen"), anti-Semitic Russian paper, II 380, 381, 412
Great Poland, see Poland, Great
Greeks, immigration of ancient Greeks into Tauris and Crimea, I 13 f
export grain from Tauris and Crimea, I 14
Jews follow in wake of, I 14
language of, spoken by Jews of Tauris, I 16
compete with Jews in Odessa, II 191
make pogrom upon Jews of Odessa, II 192 f
Greek-Orthodox Church, oppressed in Poland, I 91 f;
and Ukraine, I 140 ff
"Gregor, Horowitz & Kohan," semi-Jewish firm of Russian army purveyors, II 202, 244
Greig, Russian Admiral, member of Council of State, pleads for Jews, II 37
Gresser, city-governor of St. Petersburg, persecutes Jews, II 343 f
issues ordinance concerning Jewish names, II 397 f
deports Moscow fugitives, II 410
Grigoryev, member of Committee for Amelioration of Jews, pleads for maintenance of Pale, I 196
Grigoryev, city-governor of Odessa, dismissed for restraining "Black Hundred," III [151]
Grodno (city), meeting-place of Polish Diet, I 76
important Jewish community in, I 59, 73
Jews of, expelled, I 65;
and allowed to return, I 70 f
Jews of, assure Sigismund I. of loyalty to country, I 81
Poles of, antagonistic to Russia (1812), I 357
Jews of, entrusted with police duty, I 357
blood accusation in, II 73, 80
Jewish community of, represented on Polish Council, (Waad Aria Aratzoth), I 110;
and later on Lithuanian Council, I 112
Mordecai Jaffe rabbi of, I 127
Sundel Sonnenberg, army purveyor and Jewish deputy, native of, I 358
Grodno (province, or government), annexed by Russia (1795), I 297
included in Pale (1795), I 317;
(1835), II 39
invited by Russian Government to send deputies, I 349
Jews expelled from villages of (1827), II 30 f
placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov, II 188
Cities in:
Druskeniki, II 377
Ruzhany, I 162
Zelva, I 237
Grudinski, convert, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 80
Gruzenberg, Russian-Jewish lawyer, acts as counsel for Blondes, accused of ritual murder, III [37]
defends Dashevski, assailant of Krushevan, III [82]
defends Jews of Kishinev, III [91]
Gruzin (Crimea), I 26
Gudovich, Count, governor-general of South-west, rebuked for interfering with Jewish deputation to Paul I., I 325
Guido, papal legate, convenes Church Council of Breslau, I 47
Guilds, mercantile, in Poland, I 44;
see Merchants trade Guilds, in Poland, I 44;
see Trade-Unions
Guizolfi, Zechariah, Italian Jew, owns Taman Peninsula, I 36
corresponds with Ivan III. of Moscow, I 36
Guizot, French Premier, supports schemes of Russian-Jewish emigration to Algiers, II 69
Gumbiner, Abel, head of yeshibah in Kalish, Hebrew author, I 200
Gumplovich, Polish-Jewish writer and assimilator, II 213
Günzberg, Baron Joseph Yozel, leader of St. Petersburg community, petitions Alexander II. on behalf of victim of ritual murder accusation, II 152
petitions Alexander II. for privileges to Jews, II 159 f
founder of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214
Günzburg, Baron Horace, son of former, waits on Vladimir, brother of Alexander III., II 260
member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., 261
calls conference of notables in St. Petersburg, II 277, 304
acts as link between Jews and Pahlen Commission, I 337
petitions Government to allow Jews purchase of land for personal use, III [24]
Gurko, governor-general of Odessa, suggests restrictive school-norm for Jews, II 339
Gurnitzki, Lucas, Polish writer, quoted, I 79 f
Gymnazium, secondary school, name explained, II 164
right of residence outside Pale proposed for graduates of, II 164
restrictive percentage at, intensified, III [29], 158;
but not applied to girls, III [30]
award of graduation certificates restricted in case of Jews, III [159]
Pro-gymnazium, name explained, III [29]
See Education and School
Gzheslik, Jewish tailor, accused of desecrating host, I 101
Ha-Asif, Hebrew Periodical, II 372, III [58]
Habad, adherents of "rational Hasidism," term explained, I 234
centered in White Russia, I 234, II 117
Polish Tzaddiks compared with those of, II 123
See Shneorsohn, Zalman
Haber, title of Jewish educated layman, I 117
Ha-Emet, socialistic periodical in Hebrew, II 223
Hague Conference, the, calling of, prompts Nicholas II. to stop pogroms, III [35] f
Haidamacks, rebellious Ukrainian peasants, name explained, I 182, II 138
massacre Jews (1648), I 49;
(1734 and 1750), I 182;
(1768), I 182 ff
massacres of, described by Gogol, II 138 f
Haimovich, Avigdor, rabbi of Pinsk, informs against Hasidim, I 377 f
Haint, Yiddish daily in Warsaw, III [162]
Ha-Karmel, Hebrew weekly, in Vilna, II 217
Ha-Kol, Hebrew periodical in Königsberg, II 223
Halevi, David, called Taz, rabbi of Lemberg and Ostrog, I 130
author of commentary on Shulhan Arukh, I 130
receives letter and present from Sabbatai Zevi, I 206 f
Halevi, Isaiah, son of former member of Polish-Jewish delegation to Sabbatai Zevi, I 206
Halperin, banker of Berdychev, member of rabbinical commission, II 57
Halperin, Jehiel, rabbi of Minsk, Hebrew chronicler, I 200 f
Ha-Maggid, Hebrew weekly, II 217
Hamburg, Solomon Maimon resides in, I 239
Moscow refugees in, II 420
Ha-Melitz, Hebrew weekly, in St. Petersburg, edited by Zederbaum, II 204, 217 f
publishes Lilienblum's articles, II 236
champions "Love of Zion" movement, II 332
becomes daily, II 372, III [58]
Handicrafts; see Artisans
Hannover, Nathan, of Zaslav, historian, describes Council of Four Lands, I 111
pictures Jewish intellectual life in Poland, I 116 ff
gives account of Khmelnitzki massacres, I 157
Hanukkah, king of Khazars, I 26
Hardenberg, Prussian representatives at Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, I 399
Harkavy, quoted, I 23
Harrison, President of United States, publishes diplomatic papers bearing on Russian Jews, II 294, 394
describes, in message to Congress, plight of Russian Jewry, II 408 f
Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, of Cordova, corresponds with king of Khazars, I 24 ff
Ha-Shahar, Hebrew monthly, edited by Smolenskin, II 218, 234
publishes Gordon's epics, II 229
champions "Love of Zion" movement, II 332
Ha-Shiloah, Hebrew monthly, edited by Ahad Ha'am, and later by Klausner, III [58], 162 f
Hasidim, adherents of Judah Hasid, I 209
emigrate to Palestine, I 209 ff
adherents of Hasidism; see Hasidism
struggle between H. and old-orthodox (Mithnagdim), I 238, 274, 278, 375 f
H. of Vilna rejoice over death of Gaon, I 375
granted right of secession by Statute of 1804, I 356, 379
H. of Old-Constantinov "protest" against Nicholas I., II 22
H. of Poland refuse to discard Jewish dress, II 145
Hasidism, founded by Besht, I 222
doctrine of, expounded by Besht, I 22, 224 ff
counteracts Rabbinism, I 224 f;
and Messianism, I 222;
and Asceticism, I 227
propagated by Besht's apostles, I 229 ff
opposes Haskalah, I 238 f
bitterly opposed by Elijah of Vilna, I 236 ff, 372 ff
spread of, I 231 f
triumph of, I 371 f
growth of, under Alexander I., I 381 ff
stagnation of, under Nicholas I., II 116 ff
in North (White Russia and Lithuania), I 381 f, II 117 f
in South (Ukraina), I 382 f, II 119 ff
in Poland, I 384, II 122 f
retrogressive character of, I 278, II 124
encourages use of alcohol, II 124 f
restrictions against, suggested by Friesel, governor of Vilna, I 327
denounced by rabbi of Pinsk, as dangerous to Russian Government, I 378
extermination of, recommended by Kalmansohn, I 385
criticized by David Friedländer, II 90
attacked, or silently opposed, by I. B. Levinsohn, II 127 f
subjected to rigorous censorship (1864), II 212
literature of, declared by I. B. Levinsohn as dangerous to State, II 130
See Hasidim, Tzaddiks, and Shneor Zalman
Haskalah, attempt to harmonize Jewish and secular culture, term explained, II 125
originated by Mendelssohn in Germany, I 238 f, II 125
opposed by Rabbinism and Hasidism, I 238 f
hated by Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383
Solomon Maimon influenced by, I 239
effect of, on Jews of Warsaw, I 284, 384 ff
championed by Jacques Kalmansohn, I 385
need of, for Polish Jews, emphasized by David Friedländer, II 90;
and followers, I 386
advocated by Frank in White Russia, I 331, 386
carried to St. Petersburg, I 386 ff
Max Lilienthal appeals to adherents of (Maskilim), II 53
preached by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 125 ff
center of, in Odessa, II 132 f
center of, in Vilna, II 134, 136 f
aims of adherents of, in Vilna, II 136 f.
persecuted adherents of, escape through baptism, II 132
adherents of, lean on Russian Government, II 137
Russian H. compared with German, II 137 f
becomes more aggressive, II 210, 224
stimulates neo-Hebraic style and literature, II 132 ff, 210
advocated by Jewish press, II 217, 332 f
championed by M. L. Lilienblum, II 236
adherents of, portrayed by Mapu, II 228
See Education, Neo-Hebraic Literature, and School
Ha-Tzefirah, Hebrew weekly in Warsaw, advocates Haskalah, II 333
edited by Sokolow, III [60]
becomes a daily, II 372, III [58], 162
Hausfreund, Yiddish periodical, III [59]
Hayyun, emissary of Sabbatai Zevi, I 204
Hazakah, priority of possession, term explained, II 188
grant of, must be sanctioned by Kahal, I 190, II 188
matters relating to, decided by Council of Four Lands, I 111
Ha-Zeman, Hebrew daily in Vilna, III [162]
Hebrew, language, importance of, emphasized by Smolenskin, II 134 f
position of, in Jewish life, forms party issue, III [161]
promoted by Zionism, III [45]
restoration of, II 133, 135, 225
modern H. (Neo-Hebraic) literature, beginnings of, I 388 f
rise of, II 132 ff
renaissance of, II 224 ff, III [58] ff, 162 f
cultivated by Haskalah, II 132-ff, 210, 224
H. writers hail from Lithuania, II 238
H. press, beginnings of, II 217 f
preaches Haskalah, II 217
recent revival of, III [58] f
See also Language
Heder, traditional Jewish school, imparts elementary education, I 114
Bible and Talmud principal subjects of instruction at, I 114, 121
secular subjects excluded from I 277
left to private initiative, but supervised by Kahal, I 114
pupils of, examined weekly by head of yeshibah, I 118
attendance at, compulsory for boys, I 114, 121
negative effects of, I 277
shortened attendance at, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333
criticised by Russian Council of State, II 49
abolition of, suggested by Lilienthal, II 53
defended by Rabbinical Commission, II 57
placed under Government supervision (1812), II 56;
(1856), II 176

keepers of (Melammeds) required to possess secular education (1844), II 58
recognized by ukase of 1879, II 177
6,000 H's, in Russian South-west, II 194
legalized and restricted to religious subjects (1893), II 427 f
See Education, School, and Yeshibah
Heder, for poor children, called Talmud Torah, maintained by public funds, I 114 f
pupils of, examined weekly by trustee, I 118
provided for, by Council of Four Lands, I 195
established in Moscow, III [13]
Helena, Russian princess, sympathizes with "Judaizing heresy," I 36
Helfman, Hesia, participates in plot against Alexander II., II 244
Heliconias, name of Greek-speaking Jew, I 115
Heller, Lipman, rabbi of Cracow, describes persecutions of 1648, I 58
Helsingfors (Finland), Russian Zionists hold Convention at, III [144] f
"H. Program" gradually weakened, III [146]
Heniochi, tribe, I 15
Hennadius, archbishop of Novgorod, combats "Judaizing heresy," I 37
Henry of Valois, elected king of Poland, I 89
Heracles, name of slave freed by Crimean Jewess, I 15
Herem (Excommunication), right of, granted by Polish kings to rabbi of Brest (1531), I 73, 105;
to rabbis of Great Poland (1551), I 106;
to Kahals of Lithuania (1672), I 190
proclaimed against Sabbatians by rabbis assembled at Lemberg (1722), I 211;
(1725), I 211
issued against Frankists by rabbis assembled at Brody, I 214
issued against Hasidim by rabbinical court of Vilna (1722), I 237;
by rabbis assembled at Brody, I 237;
and at Zelva (Grodno), I 237;
reaffirmed by Elijah of Vilna (1796), I 373 f
new H. against Hasidim contemplated by Kahal of Vilna (1797), I 375
issued by Kahal of Vilna against Simeon Volfovich (1788), I 276
Jews of Minsk complain about abuse of (1782), I 275
prohibited by Statute of 1804, I 344
prohibition of, occasionally disregarded, I 367
power of, criticised by Polish assimilationists, II 101
secret exercise of, alleged by Brafman, II 188
Hernish, Stanislav, Polish-Jewish patriot, II 105
refutes Polish attacks upon Jews, II 109
Hershel, Ostropoler. See Ostropoler
Hershko, name of Jewish "arendar," I 266
Hertzen, Alexander, liberal Russian writer, describes sufferings of cantonists, II 24 f
influences Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 207
Herzl, Theodor, aroused by Dreyfus Affair, III [42] f
publishes Judenstaat, III [43]
compared with Pinsker, III [43]
revives hopes of Hobebe Zion, III [43] f
speeches of, discussed in Russia, III [47]
author of Altneuland, III [48]
visit of, to Russia, III [82] ff
negotiates with Plehve, III [83] f;
and Lamsdorff, III [84]
greeted enthusiastically by Russian Zionist, III [84]
criticized by non-Zionists, III [84]
lays Uganda project before Sixth Zionist Congress, III [84]
death of, mourned by Seventh Zionist Congress, III [144]
Hetman, name explained, I 143, 192, 250
head of Cossacks, I 143
Khmelnitzki elected to post of, I 144
H. of Lithuania sends instructions to Kahal of Brest, I 192
H. of Little Russia pleads for admission of Jews, I 250, 260
Hezekiah, king of Khazars, I 26
Hirsch, Baron Maurice, II 413
proposes to establish arts and crafts schools in Russia, II 415
proposal of, declined by Russian Government, II 415
representatives of, offer Pobyedonostzev large contribution, II 415
applies funds intended for Russia to schools in Galicia, II 416
sends expedition to Argentina, II 416
sends Arnold White to Russia, II 416 ff
founds Jewish Colonization Association, II 414, 419
obtains permission of Russian Government to regulate emigration, II 420
issues appeal, warning against emigration, II 420
scheme of, results in failure, II 421, III [10]
Hirsh Kaidanover, see Kaidanover
Hirshovich, Abraham, Polish court broker, submits project of Jewish reforms to King Stanislav Augustus, I 284
Historiography, Jewish, in Russia, III [65]
Hobebe Zion, see Zionism
Hollaenderski, Polish-Jewish patriot and writer, lives as exile in Paris, II 109
Holland, Peter the Great in, I 246
Antonio Sanchez, Russian court physician, invited from, I 258
See Amsterdam
Horodno, Nehman of, disciple of Besht, I 227
Homel (government of Moghilev), massacre under Khmelnitzki at (1648), I 149
pogrom at (1903), III [87] ff
self-defence organized by Jews of, III [87] f
pogrom at, condoned by governor of Moghilev, III [89]
misrepresented in official documents, III [89]
described as act of revenge by Jews, III [101]
tried by Russian court, III [101] ff
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III [108]
Horowitz, Isaiah, Cabalist, author of Sheloh, I 135
Horowitz, Sheftel, son of former, rabbi of Posen and Hebrew author, I 135
author of liturgy describing catastrophe of 1648, I 158
Horvitz, Russian-Jewish writer, attacked by Russian periodical, II 207 f
defended in public protest of Russian writers, II 208
Host Desecration, Charge of, causes death of Jews in Posen (1399), I 55, 95, 174;
and Sokhachev (1556), I 86 f
forbidden by Sigismund II. (1566), I 88;
and Stephen Batory (1576), I 89
used as pretext to expel Jews of Cracow (1635), I 101
of frequent occurrence at end of 17th century, I 172
Hoym, Prussian minister, carries out Jewish reforms in annexed Polish provinces, I 385
Hugo, Victor, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 326
Hungary, geographical position of, I 25, 150
adopts Magdeburg Law, I 44
Church Council (of Buda) in, I 49
Louis of, king of Poland, persecutes Jews, I 54
Husiatyn (Galicia), place of publication, I 123
Huss, influence of, penetrates into Poland, I 57
adherents of, persecuted, I 62
Ibn Fakih, Arabic geographer, quoted, I 23
Ibn Khordadbeh, Arabic geographer, quoted, I 23
Ibn Shaprut, see Hasdai, I
Ibn Sharzi, Arabic writer, quoted, I 23
Ignatyev, Nicholas Pavlovich, Russian statesman, militant pan-Slavist, II 259
ambassador at Constantinople, II 259
nicknamed "Father of Lies," II 259
member of reactionary "Sacred League," II 248
appointed Minister of Interior, II 259
ascribes pogroms to revolutionary propaganda, II 259 f
changes attitude, II 261
refuses to submit memorandum in defence of Jews to Tzar, II 262
shows indifference to pogrom victims, II 263
ascribes pogroms to economic exploitation of Jews, II 271 f
issues circular condemning economic activities of Jews, II 273
influences Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, II 277
receives deputation of Jewish Notables, II 277
calls upon Jews to leave Russia, II 285, 297
Ignatyev directed to appoint Gubernatorial Commissions, II 272, 363
circular of, read to Gubernatorial Commissions, II 274;
quoted by Cardinal Manning at London protest meeting, II 289
disregards protests in England, II 292
permits holding of Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg, II 304
holds Jews responsible for pogroms, II 305
considers settlement of Jews on steppes of Central Asia, II 306
suggests "Temporary Rules," II 311
makes concessions to Committee of Ministers, II 311, 318
connivance at pogroms causes downfall of, II 314
downfall of, checks plan of Jewish emigration from Russia, II 414
Illarion, Metropolitan of, preaches hatred against Jews, I 31
Illustratzia, Russian magazine, attacks Jews, II 207 f
causes public protest of Russian literateurs, II 208
Ilovaiski, professor, of Moscow, opposed to Jews, II 387
Ilya (government of Vilna), home of Menashe Ilyer, II 114
Ilyer, Menashe (Manasseh), Talmudist with modern tendencies, II 114 ff
acquires modern culture, II 114
criticises spiritual leaders, II 115
book of, burned, II 115
pleads for modifications of religious law, II 115
unappreciated by contemporaries, II 116
Imperial Messenger (Pravityelstvyenny Vyestnik), official organ of Russian Government, minimizes pogroms, II 255
warns against pogrom protests, II 291
foreshadows new pogroms, II 299
criticised by Moscow News, II 299
Informing and Informers, see Mesirah
Inkerman, Heights of, near Sevastopol, Jewish soldiers killed at, II 149
Inns (and Taverns), keeping of, forms important Jewish pursuit, I 265, 362
Jews in White Russia forbidden from, I 311
permitted by Senate, I 312
forbidden by Statute of 1804, I 342 f
See Arendar, Propinatzya, and Villages
Innocent IV., pope, bull of, condemning ritual murder libel (1247), referred to, I 179
Intelligenzia, Jewish, in Russia, assimilation of, II 206 ff
in league with Russian Government, II 211 f
indifferent to things Jewish, II 212
Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment acts on behalf of, II 215
disillusionment of, II 324 ff
Interior, Russian, the (Russian empire outside Pale of Settlement), barred to Jews of annexed White Russia (1790, 1791), I 316
Jewish manufacturers, merchants, and artisans permitted to sojourn temporarily in (1804), I 344
Governments of Astrakhan and Caucasia in, opened to Jewish agriculturists (1804), I 342 f
Council of State considers admission of Jewish merchants into, II 35 f;
negatived by Nicholas I., II 36
Jews admitted into, on temporary "furlough" (1835), II 40
Jews, illegally residing in, severely punished (1838), II 42
prominent Jews of St. Petersburg plead for opening of (1856), II 160
admission of Jews into, discussed by Council of State and "Jewish Committee," II 161 ff
Jewish guild merchants admitted into (1859), II 162
Jews with learned degrees admitted into (1861), II 166
Jews with higher education admitted into (1879), II 167
Jewish artisans (mechanics and distillers) admitted into (1865), II 170
Jews begin to settle in, II 171
Alexander II. refuses to admit "Nicholas soldiers" into, II 171;
but yields (1867), II 172
discharged Jewish soldiers barred from (1874), II 354 f
"Jewish Committee" discusses admission of Jews into (1880), II 196 ff
five "Gubernatorial Commissions" advocate opening of, II 275
"illegal" Jews in, persecuted, II 342 ff, 385
old settlers from among "illegal" Jews permitted to remain in (1880), II 404
admission of Jews to schools in, restricted to 5% (1887), II 350;
restriction placed on Statute books (1908), III [158]
admission of Jews to universities in, restricted to 3% (1898), III [29]
pogrom in (Nizhni-Novgorod), II 360
Government endeavors to annul admission of privileged Jews into, II 399
expulsion of Jews from, II 428
barred to Jews (under Nicholas II.), III [20] f
Jewish soldiers forbidden to spend furlough in (1896), III [21]
Jews in, forbidden to acquire real estate in villages (1903), III [81]
attempt to expel families of mobilized Jewish soldiers from, III [95]
Jewish veterans of Russian-Japanese War and families of other privileged Jews admitted into (1904), III [98] f
pogroms in (October, 1905), III [130]
expulsion of Jews from (under Nicholas II.), III [157]
See Pale of Settlement, and Residence, Right of
Ionian Islands, emigration from, to Black Sea settlements, I 13 f
Iphicleides, name of Greek-speaking Jew, I 15
Isaac, king of Khazars, I 26
Isaac, of Chernigov, corresponds with Gaon in Bagdad, I 33
Isaac, Jewish physician at Polish court, I 132
Isaac ben Jacob, see Alfasi
Isaacs, Henry, Lord Mayor of London, disapproves of protest meeting against pogroms, II 382
Ishmaelites, see Mohammedans
Ispravnik, title of Russian official, II 301, 409
Israel, son of Shakhna, succeeds his father as rabbi of Lublin, I 123
Israel, of Ruzhany, executed on ritual murder charge, I 162 f
Israel, Baal-Shem-Tob, called Besht, founder of Hasidism, I 222 ff
born in Podolia, I 222
sent to heder, I 222
neglects studies, I 222
strange conduct of, I 222
studies Practical Cabala, I 222 f
settles in Brody, I 223
marries sister of rabbi, I 223
retires to solitude in Carpathian mountains, I 223
occupies humble position in Tlusta (Galicia), I 223
considered an ignoramus, I 223
begins to practise as Baal-Shem, I 223
reputed as miracle-worker, I 224
called "good Baal-Shem," or Baal-Shem-Tob, I 224
disparages exclusive Talmud study, I 224, 226
recognizes authority of Cabala, I 224
objects to Cabalistic asceticism, I 224, 226
inculcates cheerfulness, I 225
emphasizes faith and prayer, I 225, 226 f
settles in Medzhibozh (Podolia), I 225
doctrine of, I 225 f
evolves belief in Tzaddik, I 227
disciples of, I 227 f
acknowledged by rabbi of Brody, I 228
sends epistle to Palestine, I 228
believed to associate with biblical prophets, I 228
popular discourses of, I 228
laments conversion of Frankists, I 229
takes part in Frankist disputation, I 229
sayings of, selected by disciple, I 230, 237
See also Hasidism and Hasidim
Israel, of Kozhenitz, leader of Hasidim in duchy of Warsaw, I 384
successors of, II 122
Israel, of Ruzhin (government of Kiev), hasidic leader, keeps magnificent court, II 120
arouses suspicions of governor-general, I 120 f
arrested, I 121
flees to Sadagora (Bukovina), I 121
dynasty of, branches out, I 221
contests supremacy of Joshua Heshel Apter, II 121
Isserles, Moses (Remo), son of Kahal elder in Cracow, I 123
pupil of Shakhna of Lublin, I 123
judge and head of yeshibah in Cracow, I 123
writes commentary on Turim, I 123
adds notes to Shulhan Arukh, I 124
makes Shulhan Arukh great factor in Polish Jewry, I 130
differs from Solomon Luria, I 126
disparages mysticism, I 126
favors moderate philosophy, I 126
studies Maimonides' Moreh, I 126, 132
teacher of Mordecai Jaffe, I 127
method of, contrasted with that of Jaffe, I 128
method of, looked down upon by Meir of Lublin, I 129
unequalled by successors, I 199
Istumin, Pobyedonostzev's agent in Moscow, II 401
Italy, influence of, extends to Crimea, I 34
Guizolfi, Jew from Italy, owns Tanan Peninsula, I 36
Master Leon, Jew from, physician at Moscow court, I 37
Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious advice, I 125
Jewish physicians in Poland originate from, I 132, or receive medical training in, I 132
Delacruta, founder of Polish Cabala, born in, I 134
work of Recanati, Italian Cabalist, studied in Poland, I 134
Calahora, native of, executed in Cracow, I 164 f
Judah Ilasid studies Practical Cabala in, I 208
Polish-Jewish pilgrims to Palestine pass through, I 209
Itche (Isaac) Meier Alter, head of Gher Hasidim, has many adherents in Warsaw, II 122
Ityl, ancient name for Volga, I 19, 26
name of Khazar capital, I 19
Itzele, Rabbi, see Zelikin
Itzhaki, Itzhok (Isaac), head of Volozhin yeshibah, member of Rabbinical Commission, II 57
Ivan III., grand duke of Moscow, I 29
assisted by Crimean Jews in negotiations with Khan, I 35
corresponds with Guizolfi, Italian Jew, I 36
orders burning of "Judaizers," I 37
executes his Jewish body-physician, I 37
Ivan IV., The Terrible, Tzar of Moscow, I 29
refuses to admit Lithuanian Jews into Russia, I 243
orders drowning of Jews of Polotzk, I 243
Izyaslav, former name for government of Volhynia, I 317
Jacob Itzhok (Isaac), of Lublin, pioneer of Hasidism in Poland, I 384
Jacob (Nahman), of Belzhytz, Polish court physician, I 136
author of polemical treatise against Christianity, I 136 f
Jacob Zelig (Selek, or Jelek), presents petition of Polish Jews to pope, I 179 f
Jacob Ben Asher, author of Turim, work of, studied in Poland, I 118
Jacobs, Joseph, quoted, II 287
Jacobsohn, deputy to First Duma, reports on Bialystok pogrom, III [139]
Jaffa (Palestine), Jewish agricultural settlements in neighborhood of, II 322
representative of Odessa Palestine Society in, II 422
gymnazium in, III [148]
Jaffe, Mordecai, native of Bohemia, I 126
pupil of Isserles, I 126
rabbi of various Polish communities, I 126
presides over Council of Four Lands, I 126
author of elaborate code, entitled Lebushim, I 126 f
method of, differs from that of Caro and Isserles, I 27;
looked down upon by Meir of Lublin, 129
comments on Maimonides' Mareh, I 132
pupil of Delacruta, Cabalist, I 134
author of cabalistic commentary, I 134
unequalled by successors, I 199
Japanese, expel Russians from Kuantung (Shantung) Peninsula, III [94]
destroy Russian fleet, III [110]
Jews accused of alliance with, III [95] f
Jastrow, Marcus, preacher in Warsaw, active in Polish Insurrection, II 179 ff
rabbi in Philadelphia, II 179
Jehiel Michael, rabbi and head of yeshibah in Niemirov, killed in massacre (1648), I 146
Jelek, see Jacob Zelig
Jeremiah, the prophet, teachings of, attacked by Judah Leib Gordon, II 230
Jerome, The Holy, quoted, I 17
Jerusalem, referred to by Khazarv king, I 27;
and Khazar Jews, I 30
Polish-Jewish pilgrims arrive in, I 205
Gymnazium in, III [148]
Jesuits, patronized by Stephen Batory, I 90
establish academy at Vilna, I 90 f
grow in influence, I 91
derive financial benefit from ritual murder libel, I 96
hostile to Jews, I 97, 99 f
effect of; on Polish people, I 171
invited in Posen to exorcise evil spirits, I 203
students of colleges of, assault Jews, I 95, 161;
but in Vilna protect Jews, I 166
college of, in Vitebsk supplies anti-Jewish information, I 330
Jewish Chronicle, of London, quoted, II 262, 290, 292, 382
Jewish Colonial Trust, created by Zionists, III [45]
financial weakness of, III [46]
sale of shares of, forbidden in Russia, III [83]
Jewish Colonization Association (ICA), founded by Baron Hirsch in London, II 414, 419
Central Committee of, established in St. Petersburg, II 420
transplants Jews to Argentina, II 421
refused permission to settle Jews as farmers in Russia, III [10]
Jewish Historico-Ethnographic Society, in St. Petersburg, founded 1908, III [160]
publishes periodical, III [160]
Jewish Judge, attached to court of voyevoda, I 46
nominated by Jewish elders, I 191
appointed by voyevoda, I 46, 191
functions of, I 46, 191
tries cases between Jews, I 46, 52
sits in Kahal chamber, near synagogue, I 46, 52, 191
officiates in presence of Kahal elders, I 191
guided, in part, by Jewish law, I 191
Jewish Literary Society, in St. Petersburg, founded in 1908, III [160]
dissolved (1911), III [161]
Jewish National Fund, created by Zionists, III [45]
collections for, forbidden in Russia, III [83]
Jewish National Party (Volkspartei), in Russia based on principle of National-Cultural Autonomism, III [147]
recognizes Jewish centers in America and Palestine, III [147] f
Jewish People's Group, in Russia, opposes Zionism, III [146]
satisfied with minimum of Jewish national rights, III [147]
Jewish Publication Society of America, referred to, III [51], 60, 62
Joel Baal-Shem (miracle worker), of Zamoshch, I 203
John, Russian ecclesiastic, preaches hatred against Jews, I 31
John Albrecht, king of Poland (1492-1501), establishes ghetto in Cracow, I 64
permits expelled Lithuanian Jews to settle in Poland, I 65
grants right of distilling (propinatzya) to nobles (1496), I 67
attended by Jewish body-physician, 132
John Casimir (1648-1668), concludes peace with Khmelnitzki, I 151
permits baptized Jews to return to Judaism, I 151
anxious to compensate Jews for past sufferings, I 158
grants right of free commerce to Jews of Cracow, I 159
grants privileges to other communities, I 159
John Sobieski (1674-1696), protects Jews against enemies, I 165 f
protects Jews of Vilna, I 166
Jorjan, Sea of, see Caspian Sea
Joseph, king of Khazars, replies to letter of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, I 25 ff
Joseph II., emperor of Austria, engages in "reformatory" experiments, I 262
project of Jewish reforms in Poland influenced by policy of, I 271, 273
Toleration Act of (1782), II 30
Joseph Israel, see Benjamin III
Joseph Kalish, Polish minter, I 42
Joseph, N. S., secretary of Russo-Jewish Committee in London, II 388
Josephus, historian, quoted, I 14 f
Joshua Heshel Apter, see Apter
Jost, refutes anti-Semitic book of Abbé Chiarini, II 104, quoted, I 390
Journal De St. Petersbourg, Russian official organ, refutes charge of pogroms, II 287 f
Jud, Der, Yiddish weekly in Warsaw, III [59]
Judæophobia, name for Russian anti-Semitism, II 247
growth of, II 378 ff
contrasted with German anti-Semitism, II 6
Judah Ha-Nasi, compiler of the Mishnah, II 114
Judah Hasid, founds sect in Poland, I 208 f
heads pilgrims to Palestine, I 209
dies in Jerusalem, I 210
Judah Leib, father of Jacob Frank, I 211
settles with son in Wallachia, I 212
"Judaizing Heresy," originated in Novgorod by Zechariah (15th century), I 36
carried to Moscow (1480), I 36
finds adherents at court, I 36
leaders of, burned at stake, I 37
checked, I 37
instills fear of Jews, I 37, 242, 249
spreads in Central Russia (1796), I 401 f
severe measures adopted against (1823), I 402 f
quoted by Senate as proof of Jewish proselytism, I 404
Reformation in Poland regarded as, I 79 f
Christian rationalists in Poland nicknamed "Judaizers," I 136
Jude, Der, German-Jewish periodical, published by Riesser, II 219
Judea, part of Hellenistic Orient, I 14
Jewish colonies, in, II 375
Judicial Authority, see Courts
Jüdisch-Deutsch, see Yiddish
Jüdische Bibliothek, Yiddish periodical, edited by I. L. Peretz, III [59].
Jüdische Volksbibliothek, Yiddish periodical, edited by Shalom Aleichem, III [59]
Jüdischer Verlag, in Berlin, referred to, III [52]
Jüdisches Volksblatt, Yiddish weekly in St. Petersburg, III [58] f
Justinian, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 18
Jutrzenka ("The Dawn"), organ of Polish-Jewish assimilationists, II 213
Kaffa (now Theodosia), Crimea, maintains commercial relations with Kiev, I 33
becomes Genoese colony and international emporium, I 33 f
Jews flock to, I 34
taken by Turks (1475), I 34
Khoza-Kokos, Jewish native of, exercises great influence, I 35
Jews, expelled from Lithuania, emigrate to, I 65
Kahal (Jewish community), under Polish régime, forms cultural, national, and civil entity, I 103
signifies "community" and "communal administration," I 105
autonomy of, recognized by Casimir the Great, I 52
fully established by Sigismund II. (1551), I 106 f
organization of, I 106 f
elections to, I 192
oligarchic character of, I 192 f
functions of, I 107 f
acts as fiscal agency, I 107, 181;
and valued as such by Government, 189 f
manages Jewish institutions, I 107
executes civil acts, I 107, 190
supervises elementary education, I 114 f
has separate judiciary, I 83, 191
elders of, attached to general courts, I 84
K. chamber serves as a seat of judiciary, I 191 f
relation of, to Polish authorities, I 191
federation of K's., I 104, 108 f, 112, 193, 196 f
Conferences (or Waads), of federated K's., I 108 ff
relation of K's. to one another, I 193
minor K's. called Pri-Kahalki, I 108, 193
autonomy of, stimulates learning, I 121;
exerts beneficient effect on Jewish life, I 189
Polish Jews exhorted by rabbis to obey K's., I 188 f
Blackmailed by Polish officials, I 169
K. of Brest ordered by authorities to hold elections (1719), I 192
K. of Lemberg receives constitution from voyevoda (1692), I 191 f
court of Vilna K. excommunicates Hasidim (1772), I 237
K. of Vilna engages in litigation with rabbis, I 275 f
financial indebtedness of K's., I 290
degeneration of, I 274 ff
Jews of Minsk complain against (1782), I 275
Simeon Volfovich of Vilna urges abolition of (1788), I 276
abolition or curtailment of, urged by Poles, I 280 ff
weakening of, recommended by Kalmansohn (1796), I 385
defended by Hirsch Yosefovich, rabbi of Khelm, I 283
supervision over, recommended by Abraham Hirschovich, I 284
abolition of, recommended by Committee of Polish Government (1815), II 89
abolition of, favored by Polish-Jewish assimilationists, II 101
criticised by David Friedländer, II 90
abolished in Poland (December 20, 1821-January 1, 1822), II 102
superseded by "Congregational Board," II 102 f
See also Autonomy and Courts
Kahal (Jewish Community), under Russian régime, attitude of Government towards, I 308 ff
admission of Jews to city government conflicts with separate organization, I 308
Jews of annexed White Russia in K's. (1772), I 308
sanctioned by Senate (1776), I 309
granted right to issue passports, I 309
charged with collection of state taxes, I 309
endowed with judicial powers, I 309
Government changes attitude towards, I 310
confined to religious and fiscal functions (1786), I 313
deprived of civil and judicial powers (1795), I 319
promise of Government to maintain judicial powers of, violated, I 320
preservation of, due to fiscal considerations, I 320, 366
establishment of, in Courland, due to same motives (1799), I 321
curtailed status of, recognized in Statute of 1804, I 344
admission to city government fails to weaken power of, I 368 ff
Government forced to extend functions of, I 367
Government communicates with K's., I 336, 339
K. of Minsk decides to send delegation to St. Petersburg (1802), I 336
K's. invited by Government to elect deputies (1803), I 337;
(1806), I 349
ordered to assist Jews expelled from villages (1810), I 351
represented at army headquarters (1812), I 358
elected representatives of K's., called "Deputation of Jewish People," act as advisory council to Government (1818-1825), I 393 ff
K. of Grodno entrusted with police duties (1812), I 357
Alexander I. receives K. of Kalish, I 358
Alexander I. assures K's. of his high favor (1814), I 359
K. of Minsk inquires about attitude of Vilna Gaon towards Hasidism, I 373
Gaon issues appeal to K's. against Hasidism (1796), I 373
Hasidim kept within K. by Statute of 1804, I 379
demoralized by hasidic schism, I 371, 379
suppression of, advocated by nobility of Lithuania (1800), I 326;
and Dyerzhavin (1800), I 332
made responsible for supply of recruits (1827), II 19 f
K's. directed to elect recruiting trustees, II 19
trustees of, turned into police agents, II 22 f
K. of Vilna complains to Council of State about oppression of Jews, II 38 f;
pleads for abolition of cantonists, II 36 f
functions of, regulated by Statute of 1835, II 41
Council of State criticises power of (1840), II 47;
and suggests dissolution of, II 49
abolished by Nicholas I. (December 19, 1844), II 59 ff
retained as fiscal and recruiting agency, I 60 ff
demoralized condition of, II 112
elders of, made personally responsible for quota of recruits (1850), 147 f
misdeeds of, portrayed by Mapu, II 227;
by Gordon, II 230;
by Bogrov, II 241
Brafman accuses Jews of secret continuation of, in Russia, II 188;
and of organizing international "World K.," II 189
minutes of K. of Minsk serve as incriminating material, II 189
Brafman's "Book of K." printed and distributed by Government, II 190; serves
as material for "Jewish Committee," II 193;
influences reports of governors, II 194
Russian officials repeat Brafman's charges concerning K's., II 194 f
Alliance Israélite of Paris accused of constituting World K., II 189, 194
Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment accused of forming part of, II 216
Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg solemnly denies charges concerning K. (1882), II 307 f
Pahlen Commission questions Jewish experts in regard to (1888), II 369 f
See also Municipality and Autonomy
Kaidanover, Aaron Samuel, rabbi of Cracow, Hebrew author, I 200
Kaidanover, Hirsch, son of former, Hebrew author, I 202
Kakhanov, governor-general of Vilna, rebukes Jewish deputation of welcome, II 383
Kalarash (government of) pogrom at, III [128]
Kalayev, Russian revolutionary, assassinates Grand Duke Sergius, III [110]
Kalinovski, Polish commander, defeated by Cossacks, I 145
Kalish, leading city of Great Poland, I 42
Synod of, issues canonical laws against Jews, I 57, 62
surrenders to Swedes, I 155

city and province of, annexed by Prussia, I 292
Jews settle in, I 41
Jews of, petition Casimir IV for renewal of charter, I 61
communities in province of, destroyed, I 156
Alexander I. receives Kahal of, I 358
Abel Gumbiner, head of yeshibah in, I 200
Warta, in province of, place of Polish Diet, I 58
Kalkreuth, Count, patron of Solomon Maimon, I 240
Kalman, Jewish printer in Lublin, I 131
Kalmansohn, Jacques, author of pamphlet advocating Jewish reforms in Poland, I 385
Kalmanovich, Jewish lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims of Kishinev pogrom, III [91];
and of Homel pogrom, III [102]
Kalmycks, tribe of, I 367
Kamenetz-Podolsk (Podolia), Dembrovski, bishop of, arranges disputation at, I 214 f
Talmud burned at, I 215
Vilna Gaon appeals against Hasidim to Kahal of, I 373
pogrom at, III [128]
Kaniev (Ukraina), Starosta of, maltreats Jews, I 169
Kant, Immanuel, praises Solomon Maimon, I 240
Kantakuzenka (government of Kherson), pogrom at, III [33]
Karabchevski, Russian lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims of Kishinev pogrom, III [91]
Karaites, in Byzantine empire, I 28
in Crimea, I 28 f
in Chufut-Kale (Crimea), I 35
in Lithuania, I 60
K. of Lithuania, receive autonomy from Casimir IV., I 61
autonomy of K's. of Troki confirmed by Alexander Yaguello, I 64
form separate municipality in Troki, I 73
K's. of Tavrida granted equal rights, I 318 f; II 160
excluded from bar but inofficially admitted, II 352 f
Isaac Troki, Karaite, author of anti-Christian treatise, I 137 f
Simha Pinsker, historian of, II 160
Karaulov, deputy to Third Duma, defends Jews, III [156]
Karlin, near Pinsk (government of Minsk), Hasidim establish themselves in, I 372
Aaron of, hasidic leader, I 234
Solomon of, hasidic leader, I 372
"Karliners," nickname for Hasidim in Lithuania, I 372, 375
Karnyeyev, governor of Minsk, inquires into condition of peasantry, I 322 f
Karpov, member of "Jewish Committees," advocates Jewish emancipation, II 196 ff
Karpovich (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, II 315
Kattowitz (Prussia), conference of "Lovers of Zion," at, II 376
Katzaps, nickname for Great-Russians in Little Russia, II 248; III [115], 117
Katzenellenbogen, Saul, rabbi of Vilna, objects to heterodoxy of Menashe Ilyer, II 115 f
Kauffmann, governor-general of Vilna, appoints commission to investigate Brafman's charges, II 189
Kaulbars, military governor of Odessa, fails to check pogrom, III [129]
Kazan (Central Russia), Jews of Vitebsk exiled to (1654), I 154
cantonists stationed in, II 25
suicide of cantonists in, II 27
mosques destroyed in government of, I 254
Kazimiezh (Polish, Kazimierz), suburb of Cracow, established as Jewish ghetto, I 64
Jews of, restricted in business, I 75
Kedars, name for Polovtzis, conquerors of Crimea, I 29
Kempster, United States commissioner, sent to Russia, II 407
Keneset Israel, Hebrew periodical, II 372, III [58]
Kerch, pogrom at, III [120]; see Bosporus
Kertz, Crimean city, probably identical with Kerch, I 26
Khagan, title of Khazar king, I 20 ff
Khappers, Yiddish name for recruiting agents, II 23
Kharkov (city), Jews permitted to visit fair of (1835), II 40
Jews expelled from, II 319
merchants of, protest against exclusion of Jews, II 319
Bilu, organization of Palestine pioneers, formed in, II 321
Kharkov (government), Jews permitted to visit fairs of (1734)[62], I 251
Gubernatorial Commission appointed for, I 273
governor of, condemns Jews, II 276;
advocates school-norm, II 339
Khazars, various forms of name, I 18
appear in Caucasus, I 19
establish kingdom on Volga, I 19
penetrate as far as Kiev, I 19
establish another center in Crimea, I 19 f
church attempts conversion of, I 20
converted to Judaism, I 20 f
invite teachers from Babylonia, I 21
inner life of, I 22
Jewish merchants travel through kingdom of, I 23
Jews of Byzantium flee to, I 23 f
Hasdai Ibn Shaprut corresponds with king of, I 24 ff
K's. defeated by Russians, I 28
withdraw to Crimea, I 28
K's. in Crimea destroyed by Russians and Byzantines, I 28
relatives of last king of, flee to Spain, I 28
Jews from kingdom of, attempt conversion of Vladimir, I 30
settle in principality of Kiev, I 31
civilizing influence of, on Kiev, II 252
Khazars, Sea of, name for Caspian Sea, I 23
Khazaria, name for Crimea, I 28 ff
Khelm (province of Lublin), bishop of, imprisons Jews on charge of host desecration, I 86
rabbi of, author of Polish pamphlet defending Jews, I 283
Kherson (city), visited by White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418
Kherson (government), seat of Zaporozhian Cossacks, I 143
Jews settled as agriculturists in, I 363 f, II 71
included in Pale (Statute of 1835), II 40
pogroms in, II 251, 304, III [33], 100
governor of, deplores effect of Jews on their domestics, I 404
Localities in:
Alexandria, III [100]
Anayev, II 251
Borki, II 378
Kantakuzenka, III [33]
Khlopitzki, Polish dictator, declines offer of Jewish volunteers, II 105
Khlops, nickname for Polish peasants, I 140, 182;
see Serfs
Khmelnitzki (Polish, Chmelnicki), Bogdan, I 144 ff
elected Hetman by Cossacks, I 144
forms alliance with Tartars of Crimea, I 144
defeats Polish army, I 145
heads rebellion of Ukrainians against Poles, I 145
organizes massacre of Jews, I 145
sends detachment of Cossacks against Niemirov, I 146
derides Polish generals, I 149
besieges Lemberg, I 150 f
demands delivery of Jews, I 151
receives ransom and withdraws, I 151
defeated by Poles, I 152
signs Treaty of Byelaya Tzerkov (1651), I 152
enters into negotiations with Tzar Alexis, I 152 f
extent of K. massacres, I 157
recollection of K. massacres stirs later Ukrainians, I 182 185
reports of K. massacres arouses Sabbatai Zevi, I 205
K. massacres described by Gogol, II 139;
and Bogrov II 242
See Cossacks
Kholonyevski, member of Polish Diet, objects to extension of Jewish rights, I 288
Khomyakov, Russian poet, condemns régime of Nicholas I., II 141
Khovanski, governor-general of White Russia, ordered to provide livelihood for Jews expelled from villages, I 406
recommends discontinuation of expulsion, I 407
recommends proceedings in ritual murder trial of Velish, II 76 ff
believes to have discovered monstrous crime, II 78
asks governors of Pale for incriminating material, II 80
censured by Nicholas I., II 80
exposed as Jew-baiter by Council of State, I 81
Khoza Kokos, Jew of Crimea, agent of Grand Duke Ivan III. of Moscow, I 35
arranges alliance between grand duke and Khan of Crimea, I 35
writes to Ivan III. in Hebrew, I 35
Khwarism, city in Asia, I 26
Kiev (city), Khazars make raids on, I 19
captured by Lithuanians (1320), I 94
forms part of Polish empire, I 94, 140
incorporated, together with Little Russia, in Russian empire (1654), I 94
ceded to Russia by Poland (1667), I 159
Metropolitan of Greek-Orthodox Church resides in, III [125]
Jews settle in, I 31
Jews and Khazars in, II 252
Khazar Jews appear in, to convert Prince Vladimir (986), I 30 f
Greek-Orthodox priests in, preach hatred against Jews, I 31
pogroms at (12th century), I 32
Jews of, protected by Prince Svyatopolk II., I 32
fire at, damages Jews (1124), I 32
"Jewish Gate" at, mentioned in Russian Chronicles, I 32
visited by early Jewish travellers, I 32 f
Jews, fleeing from Germany, settle in, I 33
Moses, rabbi of, mentioned in early Hebrew sources, I 33
"Skharia," Jew of, settles in Novgorod (15th century), I 36
burghers of, obtain right of excluding Jews (1619), I 95
Jews permitted to settle in (1794), I 317, II 31
Nicholas I. orders expulsion of Jews from (1827), II 30 ff
authorities of, secure postponement of expulsion, II 33
Nicholas I. insists on expulsion from, II 36
closed to Jews by Statute of 1835, II 40
Jews permitted to visit K. temporarily, II 172
privileged categories of Jews settle in (under Alexander II.), II 264
Government agents prepare pogrom at (after accession of Alexander III.), II 248
pogrom at (April, 1881), II 251 ff, 287;
tried in court, II 264
"illegal" Jews expelled from (May, 1881), II 263 f
wholesale expulsions of Jews from (1882), II 319;
(1886), II 346
Jews of, subjected to raids, or oblavas, II 346; III [20]
wives of Jewish artisans in, forbidden to trade, II 385
visited by White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418
persecution of Jews in (under Nicholas II.), III [19] f
Jews made to pay for night raids, III [20]
Government frustrates project of trade bank in, III [25] f
Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogroms, III [114]
pogrom at (October, 1905), III [128]
Jewish students excluded from Polytechnicum at (1907), III [152]
1200 Jewish families expelled from (1910), III [157]
Stolypin assassinated at (1911), III [164]
impending pogrom at, stopped, III [165]
Beilis ritual murder case in, III [165] f
Jewish printing-press in, II 43;
transferred to Zhitomir, II 43
Jewish printers of Slavuta imprisoned in, II 123
Censorship Committee in, ordered to examine Jewish books, II 44
Professor Mandelstamm, resident of, II 298, 304, III [47]
Dashevski, avenger of Kishinev pogrom, student in, III [81]
Jüdisches Volksblatt appears in, III [59]
Kiev (province, or government), subject to Poland, I 140
estate in, owned by Polish nobles, I 140
ceded to Russia (1667), I 159
part of, annexed by Russia (1793), I 292
Jews of, flee to Tatars (1648), I 145
Jews forbidden to settle in (1649), I 151
Jews in part of, exterminated, I 157
few Jewish survivors in, I 246 Haidamacks massacre Jews in (1768), I 183 f
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1804), I 342;
(1835), II 40
Jewish deputies from, arrive in St. Petersburg (1803), I 337
Jews of, invited to send delegates to city of Kiev (1807), I 349
Hasidism spreads in, I 382; II 119 f
Jews expelled from villages in (1830), II 32;
expulsion postponed until 1835, II 33
number of Jewish artisans in, II 168
Poles and Jews forbidden to acquire estates in (1864), II 173
economic activity of Jews in, II 194
pogroms in (1881), II 256 f
Court of Appeals of, tries Homel pogrom, III [101]
Localities in:
Berdychev, II 256 f
Chernobyl, I 382, II 119
Ruzhin, II 120
Shpola, III [33]
Smyela, II 256
Uman, I 184 f, 383, II 122
Bibikow, governor-general of, condemns Jews, II 47;
arrests Israel of Ruzhin, II 120 f
Vasilchikov, Count, favors transfer of Jewish artisans to Russian Interior, II 168
Dondukov, Korsakov, points out economic danger of Jews, II 193 f
Drenteln, fierce anti-Semite, II 276, 316 f, 319, 341
Kiev, principality of, claims overlordship over Russian lands, I 29
influenced by Byzantium, I 29 ff
passes under sovereignty of Tatars, I 33;
see Kiev (city)
Kievlanin, anti-Semitic paper in Kiev, III [20]
Kings, Polish, favor Jews because of financial advantages, I 69
elected by Poles, I 89
keep Jewish body-physicians, I 132
counteracted by Diets, I 160
lose their authority, I 168
Kirgiz, tribe, placed in Russian law above Jews, II 367
Kiselev, count, appointed chairman of Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews (1840), II 50, 157
addressess circular to governors-general concerning projected Jewish reforms (1845)[63], II 65 f
receives petitions in favor of Jews from Moses Montefiore, II 688
advocates mitigation of Jewish restrictions (1856), II 157
Kishinev, modern Jewish school in, II 52
Jews of, accord friendly reception to Max Lilienthal, II 56
"Congregation of New Testament Israelites" in, II 225
"Smugglers," anti-Semitic play, produced in, III [38]
pogrom at (1903), III [69] ff;
stirs Jewish national sentiment, III [82];
avenged by Jewish youth, II 81, 132;
stimulates emigration, III [85];
intensifies animosity of Nicholas II., III [93];
tried in court, III [90] ff
authorities of, impeached before Senate, III [92]
Jews accused of seeking to avenge K. massacre, III [95], 101
fear of new pogrom at, causes emigration, III [96] f
Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogroms, III [114]
pogrom at (October, 1905), III [128]
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III [121]
Kitovich, Polish writer, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 180
Klaus, name for hasidic house of prayer, II 124
Klausner, Joseph, Hebrew writer, editor of ha-Shiloah, III [58], 163
Klopstock, German poet, imitated in Hebrew, II 135
Kmita, Peter, voyevoda of Cracow, accepts bribes from Jewish merchants, I 76
Kobrin (province of Grodno), Bezalel of, Hebrew author, I 201
Kochubay, Minister of Interior, appointed chairman of Committees for Amelioration of Jews (1802), I 335 f
instructs governors to allay fears of Jews, I 336
assisted by Speranski, I 340
recommends postponement of expulsion of Jews from villages, I 347
assists settlement of Jewish agriculturists in New Russia, I 363
accepts dedication of pamphlet by Nyevakhovich, I 387
recommends severe measures against "Judaizers," I 402
Koenigsburg (Prussia), visited by Solomon Maimon, I 239
visited by Menashe Ilyer, II 114
Jewish socialists arrested in, III [223] f
Hebrew periodicals published in, II 223
Kohan, Jacob, Hebrew poet, III [162]
Kohen, Sabbatai, see Cohen
Kokovtzev, Minister of Finance, favors Jewish franchise, III [122]
Kol Mebasser, Yiddish periodical, II 218
Kollontay (Polish, Kollontaj), radical member of Polish Diet, I 280
suggests abolition of Jewish autonomy, I 282
assists Jews in struggle for rights, I 291
Kolomea (Galicia), capital of Pokutye province, I 150
Königsberg, see Koenigsburg
Konotop (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, intensified by Jewish self-defence, II 257
Koppelman, Jacob, Hebrew author, I 133
Koretz (Volhynia), Phineas of, disciple of Besht, I 227
Korff, Baron, advocates admission of Jewish artisans into Russian Interior, II 170
Korobka, or basket tax, name explained, II 61;
see Tax
Korolenko, Russian writer, signs protest against Jewish persecutions, II 387
writes public letter in defence of Jews, II 388
portrays Kishinev massacre, III [76] f
Korostyshev, hasidic center, II 120
Korsun (province), Poles defeated by Cossacks at (1648), I 145
Kosciuszko, spelling and pronunciation of name, I 292
leads Polish uprising of 1794, I 292
liberal and democratic, I 292 f
permits formation of Jewish regiment, I 294
announces it in special army order, I 294 f
captured by Russians, I 296
Zayonchek, general under, I 296, II 91
Kosovo (Galicia), Besht settles in, I 223
Nahman of, disciple of Besht, I 227
Kostantinia, Sea of, name for Black Sea, I 26

Kostomarov, Russian historian, defends ritual murder libel, II 205
Kotzebue, governor-general of New Russia, fails to check Odessa pogrom (1871), II 192
Kotzk (Polish, Kock), near Warsaw, Berek Yoselevich killed in vicinity of, I 303
hasidic dynasty of, II 122
Kovalevski, Minister of Public Instruction, advocates admission into Russian Interior of graduates of secondary schools, II 164
Kovno (city), Jews of, barred from city government (1805), I 370
growth of pauperism in, III [24]
"Bund" holds convention in (1899), III [57]
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights (1905), III [108]
Abraham Mapu, Hebrew writer, native of, II 226 ff
Isaac Elhanan Spector, rabbi of, II 304
Kovno (government), part of, called Zhmud, I 293, II 133
formed originally part of government of Vilna, I 317
constituted 1872, I 317
forms part of Lithuania, II 39
vitally affected by expulsion of Jews from border zone (1843), II 63
placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov (1863), II 188
Lutostanski, anti-Semitic writer, priest in, II 203
Friedman from, deputy to Third Duma, III [153]
Localities in:
Dusyaty, III [115]
Salant, II 133
Vilkomir, II 236
Kozhenitz (Poland), Israel of, hasidic leader in Poland, I 384, II 122
Kozhmyan, member of Polish Council of State, objects to emancipation of Jews, II 93
Kozlovska, witness in ritual murder case of Velizh, II 82
Kozodavlev, Russian assistant-minister of Interior, member of "Jewish Committee," I 352
Kozubales, tax to Catholic academies in Poland, I 161, 166
Kramshtyk, president of Warsaw community, arrested for participating in Polish Insurrection, II 181
Krasinski, Vincent, Polish general, author of pamphlet on Jews of Poland, II 96 f
Kraushar, quoted, I 136
Krechatinikov, Russian general, captures Haidamack leaders, I 186
Kremenchug (government of Poltava), pogrom at (October, 1905), III [128]
Kremenetz (Volhynia), Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
massacre at (1648), I 149
Mordecai Jaffe, rabbi of, I 127
native place of Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 125 ff[64]
Kremsier (Moravia), meeting-place of Austrian Parliament, II 179
Kreslavka (government of Vitebsk), Frank, Jewish physician, resident of, I 331, 386
Krestentzya, form of lease, forbidden to Jews, I 404 f
Kretingen (province of Zhmud), Berek Yoselovich born at, I 293
Krochmal, Nahman, Galician thinker, associates with Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 126
work of, compared with that of Levinsohn, II 127
Kronenberg, convert, protests against Polish anti-Semitism, II 178
Kronenstadt, fortress near St. Petersburg, place of imprisonment, II 42
Krueger, Russian official, accuses Jews of Saratov of ritual murder, II 151
Krushevan, journalist and petty official in Kishinev, III [69]
editor of Bessarabetz, III [69] ff
carries on violent agitation against Jews, III [69] ff
invited by Plehve to publish Znamya, anti-Semitic paper, in St. Petersburg, III [70]
accuses Jews of ritual murder, III [71]
incites to pogroms, III [71]
wounded by Dashevski, III [81] f
Krushnitza, ancient Polish capital, Jew elected king at, I 40
Krysa, Leib, represents Frankists at religious disputation, I 217
baptized, I 217
Kuantung (Shantung) Peninsula, Jews expelled by Russians from, III [94]
Kukhazhevski (Polish, Kucharzewski), Polish anti-Semitic candidate to Russian Duma, defeated by Warsaw Jews, III [167]
Kulak, Russian name for village boss, II 318, 325

Kupernik, Jewish lawyer, acts as council for victims of Homel pogrom, III [102]
Kursk (government), number of artisans in, II 168
Kut, Crimean city, I 26
Kutais (city in Caucasia), ritual murder case at, II 204
Kutaysov, Count, declares pogroms result of Jewish "exploitation," II 271
Kutover, Gershon, rabbi of Brody, brother-in-law of Besht, I 223
receives message from Besht in Palestine, I 228
Kuty (Galicia), Besht settles in neighborhood of, I 228
Kuyavia, former Polish province, I 75; II 90
Ladi (government of Moghilev), residence of Shneor Zalman, founder of Habad, and his successors, I 234; II 117
Lakh, Ukrainian nickname for Pole, I 142, 184
Lambat, Crimean city, I 26
Lamsdorff, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, has interview with Herzl, III [84]
Landed Property, see Villages
Landau, Adolph, Russian-Jewish publicist, II 221
Language, use of Polish L., abandonment of Yiddish, and restriction of Hebrew advocated by Poles (1788-1791), I 273, 281
use of Polish in business [and elimination of Hebrew and Yiddish] advocated by Friesel, governor of Vilna (1800), I 327
use of Russian, Polish, or German in legal documents and in business suggested by Dyerzhavin (1800), I 333
Russian, Polish, or German made obligatory for Jewish schools and for public documents and business [Statute of 1804], I 345
reading and writing knowledge of Russian, Polish, or German required for Jewish members of municipalities [Statute of 1804], I 345
Jewish deputies plead for use of Hebrew in business, I 349 f
followers of David Friedländer call upon Polish Jews to abandon Yiddish and adopt L. of country, I 386
Statute of 1835 requires use of Russian, or other local dialect, for public and business documents, and forbids Hebrew categorically, II 40
Kahal elders required to read and write Russian [1835], II 41
Isaac Baer Levinsohn calls on Jews to study L. of country, II 126
Jews of Poland forbidden use of Hebrew and Yiddish in civil affairs, legal documents, and business correspondence [Act of 1862], II 182
Jews of Poland retain use of their L., II 195
freedom of L. demanded by League for Equal Rights [1905], III [112]
fight between Hebrew and Yiddish (1908), III [161]
See Hebrew, Polish, Russian, and Yiddish
Lanskoy, Minister of Interior, favors admission into Russian Interior of Jewish graduates of secondary schools, II 164
corresponds with officials concerning admission of Jewish artisans into Russian Interior, II 168
Lantzkorona (Polish, Lanckorona, Podolia), assembly of Frankists at fair of, I 213, 215
Lapin, Shalom, of Grodno, suspected of ritual murder, II 73
Lapkovski, Benish, from government of Vitebsk, elected Jewish deputy, I 393
Laski, John, Polish chancellor, edits Polish code of laws, I 71
Laschenko organizes pogrom at Ananyev, government of Kherson, II 251
Lavrov, Russian revolutionary in London, II 223
Layze (Lazarus), son of Jewish arendar, I 266
Lazhentzka, Dorothy, of Sokhachev, sentenced on charge of having sold host to Jews, I 86
League for the Attainment of Equal Rights for the Jewish People in Russia, the, organized in Vilna (1905), III [111]
program of, III [111] f
establishes Central Bureau in St. Petersburg, III [112]
conventions of, III [131], 133 f
protests against pogroms, III [132]
sends greetings to Dashevski, avenger of Kishinev pogrom, III [132]
decides to call All-Russian Jewish National Assembly, III [133]
Jewish Duma deputies accept program of, III [134]
presided over by Vinaver, III [134]
represents doctrine of National-Cultural Autonomism, III [144]
stands above class and party affiliations, III [145] f
disintegration of, III [146] f
League of Jewish Socialists, in London, II 223
League of Jewish Workingmen, see "Bund"
League of Russian People, organization of Black Hundred, III [141]
favors re-establishment of unlimited autocracy, III [149]
secures pardon for pogrom makers, III [150]
forms "Second Government," III [141], 151
badge of, demonstratively worn by Nicholas II., III [151]
See Black Hundred
"Learned Jew" (Uchony yevrey), Russian title for Jewish Government expert, II 239
Lebensohn, Abraham Baer (called "Adam"), Hebrew poet, II 134 f
prominent in Maskilim circle of Vilna, II 136
Lebensohn, Micah Joseph, son of former, Hebrew poet, II 226
Legal Profession, see Bar
Leipsic, Russian-Jewish merchants visit fair of, I 359 f
place of publication, II 135
Lekkert, Hirsch, shoots at governor of Vilna, III [67]
Lelevel (Polish, Lelewel), Polish historian, issues manifesto to Jews, II 107 f
calls upon Poles to be friendly to Jews, II 178
eulogized by Jews at memorial service, II 180
Lemberg (Lvov, Polish, Lwow), leading city of Red Russia, I 74, 196
anti-Jewish riots in (1463), I 63 f
Jews of, restricted in commerce, I 74
besieged by Khmelnitzki(1648), I 150 f
authorities of, refuse to deliver Jews, I 151
Jesuit college students in, attack Jews, I 161
Jews of, organize self-defence, I 161; but are massacred (1664), I 162
Pikolski, monk in, conducts agitation against Jews, I 174
Jews of, receive communal autonomy (1356), I 53;
granted communal constitution(1692), I 191
rights of Kahal elders upheld by voyevoda of, I 190
Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
rabbis assembled at, excommunicate adherents of Sabbatai Zevi, I 211
disputation between Frankists and Orthodox at, I 216 f, 229
conversion of Frankists at, I 217
Isaiah Horowitz (Sheloh) educated in, I 135
Rabbis of:
Joshua Falk Cohen, head of yeshibah, I 128
David Halevi (Taz), I 130, 206
Meir of Lublin, I 129
Hayyim Rapoport, I 216
Solomon, I 115
Le Nord, newspaper in Brussels, organ of Russian Government, II 393
Lenchitza (Polish, Leckyca, province of Kalish), Jews of, executed on ritual murder charge, I 100
Solomon Ephraim of, criticises yeshibahs, I 119 f
Leon, Jewish physician, executed by Ivan III., I 37
Leshek, Polish prince, receives Jewish delegation from Germany, I 40
Leshek The White, Polish ruler, favorable to Jews, I 42
Lesnaya (White Russia), battle at, I 248
Lessing, referred to by Nyevakhovich, Russian-Jewish writer, I 387
Levanda, Leon (Lev), Russian-Jewish writer, native of Lithuania, II 238
teacher in Jewish Crown school, II 239
"Learned Jew" in Vilna, II 239 f
novels by, II 239 f
joins Palestine movement, II 240, 332
corresponds with Bogrov, II 241
Levendahl, Russian official, inspires Kishinev massacre, III [71], 77
Levi Itzhok, of Berdychev, hasidic leader, I 232 f
saintliness of, I 233, 382
Hebrew author, I 382
Levin, Shmaryahu, member of Central Committee of League for Equal Rights, III [112]
deputy to First Duma, III [134]
denounces Bialystok pogrom, III [137], 139
demands equal rights for Jews, III [137]
Levinsohn, Isaac Baer, called "the Russian Mendelssohn," II 125 ff
born in Volhynia, II 125
associates with Maskilim of Galicia, II 125 f
author of Te'udah be-Israel, II 126;
conclusions of, II 126
author of anonymous anti-hasidic satire, II 127
author of Bet Yehudah, II 127 f
suggests plan of Jewish reforms, II 128;
and modifications in Jewish religious life, II 129
keeps in contact with Russian dignitaries, II 129 f
receives subsidies from Russian Government, II 129, 132
advocates prohibition of "harmful" books, II 129 f
naiveté of, II 130
publishes refutation of blood accusation, II 131
author of apologetic treatise Zerubbabel, defending the Talmud, II 131
compared with scholars in other lands, II 131
dies unappreciated, II 132
Levita, Benedict, of Cracow, granted monopoly of importing Hebrew books, I 131
Levy, Lipman, financial agent at Russian Court, I 248
Lewin, L., quoted, I 111
Lewin, Mendel, of Satanov (Podolia), Hebrew writer, I 388
Liberum Veto, Polish parliamentary law, source of anarchy, I 92, 168
Lieberman, A. (Freeman), Jewish socialist, II 223 f
Lieders, Russian viceroy in Poland, arrests Jewish leaders, II 181
Lieven, Russian Minister of Public Instruction, receives memorandum from Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 129
Lifschitz, Gedaliah, of Lublin, Hebrew author, I 133
Lilienblum, Moses Leib, advocates religious reforms, II 236
joins Russified intelligenzia, II 237
writes "Sins of Youth," II 237
joins "Love of Zion" and later Zionist movement, II 237, 328 f, 376, III [42], 49
Lilienthal, Max, native of Bavaria, II 52
director of modern Jewish school in Riga, II 52
commissioned by Russian Government to carry out school reforms, II 53
visits Vilna, II 54; meets with approval of local Maskilim, II 136 f
meets with opposition in Minsk, II 55

presents report to Uvarov, Minister of Public Instruction, II 55
tours Russian South and South-west, II 56
assured by Jewish communities of co-operation, II 56
campaign of, hailed by Jewish leaders of western Europe, II 67
not supported by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 136
emigrates to America, II 59
quoted, II 55
Lippomano, papal nuncio, instigates host trial of Sokhachev, I 86 f
Liquor, use of, encouraged by Hasidim, II 124 f
Liquor Trade, see Propination
Literature, rabbinic L. in Poland, I 121 ff; see also Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian
Lithuania, Kiev incorporated in, I 94
Volhynia annexed by, I 59
"Union of Lublin," between Poland and L. (1569), I 88
annexed by Russia (1795), I 297
Jews emigrate from Crimea into, I 35
important Jewish communities in, I 59
Jews of, obtain charter from Vitovt (1388), I 59
favorable economic condition of Jews in, I 60, 72 f
Jewish tax farmers in, I 72, 94
Karaites in, I 60
Jews expelled from (1493), and allowed to return (1503), I 65, 70 f
Jews of, suspected of sheltering proselytes, I 80;
and of planning to leave country, I 81
cleared of suspicion by royal charter (1540), I 81
"Lithuanian Statute" (1566) imposes restrictions on Jews, I 87
blood accusations in, I 87 f, 96, 162 ff
"Union of Lublin" affects unfavorably Jews of, I 88
Ukrainian rebels penetrate into, I 149
invaded by Russians (1654 ff), I 153 ff, 156, 264
Jews, persecuted by Cossacks, flee to, I 157
Jewish cultural center moves to, I 159 f
Jewish conditions in, described by Solomon Maimon, I 239 f
Jews of, barred from Russia, I 243 f;
yet penetrate into Moscow, I 245
numbers of Jews in, I 263 f
included in Pale (1795), I 317;
(1804), I 342;
(1835), II 39
Polish nobility of, advocate Jewish reforms (1800), I 325 f
Jews establish woolen mills in, I 363
Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 72
Jews admitted to municipal government in, I 369;
but speedily disfranchised, I 370
Jews of, loyal to Russia in Polish insurrections of 1861 and 1863, II 107, 182 f
Russian authorities of, believe Brafman's charges against Jews, II 189
pogroms checked in, II 267, 276
Jewish labor movement in, III [55]
Jews of, called Litvaks, object of Polish anti-Semitism, III [166] f
Jewish communities of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110;
but later form separate Council (1623), I 112, 193 f, 195
Michael Yosefovich appointed "senior" of Jews of, I 72
Kahals of, granted right of herem (1672), I 190
different intellectual development in, I 221
strong position of Rabbinism and Talmudism in, I 199 f, 221, II 113
Elijah of Vilna, champion of Rabbinism in, see Elijah of Vilna
yeshibahs of, adopt method of Elijah of Vilna, I 381 f
Messianism preached among Jews of, I 208
Hasidim penetrates into, I 230 ff, 237
type of Hasidism in, I 232 f
rabbis of, oppose Hasidism, II 233, 237 f
Kahals of, appealed to against Hasidism, I 373
Hasidism weak in, I 274, 372
Hasidim of, denounced to Russian authorities, I 376
spirit of denunciation (mesirah) among Jews of, I 377 f
disintegration of Kahals in, I 275 f
Jews of, plead for preservation of Kahal courts, I 320
greater political sense among Jews of, I 379
rabbis of, arbitrate between Kahal and rabbi of Vilna, I 276
rabbis of, appeal to I. B. Levinsohn to refute blood accusation, II 131
opposition to secular learning among Jews of, II 114 f
Haskalah movement in, see Haskalah and Vilna
Hebrew writers originate from, II 238
Little Poland, see Poland, Little
Little Russia, see Russia, Little
Livadia, summer residence of Alexander III., II 429, III [18]
Livonia, inhabitants of, demand admission of Jews, I 256
Empress Elizabeth refuses to admit Jews into, I 257
Jews expelled from (1744), I 257
Jewish newcomers expelled from (1829), II 32;
see Baltic Provinces
Lizno (Galicia), Elimelech of, hasidic leader, I 232
Lobanov-Rostoveki, chairman of Committee for Amelioration of Jews (1871), II 191
Lobzovo, near Cracow, residence of Estherka, favorite of Casimir the Great, I 53
Lodz, Jewish labor movement in, III [55]
pogrom at, III [119] f
economic success of Jews in, stimulate Polish boycott, II 166
Loewenthal, professor, sent by Baron Hirsch to Argentina, II 416
Lokhvitz (province), massacre at (1618), I 145
London, Moses Montefiore of, goes to Russia, II 68
M'Caul, missionary in, II 131
Jewish Socialist Society in, II 223
Mansion House Meeting held in (February 1, 1882), II 288 ff
Lord Mayor of, presides at meeting, II 288;
and joins pogrom committee, II 291
bishop of, joins pogrom committee, II 291
secret circular of Plehve circulated in, II 381
new protest meeting planned in, II 382
Guildhall Meeting held in (December 10, 1890), II 388 ff
effect of protest meeting in, felt in St. Petersburg, II 397 f
Moscow refugees in, II 408
Jewish Colonization Association in, II 414, 419
Fourth Zionist Congress held in, III [45]
L. Times publishes account of pogroms and persecutions, II 287;
attacks Russia, II 381, 389 f;
publishes secret letter of Plehve, III [77]
Longinus, see Dlugosh
Lopukhin, Russian prosecutor general, receives denunciation against Hasidim, I 375 f
Loris-Melikov, Russian statesman, favors popular representation, II 245
discusses Jewish question with American Minister, II 293
Louis of Hungary, Polish king (1370-1382), persecutes Jews, I 54
Louisiana, Jewish agricultural colonies, in, II 374
"Love of Zion," see Zionism
Lovich, Synod of (1720), forbids building or repairing of synagogues, I 171
Lozno (government of Moghilev), residence of Shneor Zalman, founder of Habad, I 234, 330, 372, 376, 378, II 117
Lubavichi (government of Moghilev), residence of Shneor Zalman's successors, II 117
Lubbock, Sir John, protests against pogroms, II 288
Lubenski, Polish Minister of Justice, objects to emancipation of Jews, I 300 f
suggests law barring Jews from liquor trade, I 304
Lublin, leading city of Little Poland and capital of Poland, I 42, 110
"Union of" (1569), I 88
Lublin (province), annexed by Austria (1795), I 297
ritual murder cases in, I 96, 100
Crown Tribunal in, tries ritual murder cases, I 96, 100, 172
conference of rabbis and Kahal elders meet at, I 109 f, 123
Council of Four Lands meets periodically at, I 110, 152, 194
community of, receives royal permission to open yeshibah (1567), I 115
printing-press in, I 131, 196
disputations between Jews and Christians at, I 136
Gedaliah Lifschitz, Hebrew author, of, I 133
Jacob Itzhok, hasidic leader, of, I 384
Martin Chekhovich, Christian theologian, of, I 136
Rabbis of:
Shalom Shakhna, father of Polish Talmudism, I 105, 122 f
Israel, son of former, I 123
Joshua Falk Cohen, I 112, 128
Solomon Luria (Maharshal), I 125
Mordecai Jaffe, I 127
Meir of (Maharam), I 128 f, 199
Samuel Edels (Maharsho), I 129
Towns in:
Shchebreshin, I 158
Voistovitza, I 178
Zamoshch, I 203
Lubliner, Polish-Jewish writer and patriot, II 109
Lubny (province of Poltava), Cossack massacres at (1637), I 144; (1648), I 145
Lubomirski, Polish Crown Marshal, imposes tax on Jews sojourning in Warsaw, I 268 f
Lueger, anti-Semitic burgomaster of Vienna, III [32]
Luga (government of St. Petersburg), Alexander I. causes expulsion of Jews from, I 409
Lukasinski, Valerian, Polish army officer, defends Jews, II 97 f
Lukov (province of Shedletz), I 287
Luria, Isaac (Ari), name explained, I 134
influence of Cabala system of, on Poland, I 134, 202
study of writings of, forbidden before age of forty, I 214
writings of, studied by Besht, I 223
prayer-book of, accepted by Hasidim, I 231
Luria, Solomon (Reshal or Maharshal) native of Posen, I 124
rabbi in Ostrog and Lublin, I 125
follows casuistic method of Tosafists, I 125
criticises Shulhan Arukh, I 125
gravitates towards mysticism, I 126
criticises study of Aristotle in yeshibahs, I 120
leaves profound impress on posterity, I 199
Lutherans, Isaac Troki argues with, I 137; see Reformation
Lutostanski, Hippolyte, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 203 f
receives acknowledgment from Alexander III., 203, 244
Lutzk (Volhynia), Crimean Jews settle in, I 35
important Jewish community in, I 59
Karaites in, I 60
Jews of, expelled (1495), I 65
Lvov, see Lemberg
Lvov, Russian statesman, discloses connection between Government and pogroms, III [125] f
Lyck (Prussia), ha-Maggid, published in, II 217
Lysyanka (province of Kiev), massacre at, I 184
Maeotis, see Azov, Sea of
"Magdeburg Law," name explained, I 44
granted to Germans in Poland, I 44
bestowed on city of Lemberg, I 53
granted to Karaites of Lithuania, I 61;
and confirmed, I 64
taken advantage of by Polish estates to oppress Jews, I 74
Jews exempted from jurisdiction of, I 94
Jewish Kahal forms counterpart to, I 103; see also Autonomy
Magister, Russian university degree, explained, II 165
Magistracies, see Municipalities
Maimon, Solomon, born in Lithuania, I 239
receives talmudic education, I 239
studies in Germany, I 239 f
student of Kantian philosophy, I 240
writes "Autobiography," I 240
quoted, I 221
Maimonides, philosophic writings of, studied by Moses Isserles, I 126; and Mordecai Jaffe, I 132
studied and interpreted by Solomon Maimon, I 240
influences Shneor Zalmon, I 382
does not appeal to Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383
invoked by Maskilim in support of secular learning, II 126
quoted, II 119
Makarov (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120
Makov, chairman of Commission for Revision of Laws concerning Jews, II 336
Malakh, Hayyim, Sabbatian propagandist, I 208
joins Judah Hasid, I 209
heads party of pilgrims to Palestine, I 209
holds Sabbatian services in Jerusalem, I 210
Melchevski, Polish bishop, invites David Friedländer to render opinion on Polish-Jewish question, II 90
Maliss, Eda, victim of pogrom, II 302
Manasseh, I., and II., kings of Khazars, I 26
Manassein, Minister of Justice, excludes Jews from Russian bar, II 352
Mandelstamm, successor to Max Lilienthal, II 118
Mandelstamm, professor, of Kiev, insists on necessity of organizing emigration, II 298
attends conference of Jewish notables in St. Petersburg, II 304
denounces Ignatyev's offer to settle Jews in Central Asia, II 306
supports Zionist leaders in Western Europe, III [47]

Manifesto, name explained, II 246
coronation M. of Alexander II. abolishes Jewish conscription, II 155 f
M. of Alexander III. promising to uphold autocracy, II 246
coronation M. of Alexander III. disregards Jews, II 338
M. of Nicholas II., on birth of heir-apparent Alexis, offers trifling alleviations to Jews, III [98]
M. of October 17, promising Constitution, III [127]; followed by pogroms, III [127] ff
Vyborg M., see Vyborg
Mankup (Mangup), Crimean city, I 26
Manning, cardinal, protests at Mansion House Meeting against pogroms, II 289 f
joins pogrom committee, II 291
expresses sympathy with Guildhall Meeting, II 390
Mansion House Meeting, see London
Mapu, Abraham, Hebrew writer, II 226 ff
Margolis, M., Jewish expert, invited by Pahlen Commission, II 369
Marini, general of Dominican Order, deprecates persecution of Polish Jews, I 165
Mark (Mordecai), victim of blood accusation, I 100
Markovich, Moses, "general syndic" of Polish Jews, I 160
Marriage, among Jews, restrictions placed upon, by Polish Diet (1775), I 267; disregarded, I 268
limitation of number of M's proposed by Poles, I 282
age of, restricted by Russian law (1835), II 40
early M's in vogue, II 112
Marseilles, Altaras of, visits Russia, II 69
Masalski, bishop of Vilna, employs Berek Yoselovich, I 294
Maskilim, see Haskalah
Massacres, see Pogroms
Masudi, Arabic writer, quoted, I 23 f
May Laws, see Temporary Rules
Maximova, witness in ritual murder case, II 82
Mazovia, Polish principality and province, I 42, 85
annexed by Prussia (1795), I 297
M'Caul, London missionary, attacks Talmud, II 131
Me'assef, Hebrew periodical, I 386; II 137
Meat Tax, see Tax
Meath, Earl of, addresses Guildhall Meeting, II 391
Mechanics, see Artisans
Mechislav, prince of Great Poland, forbids violence against Jews, I 42
Mechislav (Meshko), Polish king, mentioned on coins, I 42
Medicine, see Physicians
Medzhibozh (Podolia), Besht settles in, I 225
visited by his disciples, I 228
residence of Borukh Tulchinski, I 384;
and his disciples, II 121
Meir of Lublin (Maharam), rabbi and scholar, I 128 f
leaves profound impress on posterity, I 199
Meir, of Shchebreshin, describes Cossack persecutions, I 158
Meir, of Tarnopol, Hebrew author, I 201
Meisels, Berush, rabbi in Cracow, and member of Austrian parliament, II 179
rabbi in Warsaw, and active in Polish Insurrection (1863), II 179 ff
Melammed, see Heder
Melitopol (government of Tavrida), pogrom at, III [115]
Melitzah, conventionalized Hebrew style, II 225, 228
Menahem, king of Khazars, I 26
Mendel, chief rabbi of Great Poland, I 104
Mendel Kotzker, hasidic leader, II 122
Mendel, of Lubavichi, see Shneorsohn
Mendel, of Vitebsk, hasidic leader, I 234
Mendele Mokher Sforim, see Abramovich
Mendelssohn, Moses, "Father of Enlightenment," I 238, II 125
"Enlightenment" of, contrasted with Russian Haskalah, II 137
followers of, among Polish and Russian Jews, I 239, 331, 384, 385, 387
Isaac Baer Levinsohn, called "the Russian M.," II 125
Bible translation of, rendered into Russian, II 118
David Friedländer, pupil of, approached by Polish Government, II 90
attacked by Smolenskin, II 235
Wessely, associate of, II 135
Mengli-Guiray, Khan of Crimea,
communicates with prince of Moscow through Jewish agents, I 35 f
Menorah, represented on tombstones in Tauris, I 16
Merchants, the, form separate estate in Russia, I 308
exempted from military service, II 20
called to military service (1874), II 200
few first-guild Jewish M's. in Pale, II 162
Jewish M. permitted temporary visit to Interior (1835), II 40
admission of, into Interior voted down by Council of State, II 35 f;
discussed by Committee for Amelioration of Jews, II 161 f
Jewish first-guild M's. admitted into Interior (1859), II 62, 343
attempt to exclude Jewish M's. from Interior (under Alexander III.), II 399
permitted to remain in Moscow, III [14];
but restricted in rights, III [15]
See Commerce
Meshcherski, Count, editor of anti-semitic weekly Grazhdanin, II 380, 413
Meshko, see Mechislav
Mesirah ("Informing") develops among Jews under Russian rule, I 377
discharged rabbi of Pinsk engages in, I 377 f
in Novaya Ushitza, II 84 f, 121
in Mstislavl, II 85 ff
Messianism, preached in Poland, I 204 ff
superseded by Hasidism, I 222
defended by Smolenskin, II 235
"Love of Zion" viewed with suspicion by Orthodox as rival of, II 377
Messianic character of Political Zionism, III [48]
Methodius, Slavonian missionary, engages in disputation with Jews, I 18
Metternich, represents Austria at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 399
Mezherich (or Mezhirich), Volhynia, hasidic center, I 229 f
Baer of M., called "Mazhiricher Maggid," I 227, 229 f, 384, II 120
Michinski, Sebastian, Polish anti-Semitic writer, I 97
Mickiewicz, see Mitzkevich
Mikhailishok (government of Vilna), residence of Abraham Lebensohn, II 134
Mikolski, Polish priest, favors Frankists, I 216
Mikweh Israel, agricultural settlement in Palestine, II 322
Miletus (Asia Minor), Jewish community in, I 14
Military Service (or Conscription), Jews of Poland free from, I 304
payment of ransom in lieu of, confirmed by Polish law (1812), I 304;
(1817), II 95;
(1831), II 107
imposed on Jews of Poland (1843), II 109
imposed on Jews of Austria, II 30
merchants in Russia exempted from, by paying conscription tax, I 318; II 15
merchants subjected to (1874), II 200
imposition of, on Jews planned by Alexander I., II 15
conceived by Nicholas I. as means of de-Judaization, II 15
danger of imposition of, on Jews set forth by Novosiltzev, II 16
Jews alarmed by rumors concerning imposition of, II 17
imposed upon Jews by conscription ukase of August 26, 1827, II 18 ff, ukase reaffirmed in Statute of 1835, II 41
juvenile M. S., see Cantonists
certain classes of Jews exempted from, II 20
weight of, falls principally on burghers, II 29
horrors of, II 24 ff, 27 ff, 145 ff
Jews of Old-Constantinov "protest" against, II 21 f
early marriages due to fear of, II 28
alleviations in, proposed by Council of State and rejected by Nicholas I., II 36
ineffectiveness of, in reforming Jews pointed out by Council of State (1840), II 48
term of, reduced for graduates of Crown schools (1844), II 58
Jewish agriculturists exempted from, II 71
shunned by Russians in general, II 146
evaded by Jews, II 146
barbarous penalties decreed for evasion of (1850), II 147 f
severities of, repealed by Alexander II. (1856), II 155 ff
tax in lieu of, proposed for graduates of secular schools and rejected (1859), II 164
newly regulated by Law of 1874, II 199 ff
discriminations against Jews in new M. S. Statute of 1874, II 200 f, 355
evasion of, punished by fining family of recruit (1886), II 356
fine for evasion of, stimulates emigration, II 373, 414
Jewish emigrants relieved from, II 420
See Army, Recruits, and Soldiers
Milton, indirect effect of, on Hebrew literature, II 135

Minor, rabbi of Moscow, refuses blackmail offer of Lutostanski, II 203
dismissed from office and exiled by Russian Government, II 423 f
Minsk (city), Jews of, complain against abuses of Kahal, I 275
Kahal of, decides to send deputation to Tzar, I 336
Jews of, communicate with Jews of Vilna concerning Hasidism, I 373
Max Lilienthal opposed by Jews of, II 55
visited by Alexander II., II 187
minutes of Kahal of, used by Brafman as incriminating material, II 189
growth of pauperism in, III [24]
Convention of Russian Zionists at, III [45], 51, 59
pogrom at, III [119]
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III [121]
Jehiel Halperin, rabbi of, I 200
Naphtali, resident of, Hebrew author, I 201
Pollak, resident of, offers to establish agricultural farms, III [25]
Minsk (province, or government), annexed by Russia (1793), I 292
included in Pale (1794), I 316 f;
(1804), I 342;
(1835), II 39
famine in, I 322 f
Polish nobles of, propose restrictions for Jews, I 322 ff
Jewish deputies from, active in St. Petersburg, I 337
Jews of, asked to elect delegates, I 349
massacre of Jews and Russians threatened by Poles in, I 357
Solomon of Karlin killed by troops in, I 372
placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov, II 188
Brafman, accuser of Jews, native of, II 187
Localities in:
Bobovnia, II 80
Mir, II 113
Nesvizh, I 239
Mint, Polish, administered by Jews, I 42
Mir (government of Minsk), yeshibah at, II 113
Mishnah, term explained, II 114
Mithnagdim, name of opponents of Hasidim, I 238, 372
oppose Hasidim, I 274, 278, 372, 375
Mitropolit, highest ecclesiastic title in Russia, III [125]
Mitzkevich (Polish, Myckiewicz), Adam, Polish poet friendly to Jews, II 108
Mizrahi, Orthodox Zionists, III [47]
Mladanovich, Polish governor of Uman, betrays Jews, I 184
killed by Haidamucks, I 185
Mocatta, Moses, English translator of Isaac Troki's work, I 130
Modebadze, Sarre, Gruzinian girl, alleged victim of ritual murder, II 204
Moghilev, on the Dnieper (city), I 98
Jews of, transferred to outskirts of city (1633), I 98;
and barred from Christian neighborhood (1646), I 98 f
Jews of, expelled by invading Russians (1654), I 153;
and massacred by Russian soldiers, I 154, 245
echo of Sabbatian propaganda, in, I 205
rabbinical conference at, protests against Hasidism, I 238
Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon against Hasidism, I 373
Shmerling, deputy from, dies at St. Petersburg Conference (1882), II 304
pogrom at (1904), III [100] f;
avenged by Jewish youth, III [107]
Moghilev (government), forms part of White Russia, I 187, 262, 307
communities of, form federation, I 196
Polish Jewish prisoners of war from, form nucleus of Moscow community, I 245
Jews of, visit Smolensk and Moscow, I 315
made part of Pale (1794), I 317;
(1835), II 40
Jewish deputies from, arrive in St. Petersburg (1803), I 337
Jews of, invited to send delegates (1807), I 349
Jews from apply to be settled as agriculturists in New Russia, I 363
Jews elected to municipal offices in, I 368
Jews expelled from villages of (1823), I 406
governor of, reprimanded for accusing Jews falsely, II 87
governor of, decrees "polite manners" for Jews, II 383
governor of, censures Jews of Homel, III [89]
Localities in:
Dubrovna, I 252
Homel, III [87] ff
Ladi, I 239, II 117
Lozno, I 234, II 117
Lubavichi, II 117
Monostyrchina, II 86
Mstislavl, II 85 ff, 383
Moghilev, on the Dniester (Podolia), I 98
Mohammedans, king of Khazars invites representative of, I 21
destroy Synagogue and are punished by Khazar king, I 22
protected by Khazars against Russians, I 26
persecuted in Russia, I 254
excluded from Russian bar, II 252 f
Mohilever, Samuel, rabbi of Bialystok, joins "Love of Zion" movement, II 376 f
Moldavo-Wallachia, Jews export goods from Poland to, I 67 f
Moldavia, Lithuanian Jews accused of sending proselytes to, I 81
Moment, Yiddish daily in Warsaw, III [162]
Monastyrchina (government of Moghilev), Itzele of, pleads for Jews, II 86
Montagu, Sir Samuel, of London, expelled from Moscow, II 345
Montefiore, Sir Moses, corresponds with Max Lilienthal, II 67
visits Russia and pleads for Jews, II 68
fund in honor of, established by "Lovers of Zion," II 376
Moravia, Jacob Frank moves to, I 219
Kremsier, city in, II 179
Moravski, Polish Minister of War, objects to Jewish volunteers, II 105
Mordecai (Motele), of Chernobyl, hasidic leader, II 119
Mordvinov, member of Council of State, saves Jews of Velizh from ritual murder charge, II 81 f
Morenu, title of ordained rabbi, I 117
Moscow, Principality (Tzardom) of [Muscovy], growth of, I 29
Jews of Tauris brought into contract with, I 33
Crimean Jews render services to rulers of, I 35 f
closed to Jews, I 60, 242
Little Russia incorporated in (1654), I 94, 153;
(1657), I 159
Jews barred from (1610), I 244
rulers of Muscovy invade Polish provinces, I 153 f, 244;
and troops of, expel or massacre Jews, I 154, 243, 245 f
See Moscow (city)
Moscow (city), "Judaizing heresy" spreads in, I 36 f
Jewish court-physician burned in, 37
Jewish merchants from Poland and Lithuania penetrate into, I 242 f
Ivan the Terrible refuses to admit Jews to (1550), I 243
influx of Poles and Jews into, I 244
Polish-Jewish prisoners of war permitted to stay in, I 245
Jewish cloth merchants permitted to visit, I 245
Jews barred from (1676), I 245
Borukh Leibov pays visit to, I 251; and converts Voznitzin to Judaism, I 251 f
Jewish merchants of White Russia pay visits to, I 315
Russian merchants of, protest against admission of Jews, I 315
Jewish merchants excluded from (1790, 1791), I 316
Jewish merchants permitted temporary sojourn in (1835), II 40
Jewish physicians, though admitted to Interior, excluded from, II 167
burgomaster of, objects to admission of Jews to city government, II 199
Jews expelled from (under Ignatyev), II 264, 319
Russian merchants plead for admission of Jews to, II 319
Sir Samuel Montagu, of London, expelled from, II 345
admission of Jews to schools and university of, restricted to 3% (1887), II 350;
restriction placed on statute books (1908), III [157] f
Jews harassed in, II 385, 397
Russian celebrities of, sign protest against Jewish persecution, II 387
Dolgoruki, governor-general of, lenient towards Jews, II 401
Grand Duke Sergius appointed governor-general of, II 400
Alexeyov, burgomaster, of, agitates against Jews, II 400 f
Istomin, agent of Pobyedonostzev, appointed to important post in, II 401
ukase, expelling Jews from city and government of, decreed (March 28, 1891), II 402;
wording of ukase affected by hope for foreign loan, II 408
"illegal" Jews raided and imprisoned, II 403
Alexander III. pays visit to, II 404
discharged Jewish soldiers forbidden to remain in, II 404
Jewish artisans and tradesmen expelled from, II 404 f
horrors of expulsion from, II 405 f
news of expulsion from, suppressed in Russian press, II 407;
reported in foreign press, II 407
expulsion from, witnessed by United States commissioners, II 407;
causes protest of President Harrison of United States, II 408 f
expulsion from, affects unfavorably Russian loan in Paris, II 408
M. refugees deported from St. Petersburg, II 410
expulsion of Jews from, continued, II 413;
causes emigration to Western Europe and America, II 410, 413, 420
visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 418
synagogue of, closed (1892), II 423
Minor, rabbi of M., and Schneider expelled from, II 423 f
conversion of synagogue of, into charitable institution ordered by Alexander III., II 424
"Marranos" in, II 425
request of Jews of, to open synagogue for Coronation services, refused, II 112
complete fashioning of synagogue of, ordered (1897), III [13] f
Jewish merchants left in, persecuted and expelled, III [14] f
new settlement of Jewish merchants in, prohibited (1899), III [15]
International Congress of Medicine held in, III [15]
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III [109]
Grand Duke Sergius, governor-general of, assassinated, III [110]
Russian laborers from, assist in Zhitomir pogrom, III [115]
armed uprising in (December, 1905), III [131]
Troitza monastery, in vicinity of, II 203
Minor, rabbi of, II 203, 423 f
Pobyedonostzev, professor at University of, III [245]
Russ, newspaper in, deprecates sympathy with pogrom victims, II 278
headquarters of People's Freedom, revolutionary party, II 279 f
Moscow News criticises Imperial Messenger for connivance at pogroms, II 279
Bogolyepov, professor in, anti-Jewish minister of Public Instruction, III [27] f
Mitroplolit, head of Russian Church, resides in, III [125]
Moser, see Mesirah
Moses, king of Khazars, I 26
Moses, of Kiev, early Jewish scholar, corresponds with Gaon in Bagdad, I 133
Moses, rabbi of Great Poland, confirmed in office by Polish king (1518), I 104
Moses Ben Abraham, rabbi, author of Polish pamphlet defending Jews, II 98
Moskal, nickname for Russians among Poles, III [36]
Motele, see Mordecai
Moyetzki, Polish priest, anti-Jewish writer, I 96
Moyshe (Moses), Jewish martyr in Zaslav, I 177
Mstislavl (government of Moghilev), anti-Jewish riot at, stopped by Peter the Great, I 248
Jews of, accused of mutiny (1844), II 85 ff
Jews of, threatened with public whipping, II 383
Munich (Bavaria), Max Lilienthal born in, II 52
Municipalities (Magistracies), autonomy of Polish M. guaranteed by Magdeburg Law, I 44
subject Jews to economic restrictions, I 70, 74 f
of several cities combine against Jews, I 75
form compacts with Kahals, I 84 f
obtain right of excluding Jews, I 85
arrogate jurisdiction over Jews, I 93 f
Jews engaged in litigations with, I 171
Jews placed under control of (1768), I 267
Russian Government regulates relation of Jews to (1785 ff), I 308 ff
Jewish merchants of White Russia admitted as members of (1783), I 310, 367 f
Jews complain against oppression of, I 311 f
hostility of Christian burghers bars Jews from, I 320, 369 ff
Jewish membership in, restricted to one-third, I 368;
(1836), II 41;
(1870), II 199, 425
Jews of Lithuania declared eligible to (1802), I 369
Jews of Lithuania barred from (1805), II 41
participation of Jews in, discussed by special Government Committee, II 198 f
Jews of Pereyaslav invited to resign from, II 266
Jews take conspicuous part in, II 425
Jews deprived of votes in (1892), II 425 f
local authorities ordered to appoint Jewish members, II 426

League for Equal Rights calls on Jewish appointees in, to resign (1905), III [112]
Jewish Government appointees resign, III [113]
combined deputation of Zemstvos and M. favors universal suffrage, III [122]
See Kahals and Zemstvos
Muravyov, Minister of Justice, misrepresents facts of Homel pogrom, III [101]
Muravyov, Michael, governor-general of Vilna, subdues Poles, II 183
appointed military dictator of six governments, II 188
pursues policy of Russification, II 188, 239
Muravyov, Nikita, leader of "Northern" revolutionaries, I 410
limits political rights of Jews to Pale, I 413
Musar (Ethical Literature), name explained, I 201
flourishes in Poland, I 201 f
Muscovy, see Moscow, principality of
Mysticism, see Cabala
Nagartava, agricultural Jewish colony, pogrom at, III [35]
Nahman, of Belzhytz, see Jacob of Belzhytz
Nahman, of Bratzlav, hasidic leader, I 382
makes pilgrimage to Palestine, I 383
deprecates rationalism, I 383 21
dies at Uman, I 383
grave of, visited annually by devotees, II 122
adherents of, persecuted by other Hasidim, II 122
Nahman, of Horodno, disciple of Besht, I 227
Nahman, of Kosovo, disciple of Besht, I 227
Nahum, see Nohum
Names, Jews of St. Petersburg ordered to use mutilated first N. (1890), II 397 f
Jews prohibited from using Russian first N. (1893), II 427
Naphtali, of Minsk, Hebrew author, I 201
Napoleon, creates duchy of Warsaw, I 297 f
"Code of N." introduced into duchy of Warsaw, I 298
"suspensory decree" of (1808), duplicated in duchy of Warsaw, I 299
announces to Jews of Europe convocation of "Great Synhedrion," I 346
marches towards Russia (1806), I 347
influence of, over Jews feared by Russian Government, I 347
presented by Russian authorities to Jews as enemy of Judaism, I 348
denounced by Holy Synod as "savior" of Jews, I 348 f
wins friendship of Alexander I., I 350 f
invades Russia (1812), I 354
meets with sympathy of Poles, I 355
Russian Jews prejudiced against, I 356 f
marches through Palestine, I 383
Narodnaya Vola ("The People's Freedom"), revolutionary party, II 279;
see Revolution
Narodnichestov ("Populism"), II 222;
see Revolution
Narol (Volhynia), massacre at (1648), I 149
Naryshkin, Russian dignitary, opposes Jewish suffrage, III [122]
Nathan, successor of Nahman of Bratzlav, II 122
Nationalism, Jewish, preached by Smolenskin, II 233 ff
growth of, in Russia, II 372
rise of, III [40] ff
National-cultural Autonomism (spiritual nationalism), II 327, 332, III [41], 51 ff, 144
effect of, on Jewish Labor Movement, III [57]
national emancipation (and self-determination) demanded by League for Equal Rights, III [112], 133
calling of Russian-Jewish National Assembly decided upon by League, III [133]
national-cultural Jewish institutions prohibited and suppressed, III [160] f
strength of, III [163]
Nationalist Society, organization of Russian Black Hundred, III [114]
Neidthart, city-governor of Odessa, assists pogrom, III [129]
Nekhludov, member of Committee for Amelioration of Jews, favors emancipation of Jews, II 196 ff
Nemirov, see Niemirov
Neo-Hebraic Literature, see Hebrew
Nesselrode, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, forwards memorandum on Jews to Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398
discusses plan of settling Russian Jews in Algiers, II 69
Nestor, Russian chronicler, refers to Jews, I 31
Nesvizh (government of Minsk), Solomon Maimon born in vicinity of, I 239
Simeon Volfovich, opponent of Vilna Kahal, imprisoned in, I 276
Eliezer Dillon, Jewish deputy, native of, I 358
Netter, Charles, sent by Alliance Israélite to help emigrants in Brody, II 269
Neu Freie Presse, Vienna daily, Dr. Herzl acts as correspondent of, in Paris, III [42]
Neuman, rabbi in St. Petersburg, member of Executive Committee of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214
Nevel, Jews, driven from villages, huddled together in, I 407
New Israel, Jewish sect in Odessa, II 334 f
New Jersey, Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 374
New Russia, see Russia, New
New York, Max Lilienthal accepts post as rabbi in, II 59
Joseph Jacobs settles in, II 287
Cox, Congressman from, addresses Congress on persecutions in Russia, III [284] f
protest meeting against pogroms held in, II 296 f
Jewish emigrants settle in, II 374
Shalom Aleichem dies in, III [62]
place of publication, II 290, 297
Nicholas I., emperor of Russia (1825-1855), II 13-153
policy of, foreshadowed by Alexander I., I 390
character of reign of, I 391, II 13, 140 f
era of, depicted by Mendele Mokher Sforim, III [61]
coronation of, celebrated by Hebrew poet, II 135
ascends throne through resignation of brother, II 13
suppresses uprising of Decembrists, I 410, II 13
characterizes Jews as "leeches," II 14
plans to de-Judaize Jews through military conscription, II 15 f
signs Conscription Ukase (August 26, 1827), II 17
decrees expulsions of Jews, II 30 ff
rejects plea for postponement of expulsion, II 33
rejects recommendations of Council of State in favor of Jews, II 35 ff
signs "Statute concerning Jews" (1835), II 39
sentences Jews with expired passports to penal service, II 42
subjects Hebrew books to censorship (1836), II 42 ff
dissolves "Society of Israelitish Christians," I 400
interested in conversion of Jews, II 44 f
appoints Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews (1840), II 49
places Jewish schools under Government supervision (1842), II 56
orders opening of Government schools for Jews (1844), II 57 f
expels Jews from 51-verst zone (1843), II 62
approached on behalf of Jews during stay in England, II 63
German Jews plan gift to, II 67
receives Moses Montefiore, II 68
prohibits Jews from leaving Pale, II 70
interested in spreading agriculture among Jews, II 71 f, 197, III [24]
closes synagogues in Velizh on ritual murder charge (1826), II 78
believes ritual murder accusation, II 78 f
warns Commission of Inquiry, at Velizh, against exaggerations, II 80
sanctions acquittal of Velizh Jews (1835), II 82
reiterates belief in ritual murder, II 83
inflicts severe punishment on Jews of Mstislavl, II 86
deports Jewish printers to Siberia, II 123
orders "assortment" of Jews (1851), II 142 f
prohibits Jewish dress (1851), II 144 f
issues draconian conscription measures (1850), II 147;
(1853), 148 f
appoints committee to investigate blood accusation (1854), II 151, 203
eclipsed by Alexander III., II 354
See "Nicholas Soldiers"
Nicholas II., emperor of Russia (1894-1917), III [7]-169
reign of, characterized, III [7]
ascends throne, III [7]
pledges himself to uphold autocracy, III [8]
thanks Jews for address of welcome, III [8]
surrounds himself with reactionaries, III [9]
influenced by Pobyedonostzev, III [9] f
objects to abrogation of Pale, III [11]
Jews of Moscow restrained from celebrating coronation of, III [12]
economic collapse of Russian
Jewry during reign of, III [22] ff
Jews barred from liquor trade, III [22]
calls Hague Conference, III [35] disappoints hopes of liberals, III [66]
appoints Plehve, III [67]
hatred of, toward Jews, intensified by Kishinev massacre, III [93]
grants trifling privileges to Jews on birth of heir-apparent, III [99]
makes partial concession to revolution (1904), III [106]
orders shooting of demonstrators (January, 1905), III, 106 f
forced to make further concessions (February 18, 1905), III [110]
patronizes Black Hundred, III [113] f
receives deputation of Zemstvos and municipalities, III [122]
defers consideration of Jewish question, III [123]
abets counter-revolutionary pogroms (October, 1905), III [127]
pursues double-faced policy, III [130]
receives deputation of Black Hundred, III [131]
dissolves First Duma, III [135], 139
objects to mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III [141]
changes electoral law, III [142]
expresses confidence in Black Hundred, III [149]
pardons pogrom perpetrators, III [150]
wears ostentatiously badge of Black Hundred, III [151]
ratifies restrictive school norm of 1887 (1908), III [157]
extends school norm to Jewish "externs" (1911), III [159]
witnesses assassination of Stolypin at Kiev, III [164]
checks pogrom at Kiev, and
stirs up Beilis case, III [165]
"Nicholas Soldiers," term explained, II 29
forbidden to live outside Pale, II 29
permitted to live outside Pale (1867), II 29, 172
Nicholayev (government of Kherson), Jews expelled from (1829), II 32 f
excluded from Pale and closed to Jews (1835), II 4
included in Pale by Alexander II., II 172
pogrom at (April 19, 1899), III [34];
(October, 1905), III [128]
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III [128]
Niemen, river, Lithuanians settled on banks of, I 59
part of Jewish Pale, I 317

Niemirov (Podolia), Khmelnitzki massacre at (1648), I 146 f
pogrom at, commemorated annually, I 152
Jacob Joseph Cohen, rabbi of, I 227, 230
name of, used as substitute for Kishinev, III [79]
Nietzscheanism, preached by Hebrew writer, III [60]
Nikitin, Russian-Jewish writer, quoted, I 315
Nisselovich, Jewish deputy to Third Duma, III [153]
collects signatures for abrogation of Pale, III [156]
Nissi, king of Khazars, I 26
Nizhni-Novgorod, Jews permitted to visit fair of (1835), II 40
pogrom at (1884), II 360 f
Nobility, in Poland, see Shlakhta
Nohum, of Chernobyl, hasidic preacher and leader, I 232, 382; II 119
Nordau, Max, Zionist discourses of, discussed in Russia, III [47]
denies future of diaspora, III [52]
Norov, Minister of Public Instruction, suggests admission into Russian Interior of Jewish graduates of Russian schools (1857), II 163
North-West (Lithuania and White Russia), rabbinism of, contrasted with Hasidism of South-west (Ukraina and Poland), I 199, 221, 274
Hasidism weak in, I 371 f;
and different from Hasidism of South-west, I 233 ff
Kahals in, stronger than in South-west, I 274, 379
Notkin, see Shklover
Novaya Ushitza (Podolia), Jews of, accused of collective crime, II 84 f
Israel of Ruzhin implicated in case against Jews of, II 121
Novgorod, Jews of Kiev emigrate to, I 36 f
Jews of Vitebsk exiled by Russians to (1654), I 154
Novgorod-Seversk, former name of government of Poltava, I 321
included in Pale (1794), I 317
Novo-Moskovsk (government of Yekaterinoslav), pogrom at (1883), II 360
Novoshelski, burgomaster of Odessa, favors admission of Jews to municipal government, II 199
Novosiltzev, Nicholas, Russian Commissary in Poland, II 16
warns against imposing conscription on Jews, II 16 f
proposes plan of reorganization of Polish Jews, II 92 f
plan of, discussed and rejected by Polish Council of State, II 93 f
Novosti ("The News"), liberal paper in St. Petersburg, II 379
suppressed for expressing sympathy with Moscow exiles, II 407
Novoye Vremya ("The New Time"), St. Petersburg daily, adopts anti-Semitic policy, II 205
becomes organ of reaction, II 247
advocates repression of Jews, II 278, 381
commends pogrom at Warsaw, II 282
exerts anti-Jewish influence on Government circles, II 380
read by Alexander III., II 380
attacks Rothschild of Paris, II 410
utilizes Dreyfus Affair for attack upon Jews, III [32]
report of Shpola pogrom in, quoted, III [33]
Suvorin, publisher of, produces anti-Semitic play, II 38
libels Jews in Russo-Japanese war, III [95]
Nyeshava (Polish, Nieszawa), Diet of, adopts anti-Jewish "Statute" (1454), I 63
"Statute" of, confirmed by Piotrkov Diet (1496), I 64
Nyevakhovich, Judah Leib (Lev), author of Russian pamphlet on Jewish question, I 386 f
becomes Russian playwright, I 388
embraces Christianity, I 388
descendants of, occupy prominent Government positions, I 388
Nyezhin (government of Chernigov), pogrom at (1881), II 267;
(October, 1905), III [129]
Obadiah, king of Khazars, I 26;
invites Jewish sages from Babylonia, I 21
Oblavas, or raids, on Jews of Moscow, II 403
on Jews of Kiev, III [20]
Obolanin, procurator-general of Senate, gives anti-Jewish instructions to Dyerzhavin, I 229
Obolenski, member of Council of State, favors Jewish franchise, III [122]
Octobrists, conservative Russian party, name explained, III [153]
demand exclusion of Jews from office of Justice of Peace, I 156
Odessa, Jewish families in, converted to Christianity, I 400
Jewish model school in, II 52, 133, 137
Lilienthal kindly received by Jews of, II 56
Bezalel Stern, resident of, appointed on Rabbinical Commission, II 57
center of Haskalah, II 132 f
pogrom at (1871), II 191 ff, 215 f;
effects of, II 216, 239
burgomaster of, advocates admission of Jews to municipal government, II 199
Pirogov, school superintendent of, encourages Jewish cultural aspirations, II 207, 209
branch of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment established in, II 215 f;
discontinued as result of pogrom, II 216
ha-Melitz, published in, II 217
Jewish periodicals in Russian published in, II 219
Smolenskin removes to, II 234
Lilienblum settles in, II 237
Osip Rabinovich, founder of Russian-Jewish literature, resides in, II 238
Government emissaries prepare pogrom in, II 248
pogrom at (May, 1881), II 257 f
Jewish students of, organize self-defence, II 258
"New Israel," Judeo-Christian sect, founded in, I 334
center of "Love of Zion" movement, II 376
headquarters of Palestine Relief Society, II 422
Jews of, warned by city-governor, II 383
visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 418
growth of pauperism among Jews of, III [24]
pupils of Jewish Agricultural School in vicinity of, barred from land ownership, III [25]
Order Bne Moshe founded by Ahad Ha'am in, III [49]
ha-Shiloah edited in, III [58], 162
Jews of, organize self-defence (1904), III [96]
Grigoryev, city-governor of, prevents pogrom, III [97];
dismissed, III [151]
chief-of-police of, fired at by Jew, III [107]
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III [109]
Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogrom, III [114]
pogrom at (October, 1905), III [128] f
Jewish self-defence of, sentenced by court-martial, III [150] f
Jews of, assaulted by Black Hundred, III [151]
governor-general of, condemns Jews, II 276
Gurko, governor-general of, suggests restrictive school norm, II 339
governor of, recommends forbidding Jewish emigrants to return to Russia, II 414
Odoyevski, Count, advises Catherine II. concerning admission of Jews into Russia, I 259
Ofen, see Buda
Offenbach (Germany), Jacob Frank settles in, I 220
Olbia, on Black Sea, Jewish settlement in, I 14
Old-Constantine (Staro-Constantine), see Constantinov
"Old Testament Believers," term of assimilated Polish Jews, II 96, 100 ff
Oleshnitzki, Zbignyev, archbishop of Cracow, denounces Casimir IV. for protecting Jews, I 62
starts campaign against Jews, I 62 f
dictates anti-Jewish "Statute" of Nyeshava, I 63
Omsk, Territory of (Siberia), lands in, set aside for Jewish colonists, II 71
Oppenheim, German-Jewish painter, stops painting ordered for Nicholas I., II 67
Orlov (government), "Judaizers" in, I 402
Orlov, Count, president of Council of State, urges punishment of Jews accused of ritual murder, II 162
Orsha (government of Moghilev), pogrom at, III [128]
Orshanski, Ilya (Elias), Russian-Jewish writer, II 238 f
Orshanski, Dr., brother of former, reports interview with Ignatyev, II 284 f, 297
Oryol (city), Jews expelled from, II 264
anti-Semitic play produced at, III [38] f
Ostrog (Volhynia), Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
Cossack massacre at (1648), I 149
bombarded by Russian army (1792), I 292
Jewish conference at (1798), I 324
Rabbis of:
Solomon Luria (Reshal), I 125
Samuel Edels (Maharsho), I 129
David Halevi (Taz), I 130
Naphtali Cohen, I 204
Ostropol, Samson of, Cabalist and martyr, I 148 f
Ostropoler, Hershel, "court-fool" of Tzaddik Borukh Tulchinski, I 348
Ostrov, at extreme end of Jewish Pale, II 70
Ostrovski, Anton, commander of National Guard in Warsaw, II 106
defends Jews, II 107
Ottocar, of Bohemia, Jewish charter of, serves as model for Boleslav of Kalish, I 45
Otyechstvennyia Zapiski ("Records of the Fatherland"), radical Russian magazine, records Jewish question as economic problem, II 325
quoted, II 325
Oxman, Jewish informer, II 84
Padua, Polish Jews study medicine at University of, I 105, 132
Pahlen, Count, chairman of "Pahlen Commission," II 336 f
Pahlen, governor of Vilna, suggests removal of Jewish disabilities, III [93]
Pale of Settlement (Russian, cherta osyedlosti), foreshadowed in decree of May 7, 1786, restricting Jews to annexed White Russia, I 314 f
enlarged as result of second partition of Poland (1793), I 316 f
formally sanctioned by Law of June 23, 1794, I 317
enlarged as result of third partition of Poland (1795), I 317 f
Courland added to (1795), I 321
defined in Statute of 1804, I 342
Kiev excluded from (1827), II 31 ff
Courland [and Livonia] excluded from (1829), II 32
Sevastopol and Nicholayev excluded from (1829), II 32
accurately defined in Statute of 1805, II 39 f
Nicholas I. watches over strict maintenance of, II 70
number of Jews and Jewish artisans in, II 168
Commission for Amelioration of Jews considers thinning out of (1871), II 193
gubernatorial commission appointed for every government of (1881), II 273
Ignatyev refuses to add to, II 285, 306
Rostov and Taganrog excluded from (1887), II 346
admission of Jews to schools in, restricted to 10% (1887), II 350;
restriction placed on Statute books (1908-1909), III [157] f
admission of Jews to universities in, restricted to 7%, II 29
disproportionately large number of Jewish recruits in, II 355 f
congestion in cities of, II 385
Jews in, compared with prisoner in cell, II 389
Moscow refugees driven into, II 406
visited by United States commissioners, II 407
visited by Arnold White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 417
Yalta excluded from (1893), II 428 f
governor of Vilna recommends abrogation of, III [11]
zealously maintained under Nicholas II., III [16], 20 f
growth of pauperism in, III [23] f
localities in, barred to Jews in 1882, reopened to them (1903), III [80] f
preservation of, affirmed by Third Duma (1908), III [154]
one hundred and six Duma deputies favor abrogation (1910), III [156]
exclusion of Jews from villages in, see Villages
See also Interior, and Residence, Right of
Palestine, Teutonic Order originates in, I 63
Cabalists of, influence Polish Jewry, I 134
Sabbatian propaganda carried on in, II 205
mass emigration of Polish Jews to (1700), I 209 f
Shneor Zalman accused of collecting money for, I 376
Nahman of Bratzlav makes pilgrimage to, I 383
Lelevel, Polish historian, promises Polish help in restoration of, II 108
restoration of Jews to, preached by Smolenskin, II 236;
advocated by Levanda, II 240
Bilu pioneers emigrate to (1882), II 321 f
beginnings of Jewish colonization in, II 322
"Lovers of Zion" establish colonies, in, III [42]
Jewish national center in, championed by Lilienblum, II 328 ff;
and, as an alternative, by Pinsker, II 331
expulsion from Moscow stimulates emigration to, II 416
attempt at mass emigration to (1891), II 421 f
feeble results of colonization in, III [42]
colonization of, made part of Basle program, III [44]
modern Hebrew writers in, III [163]
See also Zionism
Palestinophilstvo, Russian name for "Love of Zion," II 328;
see also Zionism
Pan, noble landowner in Poland, name explained, I 93
Panticapaeum, see Kerch
Pardes, Hebrew annual, III [58]
Paris, Sanchez, Jewish court-physician in St. Petersburg, removes to, I 258
Berek Yoselovich pays visit to, I 294
"Jewish Parliament" meets in, I 346 ff; III [53]
Rothschilds of, II 69, 375, 407, 410
Lelevel, Polish historian, refugee in, II 107
Polish refugees in, II 108
anti-Semitism among Polish refugees in, II 109
Alliance Israélite Universelle in, II 189, 194, 297, 322
Plehve's secret circular made known in, II 381
Moscow refugees arrive in, II 408
Jewish Colonization Association in, sends deputation to Pobyedonostzev, III [10]
Herzl resides in, III [42]
Paskevich, Russian viceroy in Poland, pacifies Poland (after 1831), II 109
Moses Montefiore communicates with, II 68
Altaras of Marseilles negotiates with, II 69
Passek, governor-general of White Russia, questioned by Senate concerning Jewish law courts, I 310
restricts Jews of White Russia in economic pursuits, I 310 f
Passover, Christian, see Easter
Passover, lawyer, member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., II 261
Passports, Jews with expired P's. severely punished, II 42
Jews found without P's. sent into army, II 148 f
Jewish P's. examined in St. Petersburg, II 343
Jewish emigrants relieved from tax on, II 418
disabilities imposed by P. Regulations of 1894, II 427
Paul IV., pope, encourages anti-Jewish policy in Poland, I 86
Paul I., emperor of Russia (1796-1801), I 321-334
includes Courland in area of Jewish settlement, I 321
imposes restrictions on Jews of government of Minsk, I 323
Jews of Volhynia prepare to send deputation to, I 324 f
dispatches Dyerzhavin to White Russia, I 328 f
releases Shneor Zalman from prison, I 376
receives denunciation against Hasidim, I 378
Arakcheyev prominent in military affairs during reign of, I 395
Pavlovsk, District of (government of Voroneyezh), "Judaizing" sect spreads in, I 401
Pavluk, Cossack leader, instigates attacks upon Jews, I 144
Pavolochi (province of Kiev), Jews of, accused of ritual murder, I 178
Pecheneges succeed Khazars in Crimea, I 29
Pechera Monastery, in Kiev, Abbot of, preaches hatred toward Jews, I 31
"People's Freedom" (in Russian, Narodnaya Vola), revolutionary party, responsible for assassination of Alexander II., II 279
pursues anti-Jewish policy, II 279 f
Perekop, gulf and isthmus of, I 13, 29
Peretz, rabbi of Bohemian Community in Cracow, I 104
Peretz, Abraham, of St. Petersburg, assists Jewish deputies, I 338
acts as Jewish Maecenas, I 386
converted to Christianity, I 388
Peretz, Gregory, son of former, Russian revolutionary, I 412
Pereyaslav (province, or government of Poltava), Cossack massacre at (1648), I 145
pogrom at (1881), II 265 f
Perez, I. L., editor of Yiddish magazine, III [59]
Yiddish and Hebrew writer, III [61] f, 162
Perl, Joseph, Hebrew writer in Galicia, II 126 f
Perm (Central Russia), Jewish cantonists driven to, II 25
Perovksi, Russian statesman, considers emigration of Russian Jews to Algiers, II 69
Persia, Khazars make inroads into, I 19
Jewish merchants travel through, I 23
Pestel, Paul, leader of early Russian revolutionaries, I 410
discusses Jewish problem, I 410 ff
favors establishment of separate Jewish Commonwealth, I 412
Peter, Carmelite monk in Lublin, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 100
Peter I., The Great, emperor of Russia (1688-1725), extends influence of Russia over Poland
refuses to admit Jews into Russia, I 246 f
prejudiced against Jews, I 247 f
stops military riot against Jews, I 248
admits Jewish financiers to St. Petersburg, I 248
quoted in favor of barring Jews from Russia, II 35 f
originator of penalty by Spiessruten, II 85
Peter II., emperor of Russia (1727-1730), permits Jews to visit fairs in Little Russia, I 250
Peter III., emperor of Russia (1761), dethroned by Catherine II., I 259
Peterhof, near St. Petersburg, Plehve killed on way to, III [97]
Jewish franchise discussed at conferences in, III [122]
Petersburg, see St. Petersburg
Pethahiah, of Ratisbon, Jewish traveller, I 29
refers to Russia, I 32 f
Petrograd, Greco-Jewish inscription kept in Hermitage at, I 15
Russian Mitropolit resides at, II 125; see St. Petersburg
Pfefferkorn, Jewish convert, II 189
Phanagoria (Taman Peninsula), Jews settled in, I 14, 18
Philadelphia, Marcus Jastrow accepts post of rabbi in, II 179
place of publication, III [51]
Philippson, Ludwig, founder of Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums, II 67
corresponds with Max Lilienthal, II 67
serves as model for Russian-Jewish publicists, II 219
Philipson, David, quoted, I 54
Philosophy, Jewish, studied in Poland, I 132 f
opposed by Joel Sirkis, I 133
reflected in doctrine of Besht, I 225 f
imbedded in doctrine of Shneor Zalman, I 374, 382
opposed by Rabbinism, I 381
regarded as destructive by Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383
Phineas, of Koretz, disciple of Besht, I 227
descendants of, II 123
Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, hopes for conversion of Crimean Jews, I 18
Physicians, Jewish, in Poland, attacked by Christian physician, I 96
originally natives of Spain or Italy, I 131 f
study at University of Padua, I 105, 132
at Polish court, I 132, 136
at Russian court, I 258
in White Russia, I 331, 386
admitted to residence in Russian Interior and to civil service (1861), II 165, 167
excluded from civil service, III [27]
Physicians, Jewish, in Russian army:
number of, restricted, II 319 f
first to be mobilized in Russo-Japanese war, III [94] f
families of mobilized P. expelled, III [95]
accused of revolutionary propaganda, III [156]
Piast, progenitor of Piast dynasty in Poland, I 40
Piatoli, secretary of Polish king, assists Jews, I 291
Pidyon, contribution of Hasidim, term explained, II 119
Pikolski, monk at Lemberg, conducts agitation against Jews, I 174
Pilpul, method of talmudic dialectics, fostered in Poland, I 119 f
carried from Bohemia to Poland, I 122
opposed by Solomon Luria, I 256
grafted upon by Cabala, I 135, II 117
shunned by Elijah of Vilna, I 236
Pinkasevich, Jacob, Jewish martyr in Posen, I 175
Pinsk, important community in Lithuania, I 73
Jewish community of, represented in Lithuanian Waad, I 112
Avigdor, rabbi of, I 377 f
Pinsker, Leon, editor of Sion, II 220
author of Autoemancipation, II 330 f
ideas of, affect "Love of Zion" movement, II 332
becomes its leader, II 376, III [42], 49
elected president of Society for Granting Relief in Syria and Palestine, II 422
contrasted with Herzl, III [43]
Pinsker, Simha, father of former, teacher in Odessa school, II 133
Piotrkov, Diet of (1496), confirms anti-Jewish Statute, I 64;
restricts commercial rights of Lemberg Jews (1521), I 75
Sigismund II. confirms liberal Jewish Statute at Diet of (1548), I 83
Church Synod of, passes anti-Jewish "Constitution" (1542), I 82 f

Crown Tribunal of, tries ritual murder cases, I 95 f;
and Jews accused of blasphemy, I 164 f
Jewish communities in province of, destroyed, I 156
Tobias Feder, Hebrew writer, native of, I 388
Pirhe Tzafon, Hebrew periodical in Vilna, II 136
Pirogov, Nicholas, Odessa physician, friend of Jews, II 207, 209
Piryatin (province of Poltavia), Cossack massacre at (1648), I 145
Pisarevski, instigator of Kishinev pogrom, commits suicide, III [91]
Pisaryev, radical Russian writer, influences Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 209
influences M. L. Lilienblum, II 238
Plehve, Russian assistant-minister of Interior, II 379
chief of political police, II 381
objects to Jewish participation in Zemstvos, II 386
chairman of secret anti-Jewish Committee, II 399
suggests expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 402
bars Jews from municipal government, II 425
appointed Minister of Interior, III [16], 67
plans to check revolution by pogroms, III [68] f
subventions Krushevan's anti-Semitic paper, III [70]
sends telegram to stop Kishinev massacre, III [75], 97
stifles press protests against Kishinev massacre, III [77]
suspected of sending orders encouraging massacre, III [77]
forbids Jewish self-defence, III [80], 90
forbids Zionism, III [82] f
negotiates with Herzl, III [83] f
plans regulating Jewish legislation, III [92] f
stops expulsion of families of mobilized Jews, III [95]
assassinated, III [97]
urges Russo-Japanese War as anti-revolutionary measure, III [98]
death of, predicted in Voskhod, III [98]
investigation of Homel pogrom started during lifetime of, III [101]
Plotzk (Polish, Plock), city in Poland, I 243
city and province of, annexed by Prussia (1793), I 292
Synod of, passes anti-Jewish resolution (1733), I 171
archbishop of, endorses project of Jewish reforms, I 292
Poale Zion, see Zionism
Pobyedonostzev, Constantine Petrovich, professor at Moscow University, II 245
tutor of Alexander III., II 245
head of Holy Synod, II 245
defends autocratic régime, II 245
member of reactionary Sacred League, II 248
disparages popular education, II 348 f
inspires educational restrictions for Jews, II 349
utilizes railroad accident at Borki for purposes of reaction, III [378]
opposes Jewish participation in Zemstvos, II 386
endorses expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 401
receives gift for ecclesiastic schools from Baron Hirsch, II 415
receives White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 417
recommends him to officials, II 418
condemns Jews as parasites, II 417
bars Jews from municipal self-government, II 425
all powerful under Nicholas II., III [9]
continues fight against Jews, III [9] f
Podol, Jewish quarter in Kiev, pogrom in, II 252 ff
Podolia, part of Red Russia, I 53
subject to Poland, I 140
uprising against Poles in (1648), I 145
regained by Poland (1667), I 159
annexed by Turkey (1672), I 208
returned to Poland (1699), I 208
strip of, annexed by Austria (1772), I 187
annexed by Russia (1793), I 292
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1804), I 342;
(1835), II 39
Jews prohibited from selling cloth in, I 75
Jews massacred by Cossacks in (1648), I 146 ff, 157
part of, forbidden to Jews (1649), I 151
Jews massacred by haidamacks (1768), I 183 ff
Talmudic culture deteriorates in, I 199
Sabbatian movement propagated in, I 208, 210 f
Jacob Frank active in, I 211, 212 f, 216
rabbis of, summoned to disputation with Frankists, I 214 f
difference of intellectual development in, I 221
Besht, founder of Hasidism, active in, I 222, 224 f, 228
Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274
type of Tzaddik in, I 233
conquered by Hasidim, I 371, 383
Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon against Hasidism, I 373
remains hotbed of Hasidism, II 121 f
Jews of, suffer from civil war in Poland (1792), I 292
Shlakhta of, suggests anti-Jewish measures (1798), I 324
Jews of, decide to appeal to Paul I., I 325
Jews of, send delegate to St. Petersburg (1803), I 337
Jews of, invited by Government to elect deputies (1807), I 349
Jews of, protest against discrimination in municipal government, I 369
Jews of, indifferent towards Polish insurrection (1831), II 107
Jewish economic activity in, II 194
pogroms in (1881), II 256; (1882), 299 ff, 304
governor of, favors emigration of Jewish proletariat, II 414
Localities in:
Balta, II 299 ff
Bratzlav, I 288, 383
Kamenitz, I 215, 324
Lantzkorona, I 213
Moghilev (on the Dniester), I 98
Satanov, I 213, 388
Pogroms (under Polish régime), occasioned by Black Death, I 52
at Cracow, I 56 f, 63 f, 97, 102, 161, 166
at Lemberg, I 64
at Posen, I 64, 75, 90, 95, 166
at Brest-Kuyavsk, I 75
at Brest-Litovsk, I 99
at Vilna, I 94, 99
at Warsaw (1790), I 285 ff
occasioned by meetings of provincial diets, or dietines, I 170
perpetrated by Polish irregular troops (1656), I 155 f
suppressed by Sigismund I., I 76
energetically opposed by Stephen Batory, I 90
forestalled by Sigismund III., I 97
prevented by Vladislav IV., I 98
forbidden by diet of Warsaw (1717), I 171
perpetrated by theological students (Schülergelauf), I 161
student P's. forbidden by Mechislav III. (1173), I 42; and condemned by Polish diet, I 166 f
Pogroms (in the Ukraina), under Pavluk, Cossack leader (1637), I 144
under Khmelnitzki, Cossack leader, (1648), I 145 ff
by Haidamacks (1768), I 183
at Uman, I 184 f
Pogroms (under Russian régime), term explained, II 191
perpetrated in Poland by invading Russians (1563), I 243;
(1654), I 153 f, 245
checked by Peter the Great (1708), I 248 at Odessa (1871), II 191 ff;
halts assimilation endeavors, 215 f;
depicted by Smolenskin, II 245;
produces staggering effect on Orshanski, II 239
initiation of policy of (1881), I 247
carefully prepared by Government agents, II 248
Katzaps, or Great Russians, imported for perpetration of, II 248, 256, 359, III [115]
at Yelisavetgrad (April, 1881), II 249 ff
in district of Yelisavetgrad and government of Kherson, II 251
at Kiev (April, 1881), II 251 ff;
effects of, minimized by Government press, II 255 f;
tried in court, II 264 f
new P's. in South Russia, II 256 ff
averted at Berdychev by Jewish self-defence, II 256 f
at Odessa (May, 1881), II 257 f;
Jewish self-defence punished, II 264
believed by peasants to have been ordered by Tzar, II 257
ascribed by Government to Russian revolutionary propaganda, II 259 f, 269, 279
later attributed by it to Jewish economic exploitation, II 261, 315
Government indifferent towards victims of, II 263
perpetrators of, receive slight sentences in court, II 264
outbreak of new P's. in South Russia (summer 1881), II 265 ff
suppressed in Lithuania and White Russia, II 267, 276
replaced there by incendiary activities, II 267
give rise to emigration movement, II 267 f
at Warsaw (December, 1881), II 280 ff;
effect of, on Europe and America, II 283;
London, II, 287;
welcomed by Government "Jewish Committee," II 310
Alexander III. regrets necessity of suppressing, II 284
Jews hold public mourning for victims of, II 286
cause agitation in England, II 287 f
Mansion House Meeting in London protests against (February 1, 1882), II 288 ff
committee to aid victims of, organized in London, II 290 f
perpetrators of, arrested, II 291
at Balta (March, 1882), II 299 ff;
horrors of, II 302 f, terrifies Government, II 314;
tried in court, II 315 f;
produces emigration panic, II 321
discussed by Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg, II 306 f
justified in report of "Jewish Committee," II 309
policy of, abandoned by Government, II 311 ff
perpetrators of, receive severe sentences, II 315 f
Russian press and literature react feebly on, II 325 f
effect of, on Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 326
outbreak of new P's. in South Russia (1883), II 358 ff
at Rostov (May, 1883), II 358;
news of, suppressed, II 358
at Yekaterinoslav (July, 1883), II 358 ff
at Nizhni-Novgorod (1884), II 360 ff;
prompted by greed and prospect of immunity, II 361
referred to by Pahlen Commission, II 367
at Starodub (government of Chernigov, 1891), 411 ff;
displeases Government, II 412
bred in public houses, III [23]
outbreak of new P's. in Russian South and South-west (1897), III [32] ff
stopped by Government on account of Hague Conference, II 35
at Chenstokhov (by Poles), stopped by Russian Government (1902), III [36]
planned by Plehve as counter-revolutionary measure, III [68] f
at Kishinev (April, 1903), III [69] ff;
see Kishinev
at Homel (August, 1903), III [87] ff;
tried in court and misrepresented by Government, III [101] ff
impending P's. stopped by Government (1904), III [96] f
in Russian South-west (August, 1904), III [99]
by mobilized soldiers (September, 1904), III [100]
at Moghilev (October, 1904) III [100] f;
avenged by Jewish youth, III [107]
in government of Vitebsk (October, 1904), III [101]
organized by Black Hundred (April, 1905), III [113] ff
at Bialystok, III [114] f
at Dusyaty (government of Kovno), III [115]
at Melitopol (government of Tavrida), III [115]
at Simferopol (government of Tavrida), III [115]
at Zhitomir (Volhynia), III [115] f;
followed by tragedy at Troyanov, III [116] ff;
misrepresented by Government, III [118]
intensify revolutionary movement among Jews, III [119]
perpetrated by soldiers (summer, 1905), III [119] f
at Minsk, III [119]
at Brest-Litovsk, III [119]
at Syedletz, III [119]
at Lodz, III [119] f
at Bialystok (June, 1905), III [120]
at Kerch (Crimea), July, 1905, III [120];
prepared by Government, III [120]
"October P's." (October 18-25, 1905), III [124] ff;
organized by Black Hundred, with help of Tzar and police, III [125] f;
vast extent of, III [128];
followed by anarchy, III [130] f
at Odessa, III [129];
assisted by police, III [129]
at Nyezhin (government of Chernigov), III [129]
outside Pale (October, 1905), III [130]
participation of Government in, denounced by assembled Russian Jews, III [132]
Jews threatened with, during elections to First Duma, III [135];
to Third Duma, III [153]
discussed by First Duma, III [130] ff;
and condemned in resolution (1906), III [139]
at Bialystok (June, 1906), III [136] f;
investigated and reported upon by commission of First Duma, III [137]
perpetrators of October P. either untried or pardoned, III [150]
planned at Kiev but averted (September, 1911), III [165]
List of pogroms according to cities and governments:
Alexandria (Kherson), III [100]
Ananyev (Kherson), II 251
Balta (Podolia), II 299 ff
Berdychev (Volhynia), II 256 f
Bialystok, III, 114 f, 120, 136 f
Borispol (Poltava), II 267
Chenstokhov (Poland), III [36] f
Chernigov (city), III [128]
Chernigov (government), II 257
Dusyaty (Kovno), III [115]
Homel (Moghilev), III [87] ff
Kularash, III [128]
Kamenetz (Podolia), III [128]
Kantakuzenka (Kherson), III [33]
Karpovich (Chernigov), II 315
Kerch (Tavrida), III [120]
Kherson (government), II 304
Kiev (city), I 32, II 251 ff, III [128], 165
Kiev (government), II 256
Kishinev, III [69] ff, 128
Konotop (Chernigov), II 257
Lodz, III [119] f
Melitopol (Tavrida), III [115]
Minsk, III [119]
Moghilev (city), I 153 f, 245; III [100]
Moghilev (government), III [100]
Mstislavl (Moghilev), I 248
Nagartava, Jewish agricultural colony, III [35]
Nicholayev (Crimea), III [34] f, 128
Nizhni-Novgorod, II 360 f
Novo-Moskovsk (Yekaterinoslav), II 360
Nyezhin (Chernigov), II 267, III [129]
Odessa, II 191 ff, 257 f, III [128] f
Orsha (Moghilev), III [128]
Pereyaslav (Poltava), II 265
Podolia (government), II 256, 304
Polotzk (Vitebsk), I 243
Romny, III [128]
Rostov, II 358
Rovno (Volhynia), III [99]
Saratov, III [130]
Semyonovka (Chernigov), III [129]
Shpola (Kiev), III [33]
Simferopol (Tavrida), III [115], 128
Smyela (Kiev), II 256; III [99]
Starodub (Chernigov), II 411 ff
Syedletz (Poland), III [119]
Troyanov (Volhynia), III [116] ff
Vilna, I 154, 245
Vitebsk (city), I 154, 245
Vitebsk (government), III [101]
Volhynia (government), II 256
Voronyezh, III [130]
Warsaw, II 280 ff
Yekaterinoslav, II 359 f, III [128]
Yelisavetgrad, II 249 ff, III [128]
Zhitomir (Volhynia), III [115] ff
See also Self-Defence

Poklonski, Russian colonel, massacres Jews of Moghilev, I 153 f
Pokutye (Polish, Pokucie), region in Poland, I 150
Polakov, Lazarus, Jewish financier in Moscow, II 400
Polakov, Samuel, Jewish financier in St. Petersburg, participates in Jewish Conference, II 304
discusses Jewish question with Ignatyev, II 305 f
Poland, first partition of (1772), I 262
condition of Jews in, after first partition, I 263 ff, 270
schemes for improving condition of Jews in, I 271 ff, 284
inner life of Jews in, I 274 ff
Hasidism spreads in, I 231 f
problem of Jews in, discussed in Polish literature, I 280 ff
Polish Diet appoints committee to consider Jewish question, I 287 f;
postpones action, I 290
second partition of (1793), and revolution under Kosciuszko, I 292 f
patriotism of Jews in, I 292 ff
third partition of (1795), I 297
reconstituted by Napoleon as Duchy of Warsaw (1807), I 297
equality of all citizens proclaimed in, I 298
Government of, suspends emancipation of Jews (1808), I 299, II 100 f
Government of, passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 300
assimilated Jews of, apply for equal rights, I 300 ff;
and are refused, I 302
Jews of, released from military service (1812), I 304
Jews of, barred from liquor trade (1812), I 304, II 100
French influences among Jews of, I 385 f
growth of Hasidism in, I 384, II 122
Poles side with Napoleon in Franco-Russian War, I 355;
and threaten to massacre Jews and Russians, I 357
reconstituted as "Kingdom of Poland," and assigned by Congress of Vienna to Russia [Russian Poland, or Congress Poland] (1815), I 390
granted complete autonomy by Alexander I., II 88
number of Jews in kingdom of, I 390
Government of, appoints Committee on Jewish Question (1815), II 89
David Friedländer of Berlin submits memorandum on Jews of, II 90
Zayonchek, viceroy of, opposed to Jewish emancipation, II 91 f
Polish Diet unfriendly to Jews of, II 93 f, 99 f
Government of, passes anti-Jewish restrictions, II 94 f
condition of Jews in, discussed in Polish literature, II 95 ff
blood accusation in, II 74; forbidden by Russian Government, II 99
assimilationist tendencies among Jews of, II 100 ff
Kahals abolished in, and replaced by Gminas (1822), II 102
Government of, appoints Committee to Polonize Jews, II 103
anti-Semitism in, II 104 f, 178
Polish insurrection of 1831, II 33, 105
Jews volunteer in revolutionary army of, II 105 ff
Polish writers express sympathy with Jews, II 108 f
Nicholas I. imposes conscription on Jews of (1843), II 109 f
prohibition of Jewish dress in Russia extended to (1845), II 110
Jews of, continue to wear Jewish dress, II 145
influence of Talmud prevails in, II 51
Hasidism firmly established in, II 122 f
Polish insurrection of 1863, II 178 ff, 182 f
patriotic attitude of Jews in, II 179 ff
Jewish disabilities in, removed by Alexander II. (1862), II 181;
and re-established by Alexander III., 367
Jews of, accused of separation, II 195
Poles try to stop pogrom at Warsaw (1881), II 283
Poles perpetrate pogrom on Jews of Chenstokhov (1902), III [36]
Jewish labor movement in, III [55]
Jews of, active in Russian revolution of 1905, III [107]
terrorism in (1905), III [130]
Jews in, intimidated during Duma elections, III [134]
recrudescence of anti-Semitism in (1905), III [166] ff
Jews of, subjected to economic boycott (1912), III [167] f
Jewish life in, depicted by Perez, III [61];
and Ash, III [162]
See also Poland (Great), Poland (Little), Polish Language, Polonization, and Warsaw

Poland, Great, forms feudal principality, I 41 f
Posen leading city of, I 74, 110, 196
part of, conquered by Swedes (1655), I 154 f
part of, annexed by Prussia (1772), I 187;
(1793), I 292;
(1795), I 297
formed by Napoleon into Duchy of Warsaw (1807), I 297
tribunal of, at Piotrkov, I 96
provincial diet of, I 113
Boleslav, prince of, grants charter to Jews of principality (1264), I 45, 51
Jews of, secure ratification of charter (1548), I 83
Jewish communities of, receive charter of autonomy (1551), I 105 ff
"senior rabbis" of, confirmed by Sigismund I. (1518), I 105
represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
federated Kahals of, meet periodically, I 196
Jews of, massacred by Polish troops (1656), I 155 f
Poland, Little, forms feudal principality, I 41 f
Cracow, leading city of, I 74
includes Western Galicia, I 53
part of, conquered by Swedes (1655), I 154 f
annexation of, completed by Austria (1795), I 297
added by Napoleon to duchy of Warsaw (1809), I 297
tribunal of, at Lublin, I 96
"senior rabbis" of, confirmed by Sigismund I. (1541), I 105, 109, 122
represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
federated Kahals of, meet periodically, I 196
Jews of, massacred by Polish troops (1656), I 155 f
Jewish commercial activity held to be injurious to, I 288
Polemics, and Political Literature, between Jews and Christians in Poland, I 136 ff
Police, central department of, in St. Petersburg co-operates with rioters in Kerch, III [120]
abets October pogroms (1905), III [125] f
charged by First Duma with complicity in pogroms, II 136
complicity of, in pogroms disclosed by Urussov, III [138]
Police, Political, known as "The Third Section," term explained, II 21
chief of, appointed on Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews (1840), II 50
crushes revolutionary endeavors, II 140
calls forth terrorism, II 184
distributes anti-Semitic book among detectives, II 204
reports on revolutionary activities of Jews, II 348
Polish Language used for literary purposes by Nahman and Belzhytz, I 136 f
by rabbi of Khelm, I 283
by anonymous orthodox rabbi, II 98
by Jewish weekly, II 213
See also Language and Polonization
Politz, Universal History by, translated into Hebrew, II 134
Pollak, Jacob, of Prague, introduces pilpul method into Poland, I 122
Pollak, of Minsk, offer of, to establish Jewish agricultural colony refused by Government, III [25]
Polonization, advocated by David Friedländer and his followers, I 386, II 90
champions of, advocate abolition of Jewish autonomy, II 100
rabbinical seminary at Warsaw established for, II 103
among Jewish intelligenzia in Poland, II 182
extreme form of, in Warsaw, II 213
Polonnoye (Volhynia), Khmelnitzki massacre in (1648), I 148 f
Jacob Joseph Cohen, rabbi of, I 227, 230
Polotzk (government of Vitebsk), Jews of, drowned by Russian invaders (1654), I 243
Jewish coachmen of, forbidden to drive beyond Pale, II 70
government of, former name for government of Vitebsk;
see Vitebsk (government)
Kahal of, appealed to by Elijah of Vilna against Hasidism, I 373
Polovtzis, succeed Khazars as masters of Crimea, I 29
Poltava (city), Osip Rabinovich, Russian-Jewish writer, native of, II 238
Poltava (region, or government), subject to Poland, I 140
ceded to Russia (1667), I 159
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1835), II 40
Pavluk, Cossack leader, massacres Jews of (1637), I 144
Jews forbidden residence in (1649), I 151;
readmitted (1651), I 152
Jewish communities of, disappear almost entirely (1648), I 157
few Jews survive in (after 1648), I 246
Jews of White Russia settle in, 321
Jews expelled from villages of, II 341
Localities in:
Borispol, II 267
Lokhvitz, I 145
Lubny, I 144, 145
Pereyaslav, I 145; II 265
Piryatin, I 145
Pomerania, annexed by Prussia (1772), I 187, 262
Poniatovski, Stanislav Augustus, king of Poland (1764-1795), reign of, I 180 ff
election of, preceded by change in system of Jewish taxation, I 197
protects Simeon Volfovich, spokesman of Vilna Jewish masses, against Kahal, I 276
receives plan of Jewish reform from Hirshovich, royal broker, I 284
grants solemn audience to Jews, I 290 f
Pontus Euxinus, see Black Sea
Populism (in Russian, narodnichestvo), branch of Russian revolutionary movement, II 222 f
anti-Semitic tendency of, II 279 f
influences Jacob Gordin, II 333
Popiel, ancient Polish ruler, I 40
Popov, member of "Jewish Committee" of Russian Government, I 352
Port Arthur, Jews expelled from, III [94];
and denied right of residence in, III [157]
Posen (Polish, Poznan), leading city of Great Poland, I 42, 74, 110, 116
surrendered by Shlakhta to invading Swedes (1655), I 155
refugees from crusades settle in, I 41
Jews of, petition Casimir IV. to renew charter (1447), I 61
Jews of, petition Sigismund I. to ratify election of rabbis (1518), I 104
Jews of, persecuted on charge of host desecration, I 55, 95
riots in, I 64, 75, 90, 95, 161
Jews of, restricted in economic pursuits, I 74, 95
magistracy of, joins other cities in economic fight against Jews, I 75
Jews of, limited to separate quarter, I 75;
and forbidden to increase number of houses, I 85
rights of Jews of, enlarged by Stephen Batory, I 89 f
Jews of, accused of ritual murder (1736), I 172, 174 ff
Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
exorcism of devils in, I 203
rabbis of:
Naphtali Cohen, I 204
Solomon Edels (Maharsho), I 129
Sheftel Horowitz, I 135, 158
Mordecai Jaffe, I 127
Solomon Luria (Maharshal), native of, I 120
Arie Leib Calahora, preacher in, I 175
Posen, province of, annexed by Prussia (1772), I 187, 262
Polish troops destroy Jewish communities in (1656), I 156
Posner, Solomon, prominent Jew in Warsaw, II 103
Potemkin, Nota Shklover purveyor to army of, I 338
Pototzki (Polish, Potocki), commander of Polish army, I 145
Politzki, voyevoda of Kiev, I 184
Polotzki, Severin, member of "Jewish Committee" of Russian Government (1802), I 335
Politzki, Stanislav, delivers eulogy on Berek Yoselovich, I 303 f
Praga, suburb of Warsaw, attached by Russian Government (1802), I 335
home of Berek Yoselovich, I 294
Prague, capital of Bohemia, visited by Pethahiah of Ratisbon, I 33
Jews attacked by crusaders in, I 41
Mordecai Jaffe, rabbi of, I 127
Pravo ("The Law"), Russian journal, suppressed for protesting against Kishinev massacre, III [77]
protests against court verdict in Homel pogrom, III [103] f
Prayer, importance of, emphasized by Besht, I 226
Hasidim adopt Ari's form of, I 231
Press, Russian, used euphemistically to designate Russian Government, II 386
pursues anti-Semitic policy, II 278, 379, III [31] f
makes no reference to expulsion from Moscow, II 407
liberal P. protests against Kishinev massacre, III [76] f
stifled by Plehve, III [77]
Press, Jewish, in Russia, II 216 ff
in Hebrew, II 217 f, 372, III [58], 162
in Yiddish, III [58] f, 162
in Russian, II 218 ff, 277 f;
yields to press in Hebrew, II 372
Press, Foreign, protest against Jewish disabilities, II 381
reports (together with Russian P.) on anti-Semitic exploits of Russian officials, II 384
denounces expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 407 f
protests against Kishinev massacre, III [77]
See Printing-Presses
Prikahalki, name for minor Kahals, I 108, 193;
see Kahals
Priluker, Jacob, founder of Judeo-Christian sect, II 334 f
becomes Christian missionary, II 335
Printing-Press, Hebrew, of Cracow and Lublin, I 131
of Vilna, II 42, 115, 127
of Slavuta, II 42, 123
of Kiev, II 43;
transferred to Zhitomir, II 43
establishment of, by Russian Government, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333
See Censorship
Professions, restrictions in pursuit of, II 26 f;
see Bar, and Physicians;
also Education and University
Pro-Gymnazium, term explained, III [29];
see Gymnazium
Prokhonvik, Abraham, legendary king of Poland, I 40
Property, Real; see Villages
Propination (Polish, Propinacya), right of distilling and selling liquor, term explained, I 67
carried on by Jews in Poland, I 67;
and Ukraine, I 141
forced upon Jews by economic factors, I 266 f
from Polish pan by Jewish arendar, I 93, 170, 265
connected with other economic pursuits, I 93, 361 f
elimination of Jews from, advocated by Polish reformers (1782), I 272 f, 280;
recommended by Polish Government Committee (1815), II 89;
and demanded by Polish Diet (1818), II 100

law barring Jews from, issued by Duchy of Warsaw (1812), I 304 f;
but vetoed by Alexander I. (1816), II 94
participation of Jews in, defended by Polish officer, II 98
Jews of annexed White Russia hampered in pursuit of (1784), I 311 ff
Polish nobles of annexed Polish provinces advocate elimination of Jews from, I 323 ff
abuses of, set forth by Russian Government Committee (1804), I 341 f
committee appointed to consider elimination of Jews from (1809), I 352 f;
but reports against it (1812), I 353 f
economic mainstay of village Jewry, I 361 f
nobility of White Russia demands elimination of Jews from, I 405;
decreed for villages of White Russia (1823), I 406
occupies central place in economic structure of Russian Jewry, II 72
big Jewish capital transferred from, to railroad, II 186
Government Committee recommends elimination of Jews from (1882), II 310
Government monopoly of, urged as means of removing Jews from villages, III [17]
effects of Government monopoly of, III [22] f
See Villages
Protestantism, see Reformation
Protoyerey, Russian ecclesiastic title, term explained, II 301
Prussia shares in partition of Poland, I 185 f, 262, 292, 297
participates in siege of Warsaw (1794), I 293
rules over Warsaw (1796-1806), I 385
shattered by Napoleon, I 347
represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 f
introduces Jewish reforms in annexed Polish provinces, I 385
Jewish regulations of, serve as model for Russian statesmen, I 331, II 46, 49
Jewish socialist expelled from, II 224
See Berlin
Pshemyshl (Polish, Pszemysl), see Stupnitza
Pskov, Jews exiled from (1654), I 154
situated outside Pale, II 70
Ptolemies, the Jewish center under rule of, I 14
Pulavy, Poland, Jews of, manifest Polish patriotism, I 292
Pushkin, Russian poet, relation of, to Jews, II 138
Pyetukhov, member of political police, exposes complicity of Government in pogrom, III [140]
Quadrennial Diet, see Diet, Quadrennial
Raaben, von, governor of Bessarabia, refuses to stop Kishinev pogrom, III [74] f
sued for damages by Jews, III [92]
Rabbanites, in Crimea, I 28, 34
Rabbinical Commission, appointed by Russian Government (1842), II 56
Jews of Western Europe invited to participate in, II 67
Rabbi Mendel of Lubavich, member of, II 118

Rabbinical Schools (modern), opened by assimilationist Jews in Warsaw (1826), II 103 f
opening of, decreased by Nicholas I. (1844), II 38
pupils of, promised alleviations in military service, II 58
graduates of, intended to supersede former type of rabbis and teachers, II 58, 176
opened in Vilna and Zhitomir (1847), II 59, 174 f
graduates of, act as Government agents, II 212
graduates of, form revolutionary circle, II 223
Levanda, graduate of, II 239
closed (1873), II 177
Rabbinism opposes Hasidism, I 233 f, 235 ff
opposes enlightenment, I 238 f
firmly entrenched during reign of Alexander I., 380
uncompromising attitude of, II 111 ff
Rabbis (and Rabbinate), officially recognized by Polish king, I 101 ff
clothed with wide powers, I 73, 105 ff
bear title of Morenu, I 117
relation of, to Kahal, I 107 f
conferences of, I 108 f
conference of, "tries" demons in Posen, I 203
accused of purchasing offices from pans, I 284
jurisdiction of, limited to religious affairs (1804), I 344
deprived of right of imposing herem (1804), I 344
highly respected by Jews of Russia, II 112
exempted from military service, II 20
reform of, recommended by Council of State, II 49;
by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128;
and by other Maskilim, II 136 f
fanaticism of, attacked by Mapu, II 227 f
See Crown Rabbis
Rabinovich, I., founder of Congregation of New Testament Israelites, II 335
Rabinovich, Osip (Joseph), editor of Razsvyet, II 219 f
author of Jewish novels (in Russian), II 238
Rabinovitz, S., see Shalom Aleichem
Radom, see Shidlovitz
Radzieyevski, Polish sub-chancellor, betrays Poland to Swedes, I 155
Radzionovski, Greek-Orthodox priest, admonishes rioters at Balta, I 301 f

Radziwill, Prince, patron of Saul Wahl, I 94
Radziwill, voyevoda of Vilna, settles dispute between rabbis and Kahal, I 276
Railroads, Jews become interested in, II 186
Rakhmistorvka (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120
Randar, see Arendar
Rashi, works of, studied in Poland, I 117
Ratisbon, see Pethahiah of Ratisbon
Ratner, M., counsel for victims of Homel pogrom, III [102]
member of Central Committee of League for Equal Rights, III [112]
Rav (or Rov), name for rabbi, II 120
Ravski, M., prominent Jew in Warsaw, II 103
Razryaden, "Assortment" of Jews;
see Assortment
Razsvyet ("The Dawn"), Jewish periodical in Russian, II 218, 219 f, 238
resumes publication, after interruption, in St. Petersburg, II 221, 277
publishes statement of Ignatyev inviting Jews to emigrate, II 285
favors organization of emigration movement, II 298
champions "Love of Zion," II 332
discontinued (1883), II 372
appears again in St. Petersburg, III [162]
Razumovksi, president of Russian academy, deplores anti-Jewish prejudice, I 258
Real Estate, see Villages
Rebbe, popular name for Tzaddik, or hasidic leader, II 120;
see Tzaddik
Recanati, Menahem, Italian Cabalist, work of, studied in Poland, I 134
Recruits (and Recruiting), recruiting ukase of 1827, II 18 ff
minor recruits, see Cantonists
Jewish committee, or Kahals held responsible for quota of, II 19 f
oath of allegiance of, marked by great solemnity, II 20
kept apart from non-Jewish recruits, II 21
recruiting (or conscription) trustees of Kahals, II 19 f
turned into police agents, I 22 f;
retained after abolition of Kahal, II 60;
made personally responsible for completion of quota, II 147
sent to recruiting jails, II 24
divorce wives before leaving home, II 28
drafting of "penal" recruits decreed (1850), II 147 f
community of Mstislavl punished by drafting penal recruits, II 86
individual Jews permitted to capture recruits as substitutes (1853), II 148 f
See Military Service and Soldiers
Red Russia, see Russia, Red
Reforms, religious, in Judaism, advocated by Lilienblum, II 236
preached by Jacob Gordin (and others), II 333 ff
reform Judaism attacked by Smolenskin, II 234
Reformation affects unfavorably position of Jews in Poland, I 79 f, 85 ff
stimulates literary polemics, I 135 ff
Polish adherents of, welcome invading Swedes, I 155
fear of, responsible for Jewish tragedy in Cracow, I 164 f
Russian sect of Stundists traceable to influence of, II 333
Reisin, Yiddish writer, III [162]
Renan protests against Jewish persecutions, II 326
Repnin, governor-general of Lithuania, promises to respect Jewish autonomy, I 320
"Republic" (Polish, Rzecz Pospolita), title applied to Poland (after 1572), I 88, 262
Residence, Right of, denied to Jews in towns of ancient Poland;
see "De non Tolerandis Iudæis";
particularly in Warsaw, I 85, 268, 300; II 94 f
tax paid by Jews for, in Warsaw, II 95
all restrictions in, abolished in Poland (1862), II 181;
reintroduced by Alexander III. (1891), II 367
withdrawn from Jews of Ukraina (1649), I 151;
and returned to them (1651), II 152
withdrawn from Jews of Little Russia (1727), I 250
in ancient Russia, see Moscow, principality of
in modern Russia, see Interior, Pale of Settlement, and Expulsions
outside of cities and towns, see Villages
non-Jews plead before Government for grant of, to Jews, I 256, II 319
denied to Jews in health and summer resorts, III [18] ff, 154, 157
See also Capitals, and under Kiev and Moscow

Resolution, term explained, I 253
by Empress Anna, sentencing Borukkov and Voznitzin to death (1738), I 253
by Empress Elizabeth, excluding Jews from Russia (1741), I 257;
referred to by Empress Catherine II., I 259, 261
by Paul I., approving of anti-Jewish restrictions (1797), I 323
by Nicholas I., postponing expulsion of Jews from villages, opposing admission of Jewish merchants to Interior, II 36;
expelling Jews from 50-verst zone, II 62;
limiting Jewish coachmen to Pale, II 70;
closing synagogues in Velizh, II 78;
expressing doubt about existence of ritual murder, II 80;
punishing Jews of Mstislavl, II 86
R's. of Alexander III. assume power of laws, II 339
by Nicholas II., opposing abrogation of Pale, III [11]
Resorts, see Residence, Right of
Restrictions, against Jews, enormous extent of, admitted by Pahlen Commission, II 364
Guildhall meeting in London protests against, II 391
Russian governors favor repeal of, III [93]
regarded by Council of Ministers as cause of revolutionary movement among Jews, III [141]
new R's. decreed by Third Duma, III [156] f
in army, II 319 f, 354 ff
in commerce, see Commerce
in dress, see Dress
in keeping domestics, see Domestics
in education, II 348 ff, III [27] ff;
see Educational Restriction
in language, see Language
in professions, II 352 f, III [26] f
in trades, see Artisans
in rights of residence, see Residence, Right of, also Interior and Pale
Revolutionary Movement, in Russia, unfriendly attitude of, towards Jews, I 409 ff
anti-Semitic tendency of, II 279 f
early pogroms ascribed to influence of, II 259 f, 269, 279
Jews participate in, II 198, 221 ff, 243 f, III [67] ff, 105 ff
Jewish college men join ranks of, II 348;
particularly graduates of foreign universities, III [31]
Jews held responsible for, III [70]
spread of, among Jews, admitted by Russian officials as due to restrictive laws, II 364 f, III [93], 141
participation of Jews in, blamed for pogroms, II 305, III [89] 152;
intensifies anti-Semitism, III [16];
prompts anti-Jewish restrictions at universities, III [28]
pogroms engineered for suppression of, III [66] ff, 137
pogroms intensify spread of, among Jews, III [90]
Zionism prohibited as contributory to, III [82]
intensified after death of Plehve, III [98]
combated by Black Hundred, III [124] ff
Jewish participants in, executed, III [140];
see Bund and Socialism
Rhescupondes, Dynasty of, rulers of Jewish colonies in Crimea, I 14 f
Rhine, the, Jewish immigration into Poland from, I 41
Richelieu, Duke, governor of Kherson, interested in Jewish agriculture, I 303 f
Richter, De, aide-de-camp of Alexander III., receives pro-Jewish petition from Mayor of London, II 393
Riesser, Gabriel, German-Jewish publicist, II 219
compared with Osip Rabinovich, II 238
Riga, magistracy of, protests against contemplated expulsion of Jews (1743), I 256
Jews of White Russia forbidden to settle in, I 313
Max Lilienthal resides in, II 52
Lilienthal's school in, pointed to as model, II 137
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise (1905), III [121]
See also Livonia
Rindfleisch, persecution of, in Germany, drives Jews into Poland, I 50
Riots, see Pogroms
Ripon, Bishop of, addresses Guildhall meeting in favor of Russian Jews, II 391
Rishon-le-Zion, Jewish colony in Palestine, II 322, 375
Ritual Murder Libel (blood accusation), forbidden by Boleslav of Kalish (1264), I 47;
by Sigismund II. (1564 and 1566), I 88;
by Stephen Batory (1575), I 89
frequency of, in Poland, I 95, 172 ff, II 74, 99
General of Dominican Order in Rome warns Poles against (1664), I 165
Polish Jews appeal to pope against (1758), I 179
prohibition of, confirmed by Augustus III. (1763), I 180
supported by sect of Frankists, I 216 f
forbidden in kingdom of Poland by Russian Government (1817), II 99
repeated by Abbé Chiarini in Warsaw, II 104
prejudices Peter the Great against Jews, I 247 f
assumes malign aspect under Nicholas I., II 73
believed by Nicholas I., I 79, 83
affects Jewish legislation in Russia, II 79
refuted by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 131
commission for investigation of, appointed by Nicholas I. (1854), II 151
defended by Lutostanski, II 203 f, 244
Alexander III. gives credence to, II 203, 244
championed by Novoye Vremya, II 205
preached by Krushevan, III [70]
cases of (in Poland):
Bielsk, I 87
Cracow, I 56 f
Lenchitza, I 100 f
Lublin, I 96, 100
Posen, I 172
Ruzhany, I 162 ff
Sandomir, I 172 ff
Zaslav, I 172
Zhitomir, I 178
minor places, I 178
cases of (in Russia):
Dubossary, III [71]
Gordonya, II 247 f
Grodno, II 73
Kiev (Beilis trial), see Beilis
Kishinev, III [71]
Kutais (Caucasus), II 204
Nizhni-Novgorod, II 360 f
Saratov, II 150 ff
Velizh, II 75 ff
Vilna (Blondes trial), III [37]
Rivkes, Moses, of Vilna, Hebrew author, I 200
Rodichev, Duma deputy, denounces Bialystok pogrom, II 137, 139
defends Jews, III [156]
Rodkinson, publishes ha-Kol, II 223
Rogov, Anton, propagates "Judaizing heresy," I 402
Roman Empire, immigration into Western Europe proceeds from, I 13
sovereignty of, acknowledged by rulers of Crimea, I 14 f
menaced by Khazars, I 20
Rome, nuncio Lippomano dispatched from, to Poland, I 86
general of Dominican Order in, defends Polish Jews, I 165
Ambassador of Muscovy at, I 242

Romny, pogrom at (October 1905), III [128]
Ronne and Simon, quoted, I 331
Rosenthal, Leon, founder of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214
Rosenthal, N., leader of Vilna Maskilim, II 136
Rosh-Pinah, Jewish colony in Palestine, II 375
Rosh-Yeshibah, head of Talmudic academy, recognized by Polish Government, I 115 f
position of in Jewish community, I 116 ff
Rossie, mythical philosopher, quoted in support of blood accusation, II 73
Rostov (on the Don), placed outside Pale and closed to Jews, II 346
pogrom at, II 358
Rothschild, Alphonse de, of Paris, refuses to participate in Russian loan, II 408
attacked by Novoye Vremya, II 410
refusal of, infuriates Russian Government, II 417
Rothschild, Edmond de, of Paris, supports Jewish colonization of Palestine, II 375 f, 422
Rothschild, Nathaniel de, of London, member of Committee for Pogrom Victims, II 291
Rothschilds, the, of Paris, offer to pay transportation of Russian Jews to Algiers, II 69
expected to participate in Russian loan, II 407 f
Roumania compelled by Congress of Berlin to emancipate Jews, II 202
Jews of, establish colonies in Palestine, II 375
Rovno (Volhynia), pogrom at, III [99]
Rum, name for Byzantium, I 24
Russ, old name for Russia, I 33;
Red Russia, I 115
Russ, anti-Semitic newspaper in Moscow, II 278, 325
Russia, ancient, see Moscow, principality of, and Kiev, principality of
exercises protectorate over Poland, I 181
Jews expelled from (1741), I 255
shares in partition of Poland, I 186 f, 262, 292, 297, 314
joins Prussia in besieging Warsaw (1794), I 293
represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398
Jews of Poland transferred to, I 241
Jews of White Russia brought under dominion of (1792), I 306 ff
attitude of, towards Jews, I 242 ff
admission of Jews to, favored by Senate and refused by Catherine II., I 259 f
follows traditional Muscovite policy in excluding Jews, I 246 f, 341, II 35 f
institutes Pale of Settlement, I 314
adopts policy of exceptional laws, I 314 ff
Jews loyal to, in Franco-Russian War (1812), I 355 ff
Zionists of, assemble at Minsk Convention, III [45]
importance of Zionism for Jews of, II 146 ff
Russia, Great, laborers from, active in pogroms, II 248, 256, 359
Russia, Little, population of, I 53
ceded to Russia (1654), I 94, 153
annexed by Russia (1667), I 159, 244
Jews barred from, I 246
ritual murder in, I 247 f
Jews expelled from (1727), I 249 f
Cossacks of, protest against exclusion of Jews, I 250
Jews admitted to fairs of, I 250 f
Jews penetrate into, and settle in, I 253, 255
expelled again from (1740), I 254
inhabitants of, protest against exclusion of Jews, I 256
admission of Jews into, favored by Senate, I 257
Empress Elizabeth insists on expulsion of Jews from (1844), I 257
representatives of, plead for admission of Jews, I 260
Catherine II. refuses to admit Jews into, I 261
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1804), 342;
(1835), II 40
Jews of White Russia settle in, I 321 f
Great Russians, or Katzaps, prepare pogroms in, II 248, 256, 359
Russia, New (South Russia), steppes of, inhabited by Cossacks, I 142 f
Jews permitted to settle in (1791), I 316
Karaites of, granted special privileges (1795), I 318
included in Pale (1804), I 342;
(1835), II 40
expelled village Jews beg to be transferred to, I 352
Jews of White Russia settle as farmers in, I 363 f
agricultural immigration into, temporarily stopped (1810), I 365
Government attempts to settle "Israelitish Christians" in, I 400
Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 70 f, 197
Max Lilienthal makes educational tour, through, II 56
represented on Rabbinical Commission of Bezalel Stern, II 57
Odessa, capital of, center of Haskalah, II 132
Vorontzov, governor-general of, defends Jews, II 64 ff
Stroganov, governor-general of, advocates emancipation of Jews, II 168 f
pogroms in, II 249 ff
See Odessa
Russia, Red, occasionally called Russia (or Russ), I 75, 115
corresponds to Eastern Galicia, I 53
forms independent principality, I 53
annexed by Casimir the Great, I 42, 53
Lemberg, leading city of, I 74
invaded by Khmelnitzki, I 150 f
Jews forbidden to sell cloth in, I 75
Jews of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
federated Kahals of, I 196
Solomon of Lemberg, chosen spiritual head of, I 115
voyevoda of, grants constitution to Lemberg Jews, I 191
See Lemberg
Russia, White, Ukrainian bands penetrate into (1648), I 149
invaded by Russian troops (1654), I 153 f, 244 f
annexed by Russia (1772), I 186, 262, 306
divided into two governments (Moghilev and Vitebsk), I 307
becomes Jewish intellectual center, I 159 f
federated Kahals of, I 196
traces of Sabbatian propaganda in, I 205
differs intellectually from South-west, I 221
Hasidism spreads in, I 230, 238, 372;
but excelled by Rabbinism, I 274
distinct character of Hasidism in, I 233 ff
Kahals of, appealed to by Elijah Gaon against Hasidism, I 373
Hasidism in, founded by Shneor Zalman, I 234, 356, II 57;
and represented by his dynasty, II 117
Jews of, penetrate into Moscow, I 245;
and Smolensk, I 249
Russian Government promises Jews of, preservation of ancient liberties (1772), I 306 f, 366
Jews of, numbered and taxed, I 307
internal organization of Jews in, I 308 ff
Kahals of, recognized by Government, I 309;
but restricted to spiritual affairs and collection of taxes, I 313
Jews of, oppressed by Passek, governor-general, I 310 ff
Jews of, appeal to Catherine II., I 311
Jews of, refused permission to settle in Riga, I 313;
and outside of White Russia in general, 315 f
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1804), I 342;
(1835, except villages), II 40
Jews of, immigrate to New Russia, I 364, II 70
famine in (1821), I 329
Dyerzhavin sent as investigator to, I 328 f, 386
Jews of, emigrate to New Russia, I 364; II 70
Jews in, elected to municipal offices, I 368
Jews of, marked by public spirit, I 379
traces of "Enlightenment" in, I 386
new famine in (1821), suggests expulsion of Jews from villages, I 405 f
expulsion of Jews from villages of, decreed (1823), I 406;
and carried out, I 407;
denounced as useless by Council of State (1835), I 407, II 34 f
expelled village Jews of, settle in New Russia, II 70
Jewish agricultural settlements in, II 72
Khovanski, governor-general of, active in ritual murder trial, II 76 ff;
see Velizh
pogroms checked by authorities of (1881), II 267
pogroms spread in, III [87] ff, 100 f;
see Moghilev, Vitebsk, and Villages
Russian Language, the, Jewish literature in, II 238 ff
Jewish writers in, hail from South, II 238
declared native language of Jews by sect "New Israel," II 334
Jewish press in, III [59], 162
Frug, Jewish poet, writes in, III [63]
Jewish science in, III [65]
See also Language
Russian Poland, see Poland
Russians, the, tribe, in land of Khazars, I 22
relation of, to Khazars, I 26, 28
converted to Greek-Orthodoxy, I 31
See Russia
Russification of Jews, under Alexander II., II 174 ff, 206 ff, 215
advocated by Orshanski, II 239;
and Levanda, II 239 f
discarded by Jewish intelligenzia, II 326 ff, III [163]
Russkaya Zhizn ("Russian Life"), newspaper in St. Petersburg, pictures sufferings of Moscow Jews, II 397
Russki Vyestnik ("Russian Herald"), Russian magazine, defends Jews, II 207 f
Russki Yevrey ("The Russian Jew"), Jewish weekly in Russian, in St. Petersburg, II 221, 277
pursues moderate policy, II 332
discontinued (1884), II 372
Russo-Japanese War interrupts labor of Government Commission on Jewish Question, III [93]
participation of Jews in, III [94] ff
Jewish veterans of, granted universal right of residence, III [98] f
Jewish surgeons in, accused of revolutionary propaganda, III [156]
Jewish soldiers in, denied residence in Port Arthur, III [157]
Ruthenians, or Little Russians, the, I 53
belong to Uniat Church, I 141;
see Russia, Little
Ruzhany (province of Grodno), ritual murder case of, I 162
Ruzhin, Israel of, hasidic leader, II 120 f
Rybalenko, alleged victim of ritual murder, III [71]
Sabbatai Zevi, name of, left out by Halperin, contemporary Polish-Jewish chronicler, I 201
Hayyun, emissary of, I 204
Polish Jews respond to claims of, I 204;
and send deputation to, I 206 f
betrayed by Nehemiah Cohen, I 207
Polish Jews loyal to, I 207
Jacob Frank considered reincarnation of, I 212 f, 214;
and follows example of, I 216
See Sabbatians
Sabbatarians, the, "Sabbath observers," "Judaizing" sect in Russia, I 401 ff
Sabbatians, the, adherents of Sabbatai Zevi, movement of, in Poland, I 204 ff
Council of Four Lands objects to, I 196
join adherents of Judah Hasid, I 209
pose as Mohammedans, I 210
continue secretly in Podolia and Galicia, I 210 f
Jacob Frank associates with, I 212 ff
Hasidim accused of continuing work of, I 376
Sack, St. Petersburg banker, member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., II 261
"Sacred League," The, organization of high Russian officials, suspected of assisting pogroms, II 248
Sadogora (Bukovina), Israel of Ruzhin settles in, II 121
hasidic dynasty of, II 121
Safed (Palestine), Ari and Vital, Cabalists, in, I 134, 134
Salant (government of Kovno), M. A. Ginzburg, Hebrew writer, native of, II 133
Salisbury, Lord, English premier, answers interpellation concerning Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 382
Saloniki, center of Sabbatian movement, I 207
Jacob Frank resides in, I 212
Samkers, Jewish city on Taman Peninsula, I 23
Samkrtz (Samkers), locality in Crimea, I 26
Samogitia (Zhmud), Russian province, name explained, I 293, II 133
Samson, of Ostropol, cabalist and martyr, I 148 f
Samoyeds, tribe in government of Archangel, II 367
Samuel Ben Ali, Gaon of Bagdad, corresponds with Moses of Kiev, I 33
San, river, provinces on, invaded by Swedes, I 154
Sanchez, Antonio, Jewish court physician in Russia, I 258
Sandomir (Galicia), ritual murder of, I 172 ff
Jews expelled from, I 173
Saratov (city), ritual murder of, II 150 ff
pogrom at, III [130]
Saratov (government), "Judaizing" movement in, I 401 f
Sardis, city in Asia Minor, Jewish community in, I 14
Sarkel, city in Crimea, I 26
Sarmatians, tribe, I 14
Sassanido, dynasty of, in Persia, I 19
Satanov (Podolia), rabbis assemble at, I 213
Mendel Lewin, Hebrew writer, native of, I 388
Savitzki, convert, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 73
Savory, Sir Joseph, Lord Mayor of London, presides at Guildhall meeting, II 390 ff
signs and forwards to Tzar petition on behalf of Russian Jews, II 392
Savranski, Moses, hasidic leader, II 121
Saym (Polish, Sejm), see Diet
Saymists, the, name of Jewish Socialistic Labor Party, III [145]
Sazonov, Russian terrorist, kills Plehve, III [97]
Schechter, Solomon, quoted, I 27
Schiller, impressed by autobiography of Solomon Maimon, I 240
works of, translated into Hebrew, II 226
Schiltberber, German traveller, refers to Jews in Crimea, I 34
Schluesselburg, near St. Petersburg, prison at, II 97
Schneider, warden of Moscow synagogue, exiled, II 424
School, traditional Jewish, see Heder and Yeshibah
modern Jewish S's. in Odessa (1826), II 133;
and in Riga and Kishinev, II 52
S. of Handicrafts (in Zhitomir) closed by Alexander III. (1884), II 347
large S. fund offered to Russian Government by Baron Hirsch, II 415;
transferred to S's. in Galicia, II 416
Jewish trade S. in Moscow, III [13]
Talmud Torah S. in Moscow, III [13]
sending of Jews to Russian Government S's. urged by Friesel, governor of Vilna, I 327, and Dyerzhavin, I 333
Statute of 1804 permits Jews to attend Government S's., or to open secular S's. of their own, I 344 f
Jews shun secular S's., I 350, 380
graduates of Government S's. exempted from military service (1827), II 20
Council of State criticises traditional Jewish S. (1840), II 48;
and suggests special Government (or Crown) S's. for Jews, II 49
opening of network of Jewish Crown S's. urged by Uvarov, II 51
S. of Lilienthal in Riga serves as model, II 52
Lilienthal commissioned to organize Crown S's., II 56
opening of Crown S's. decreed by Nicholas I. (1844), II 58
attendance at Crown S's. made compulsory, II 58
attendance at Crown S's. stimulated by alleviation in military service, II 58, 164, 174
graduation from Crown S's. made obligatory for rabbis and teachers, II 58
Crown S's. expected to weaken influence of Talmud, II 51, 58
Crown S's. opened (1847), II 59, 174
attendance at Crown S's. insignificant, II 175
Crown S's. closed (1873), II 177
J. L. Gordon and Levanda active as teachers in Crown S's., II 228, 239
Russian Government abandons fight against traditional Jewish S. (1879), II 177
attendance at general Government S's. urged by Russian officials, II 163 ff
Jews begin to flock to Russian S's., II 209
Russian S's. as assimilationist factor, II 209
governors-general of Odessa and Kharkov suggest restrictive percentage for Jews at gymnazia (school norm), II 339
question of S. norm submitted by Pahlen Commission, II 339;
and disapproved by majority thereof, II 348
Dyelanov, Minister of Public Instruction, directed by Alexander III. to frame enactment embodying S. norm, II 339, 349
S. norm decreed by ministerial circular (1887), II 350 f;
without preliminary submission to Council of State, II 349
S. norm results in large number of Jewish "externs," II 351, III [31]
attendance at commercial S's. and gymnazia further restricted (1901), III [29] f
Jewish girls free to attend secondary S's. (gymnazia), but restricted in higher S's., III [30] f
Pahlen, governor of Vilna, advocates separate S's. for Jews (1903), III [152]
S. norm abolished in institutions of higher learning (1905), III [124];
but restored (1907), III [152]
S. norm placed on Statute books (1909), III [158]
many higher S's. barred to Jews, III [158]
S. norm applied to private S's., III [158] f;
and extended to "externs" (1911), III [159]
one hundred Jewish students excluded from Kiev Polytechnicum (1907), III [152]
Jews barred from Military Academy of Medicine (1910), III [156]
See Education, Enlightenment, and University
Schorr, Solomon, follower of Jacob Frank, I 217
Schülergelauf, see Pogroms (in Poland)
Schussberg, Gabriel, describes Cossack massacres of 1648, I 158

Schwartz, informer against Jews, II 48
Schwartz, Russian Minister of Public Instruction, opposed to Jews, III [157] f
Scythians, the, tribe, I 14
Sejm, see Saym
Selek, see Jacob Zelig
Seleucids, dynasty of, I 14
Self-Defence, organized by Jews, in riot at Lemberg (1664), I 161 f
in Posen (1687), I 166
in massacre at Uman (1768), I 184 f
averts pogrom at Berdychev (1881), I 256 f
intensifies pogrom at Konotop (Chernigov, 1881), II 257
checked by police in Odessa (1881), II 258;
and punished in court, II 264
active in pogrom at Warsaw (1881), II 281
forbidden by authorities (during Balta pogrom, 1882), II 300
organized after Kishinev massacre, III [80]
forbidden by Plehve, III [80], 90
active in pogrom at Homel (1903), III [87] ff;
attacked by police, III [88];
arraigned in court, III [102]
Jews of Odessa organize (1904), III [96]
pogroms checked by, at Melitopol and Simferopol (government of Tavrida, 1905), III [115]
displays heroism during pogrom at Zhitomir (1905), III [116] ff
movement for, intensified during revolution of 1905, III [119]
attacked by soldiers during pogrom at Kerch (1905), III [120]
police and soldiers ordered to drive off, III [129]
displays heroism in Odessa pogrom (October, 1905), III [129];
court-martialed, III [150]
Self-Government, Jewish, see Autonomy
local and rural, see Zemstvos
urban, see Municipalities
Selim II., Sultan of Turkey, attended by Jewish body-physician, I 132
Semender (Tarku), city in Caucasus, I 26
Semipalatinsk (territory), in Central Asia, uncivilized tribes of, placed on level with Jews, II 367
Semiryechensk (territory), in Central Asia, semi-civilized tribes of, placed on level with Jews, II 367
Semyonovka (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, III [129]
Senate, the, in Poland, forms upper Chamber, I 167
censures King Sobieski for favoring Jews, I 167
re-established by Napoleon in duchy of Warsaw, I 298
refuses petition of Jews for equal rights, I 301 f
Senate, the, in Russia, recommends death penalty for conversion to Judaism (1738), I 253
decrees expulsion of Jews from Little Russia (1739), I 254
recommends admission of Jews to Little Russia and Livonia (1743), I 257
favors admission of Jews into Russian empire (1763), I 259
sanctions Kahals in White Russia (1778), I 309;
but suddenly questions their legality (1782), I 310;
and restricts them to spiritual affairs and collection of taxes (1786), I 313
restricts Jews of White Russia in liquor trade (1786), I 312
refuses permission to White Russian Jews to settle in Riga, thus laying foundation for Pale (1786), I 313 f
reaffirms Catherine's ukase ordering transfer of village Jews to towns (1797), I 323 f
Friesel, governor of Vilna, forwards suggestions of Jewish reforms to, I 326 f
declares Jews not subject to serfdom, I 328
Dyerzhavin's memorandum on Jews laid before (1800), I 334
loses executive power with creation of Council of State (1801), I 335
case against Shneor Zalman transferred to, I 378
Jewish communal affairs transferred from, to Minister of Ecclesiastic Affairs (1817), I 392
prohibits keeping of Christian domestics (1820), I 404
puts harsh interpretation on decree of Nicholas I. expelling Jews from Fifty-Verst Zone (1843), II 62 f
takes over ritual murder case of Velizh (1830), II 81
sends ukase to governors warning against pogroms (1882), II 313
sets aside misconstruction of Temporary Rules (1884), II 341
sustains law of 1874 denying universal right of residence to discharged Jewish soldiers (1885), II 355
passes upon complaints against misapplication of Temporary Rules, III [17];
and reverses decisions of lower courts, III [18]
sustains expulsion of consumptive Jewish student from health resort, III [19]
sustains practice of confining Jews of Siberia to their places of registration (1897), III [22]
orders second trial of Blondes, III [37]
sustains sentence against Dashevski, assailant of Krushevan, II 82
dismisses complaint of victims of Kishinev massacres, III [92]
receives ukase from Nicholas II. permitting submission of suggestions to Government (1905), III [110]
declares Zionism illegal (1907), III [152]
prohibits Jewish soldiers from residing in Port Arthur, III [157]
"Senior," the, title for elder in Poland, I 72 f, 94
title for chief rabbi in Poland, I 105
Separatism, of Jews, ascribed by Russian Government to their inferior "moral status," II 158
combated by Russian Government, II 190 ff
commented upon unfavorably by Ignatyev, II 273;
by Gubernatorial Commissions, II 275;
and by Pahlen Commission, II 365
Serafinovich, Jewish convert, upholds blood accusation, I 173 f
Serfs, or Khlops, form separate estate in Poland, I 442
S's. of Ukraina, resent Polish rule, I 140
Jews in Ukraina mediators between pans and, I 142
S's. of Ukraina rise against Poles and Jews, I 182
conversion of Jews into, rejected by Polish Diet, I 170
subjection of Jews to serfdom not recognized by Russian Senate, I 328
Sergius, grand duke, appointed governor-general of Moscow, II 400 f
entrance into Moscow of, preceded by expulsion of Jews, II
closes Moscow synagogue, II 423 f
refuses petition of Jews to reopen it, III [12] f
assassinated, III [110]
Serra, papal nuncio, skeptical towards Frankists, I 216
Servia instructed by Berlin Congress to grant equality to Jews, II 202
Service, Military, see Military service
Sevastopol (Crimea), ancient Jewish Community in neighborhood of, I 17
Jews expelled from (1829), II 32
barred to Jews (1835), II 40
reopened to Jews by Alexander II., II 172
thousands of Jewish soldiers fall at (in Crimean War), II 149
consumptive Jewish student marched through streets of, III [19]
Sever, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26
Sforza, see Bona Sforza
Shaftsbury, Earl of, addresses Mansion House meeting in London on behalf of Russian Jews, II 288
Shakhna, see Shalom Shakhna
Shaizari, Ash-, Arabic writer, quoted, I 23
Shak, see Cohen, Sabbatai
Shalom Aleichem (S. Rabinovitz), editor of Jüdische Volksbibliothek, III [59]
Yiddish writer, III [62]
Shalom Shakhna, rabbi of Lublin and Little Poland, I 105, 109
pioneer of Talmud study in Poland, I 122 f
rabbinical conferences initiated by, I 123
responsa of, I 123
Shamir-Khan-Shur, city in Caucasus, I 26
Shantung Peninsula, see Kuantung
Shapiro, Samuel Abba and Phinehas, Russian-Jewish printers, II 123 f
Shargorod (Volhynia), Jacob Joseph Cohen, rabbi of, I 227, 230
"Shabsitzvinnikes," nickname for adherents of Sabbatai Zevi, I 210
Shaving of heads by Jewish women forbidden by Nicholas I. (1852), II 144
Shchebreshin (Polish, Szezebrzeszyn), Meir, Hebrew author, native of, I 158
Shchedrin-Saltykov, Russian satirist, protests against persecution of Jews, II 325 f
denounces Novoye Vremya, I 380
Shcheglovitov, anti-Semitic Minister of Justice, secures pardon for pogrom makers, III [150]
engineers Beilis case, III [165]
St. Petersburg Bar Association protests against, III [166]
"Shebsen," nickname for adherents of Sabbatai Zevi, I 211
Shedletz (Polish, Siedlce), Judah Hasid, native of, I 208
Lukov, in province of, I 287
Sheitel, Jewish name for wig, II 144
Shekel, societies of Sh. prayers organized by Zionists, III [45]
Shidlovitz (Polish, Szydlowiec), near Radom, Poland, home of Judah Hasid, I 208
Shishkov, Minister of Public Instruction, advocates abolition of institution of Jewish deputies, I 395
I. B. Levinsohn applies for subsidy to, II 129
Shklov, rabbis assembled at, condemn Shneor Zalman, I 238
Dyerzhavin sent to, in response to complaints of Jews, I 328
Shklover, Borukh, see Borukh Shklover
Shklover, Nota, of St. Petersburg (family name Notkin), I 338
purveyor to Potemkin's army, I 330
proposes establishment of Jewish colonies near Black Sea, I 331
participates in work of Jewish Government Commission, I 338
Shlakhovski, Baruch, killed in pogrom, II 303
Shlakhta (Polish, Szlachta: Polish nobility), term explained, I 58
forms separate estate, I 44
growing influence of, I 58
favors Jews on account of financial advantages, I 69
controls diets, I 77
attitude of, towards Jews, I 77
granted jurisdiction over Jews of its estates, I 84
elects kings, I 89
usurps power, I 91 ff
resorts to services of Jews, I 93
represented among sect of Socinians, I 91
acts contemptuously towards serfs in Ukraina, I 141 f
surrenders cities to Swedes, I 155
diets, controlled by clergy and S., impose restrictions on, I 160
oppresses Jewish arendars, I 170
tries to turn Jews into serfs, I 170
forces kings to impose restrictions on Jews, I 181 f
exterminated in Ukraina, I 183 ff
Kahals warn Jews against acting as stewards of, I 188
controls Quadrennial Diet, I 278
bars Jews from buying crown lands, I 296
Jews forbidden to acquire estates of (1808), I 300
proposes anti-Jewish restrictions to Russian Government, I 322 ff, 324 ff
hypocrisy of, exposed by Polish writer, II 98
Shleshkovski, Polish physician, attacks Jewish physicians in Poland in anti-Semitic pamphlet, I 96
Shlieferman, Jewish soldier in Saratov, accused of ritual murder, II 151
sentenced to penal servitude, II 152
Shmakov, anti-Semitic lawyer, defends Krushevan, III [82]
appears in Beilis case, III [82]
acts as counsel for Kishinev rioters, III [91] f
Shmerling, of Moghilev, dies while attending Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg, I 304
Shneor Zalman, founder of "rational Hasidism," or Habad, I 234
resides at Ladi (government of Moghilev), I 234, II 117
moves to Lozno (government of Moghilev), I 234, II 117, 33
favors Russian arms in Franco-Russian War, I 356 f
establishes hasidic center in White Russia, I 372
arouses ire of Vilna Gaon, I 374
denounced to Russian Government, I 376
dispatched as prisoner to St. Petersburg and liberated by Paul I., I 376
dispatched again to St. Petersburg and liberated by Alexander I., I 378
author of philosophic work entitled Tanyo, I 374
philosophy of, I 381 f
rejects Tzaddik cult, I 382
Mendel, grandson of, II 57
successors of, II 117 f
See Shneorsohn
Shneor, Hebrew poet, III [162]
Shneorsohn, Mendel, leader of White Russian Hasidim, II 57
establishes residence at Lubavichi, II 117
member of Rabbinical Commission, II 118
forced to approve Mendelssohn's Bible translation, II 118
rejects innovations in Jewish education, II 118 f
Shpola (government of Kiev), pogrom at, III [33]
Shtadlan, representative of Jews before Government, term explained, I 111
officially designated in Poland as "general syndic," I 111, 160
appointed by Council of Four Lands, I 111, 193
secures ratification of Jewish privileges, I 160
presents applications of Polish Jews to King Sobieski, I 167
Shtar Isko, rabbinical form of promissory note, term explained, I 350
Shtiblach, name for hasidic houses of prayer, II 124
Shulhan Arukh, rabbinical code of law, composed by Joseph Caro, I 123
arrangement of, I 128
supplemented by Isserles, I 124
criticised by Solomon Luria, I 125
rivalled by code of Mordecai Jaffe, I 127 f
Polish rabbis write commentaries on, I 128, 130, 200
firmly established in Poland, I 130
amplified by Gaon in Vilna, I 236
Siberia, Jewish prisoners in Russo-Polish War deported to (1654), I 245
"Judaizing" sectarians deported to, I 402 ff
Jewish juvenile recruits, or cantonists, sent to, II 24
failure of Courland Jews to leave province punished by deportation to, II 34
colonization of Jews in, started by Government (1836);
and stopped (1837), II 71
swamps of, considered for Jewish settlement (1882), II 285
accusers of Jews, in ritual murder trial of Velizh, deported to (1835), II 82
accused Jews of Novoya Ushitza (Podolia) deported to (1836) II 85
Jewish printers of Slavuta (Volhynia) deported to, II 123
revolutionaries exiled to, II 243
Jewish revolutionaries exiled to, II 224
governors granted right of deportation to, II 246
criminals sentenced to deportation to, placed in transportation prisons, II 403
"aliens" (semi-savage tribes) in, placed on level with Jews, II 367
Jews of, denied right of movement, III [21] f
Jewish recruits dispatched to, III [94]
Sicilist, vulgar pronunciation for Socialist, III [116]
Sigismund (Polish, Zygmynt), I., king of Poland and duke of Lithuania (1606-1648), favorable to Jews, I 71 f
appoints Jewish tax-farmers in Lithuania, I 72
warns authorities of Posen to respect Jewish privileges, I 74
forbids Jews of Posen to keep stores on market-place, I 74;
and restricts Jews of Posen to separate quarters, I 75
restricts Jews of Lemberg in pursuit of commerce, I 75
prevents anti-Jewish riot in Cracow, I 76
wife of, accepts bribes from Jews, I 76
appoints commission to investigate charges against Jews of Lithuania, I 80
exonerates Lithuanian Jews, I 81
places Jews on estates under jurisdiction of nobles, I 84
appoints Michael Yosefovich "senior," or chief rabbi of Lithuanian Jews, I 72 f, 104
confirms election of other chief rabbis, I 104 f, 122
confers large powers on rabbis, I 73, 104 f
rabbinical conferences meet during reign of, I 109 f
kindness of, to Jews commented upon by Polish writer, II 98
Sigismund (Polish, Zygmunt) II. Augustus, king of Poland (1548-1572), ratifies Jewish privileges, I 83
enlarges and establishes Jewish autonomy, I 83
places Jews on estates under jurisdiction of nobles, I 84
endeavors to stop execution of Jews accused of host desecration, I 86 f
forbids ritual murder and hosts trials, I 88
bestows on Jews of Great Poland charter of autonomy (1551), I 105 ff
confers on Jews right of establishing yeshibahs, and bestows large powers on presidents of yeshibahs, I 115
grants Jews of Cracow monopoly of importing Hebrew books, I 131
attended by Jewish body physician, I 132
writes to Ivan the Terrible demanding admission of Jews to Russia, I 243
last king of Yaguello dynasty, I 88
Sigismund (Polish, Zygmunt) III., king of Poland (1588-1632), I 91
ratifies Jewish privileges, I 93
protects Jews against magistracies, I 94
reaction against "Arian" heresy during reign of, I 91
requires consent of clergy for erection of synagogues, I 98
attended by Jewish court physician, I 136
Silesia, Jews fleeing from Crusades seek shelter in, I 41
Jews own estates in, I 42
John Casimir, king of Poland, flees to, I 155
Solomon Maimon ends days in, I 240
Simferopol (government of Tavrida), pogrom at, checked (April, 1905), III [115]
pogrom at (October, 1905), III [128]
Simeon Volfovich, see Volfovich
Simon, of Trent, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 179
Simon, Sir John, interpellates Gladstone concerning Russian Jews, II 291
Simon, Leon, quoted, III [51], 60
Sion ("Zion"), Jewish periodical in Russian, II 218, 220
Sipyaghin, Russian Minister of Interior, pursues reactionary policy, III [16]
assassinated, III [66]
Sirkis, Joel, called Bah, Polish rabbi and Talmudist, I 130, 206
opposed to philosophy, I 133
Sittenfeld, manager of secular Jewish school in Odessa, II 133
Skarga, Peter, leading Jesuit in Poland, I 90
Skharia (Zechariah) converts Russian priests to Judaism, I 36
Skvir (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120
Slaves, manumission of, among Jews of ancient Crimea, I 15 f
Slavium, Slav tribe, tributary to Khazars, I 26
Slavs, the, tributary to Khazars, I 26
treated tolerantly by Khazars, I 22
throw off Khazar yoke, I 28
German Jews visit lands of, I 33, 39
Slavuta (Volhynia), Jewish printing-press in, II 42 f, 123
Sliosberg, G., counsel for Jewish victims of Homel pogrom, III [102]
members of Central Committee of League for Equal Rights, III [112]
Sloboda, older name for government of Kharkov, I 251
Slutzk, Jewish community of, represented on Lithuanian Waad, I 112
Smith, Charles Emory, United States Minister at St. Petersburg, II 395 f
Smolensk, Polish king appoints Jewish convert starosta of, I 73
visited by Jewish merchants of Poland and Lithuania, I 242
colony of White Russian Jews in, I 249
Borukh Leibov, resident of, converts captain of navy to Judaism, I 249, 251
visited by Jewish merchants of White Russia, I 315 f;
but Jews barred from settling in, I 316
anti-Semitic play produced in, III [38]
Smolenskin, Perez, editor of ha-Shahar, II 218, 234
Hebrew writer, II 234 ff
theory of Judaism by, II 235 f
joins "Love of Zion" movement, II 232
Smorgoni or Smorgon (government of Vilna), home of Menashe Ilyer, II 114
Jewish labor movement in, III [55]
Smyela (government of Kiev), pogrom at (1881), II 256;
(1904), III [99]
Smyrna, Asia Minor, Sabbatai Zevi appears in, I 205
center of Sabbatian movement, I 206
Sobieski, king of Poland (1674-1696), protects Jews, I 165 f
enlarges autonomy of Jews, I 166
rebuked by Polish diet for protection of Jews, I 167
protects Jewish tax-farmer Bezalel, I 167
upholds authority of Waads, I 194
Socialism (and Socialists), in Russia, propaganda of, in Hebrew, II 223 f
rise of, among Jews, III [55] ff
championed by "League of Jewish Workingmen" ("Bund"), III [56]
combined with Zionism by Poale Zion, III [57], 145
represented in Russia by Social-Democrats and Social Revolutionaries, III [66], 119
Jews active in both wings of, III [67]
extreme wing of, resorts to terrorism, III [66], 109 f
Socialists and Zionists organize self-defence at Homel, II 87
spread of, among Jews blamed for pogroms, III [89]
gains in Second Duma, III [142]
losses in Third Duma, III [153]
Jewish socialists refuse co-operation with other Jewish parties, III [144]
socialistic factions among Jews, III [145]
socialistic candidate elected in Warsaw with help of Jews, III [167]
See Bund and Revolutionary Movement
Society of Israelitish Christians, designed for conversion of Jews, I 396, II 74
Alexander I. looked to, for solution of Jewish problem, I 399
endeavors of, futile, I 400
disbandment of, recommended by Golitzin (1824), I 400
disbanded (1833), I 400
Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment established in St. Petersburg (1867), II 214 f
branch of, established in Odessa, II 215 f
accused by Brafman of forming part of World Kahal, II 316
employs J. L. Gordon as secretary, II 229
adopts resolution demanding constitution for Russia, III [111]
creates new type of Jewish school, III [160]
Society for Granting Assistance to Jewish Colonists and Artisans in Syria and Palestine legalized by Russian Government (1891), II 421 f
Socinians, the, Christian rationalistic sect in Poland, I 91, 136
Socinus, Faustus, founder of Socinian sect, I 91
Sokhachev, host trial in, I 86 f
Jews of, display Polish patriotism, I 292
Sokolov, Russian lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims of Kishinev pogrom, III [91];
and of Homel pogrom, III [102]
Sokolow, Nahum, editor of ha-Tzefirah, III [60]
joins political Zionism, III [60]
Soldiers, Jewish, refused right of universal residence by Alexander II., II 171
permitted to remain in St. Petersburg, II 172
forbidden to return to native villages, II 384
forbidden to remain in Moscow, II 404
forbidden to spend furlough outside of Pale, III [21]
stationed in Siberia, III [94]
families of, expelled, III [95]
forbidden to reside in Port Arthur, III [157]
Russian S's. make pogroms, III [100] f
See Conscription, Military Service, "Nicholas Soldiers," and Recruiting
Solkhat (now Eski Krym, Crimea), ancient capital of Tatar Khans, Jewish communities in, I 34 f
Solomon (Shelomo), of Karlin, hasidic leader, I 372
Solomon, of Lemberg, recognized by Polish king as Rosh-Yeshibah, I 115
Solomon Ephraim, of Lenchytaa, criticises system of Jewish education in Poland, I 119 f
Solovaychik, editor of Sion, II 220
Solovyov, Vladimir, Russian historian, quoted, I 247
collects signatures for public protest against persecution of Jews, II 386 ff
appeals to Alexander III. on behalf of Jews, II 388
Sonnenberg, Sundel, of Grodno, represents Jews at Russian army headquarters, I 358
acts as deputy of Russian Jews in St. Petersburg, I 392 ff
deprived of office, I 395
active against ritual murder libel, II 74, 99
South (and South-west), of Russia, forms part of Pale (1835), II 342
Max Lilienthal tours through, II 56
represented on Rabbinical Commission, II 57
Tzaddiks in, II 119 ff
Jewish writers in Russian language hail from, II 238
pogroms in, II 267 f, 209, 258 f, III [99] ff
emigration from, II 297 f
agricultural colonies in, III [24];
see Agriculture;
see also North-west and Russia, White
Spain, Caliphate of Cordova in, I 24
epistle of king of Khazars arrives in, I 27
Jewish physicians in Poland natives of, I 131
offers shelter to Russian Jews, II 268
Spector, Isaac Elhanan, rabbi of Kovno, attends Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg, II 304
Spektor, editor of Yiddish magazine, III [59]
Spencer, Herbert, influences Russian-Jewish intelligenzia, II 209
Speranski, Russian statesman, recommends liberal policy towards Jews, I 399 ff
Statute of 1804 contravenes policy of, I 345
Spiessruten (running the gauntlet), term explained, II 85
applied as punishment, II 85, 123
abolished in 1863, II 85
Spira, Nathan, Cabalist, I 135
Spiritual Biblical Brotherhood, Jewish reform sect in Yelisavetgrad, II 333 f
St. Bartholomew Night, I 89
St. Petersburg, capital of Russia, Jewish financial agents admitted by Peter the Great to, I 248
Borukh and Vornitzin tried at, and burned, I 252 f
delegates of Gubernatorial Kahals assembled at (1803), I 337, 386
beginnings of Jewish community in, I 337 f
Committee for Jewish Affairs appointed in (1809), I 352
Finkelstein, delegate of Moghilev Jews, proceeds to, I 363
Shneor Zalman arrested and dispatched to, I 376, 378
Deputies of Jewish People reside in, I 393 f, II 74
temporary residence in, permitted to Jewish merchants (1835), II 40
Jews illegally residing in, severely punished, II 42
"harmful" Hebrew books ordered sent to, II 43
Max Lilienthal invited to, II 53
Rabbinical Commission summoned to, II 56, 118
influential Jews of Western Europe invited to, II 67
visited by Moses Montefiore, II 68
visited by Altaras of Marseilles, II 69
Congregation Board of Warsaw sends deputation to, II 110
Baron Joseph Günzburg presides over Jewish community of, II 152
influential Jews of, apply for equal rights, II 159 f
Jewish physicians barred from, II 167
Jewish soldiers in body-guard of, permitted to remain in, II 172
Lutostanski, accuser of Jews, welcomed in, II 203
Illustratzia, Russian magazine in, attacks Jews, II 207 f
Jewish intellectuals in, II 214
Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment established in, II 214 f
Russian-Jewish press in St. Petersburg, II 221, 332 f, 59, III [77], 162
Yiddish press in, III [59], 162
Hebrew press in, see ha-Melitz
Alexander II. assassinated in, III [243]
governor of, granted wide discretionary powers, II 246
emissaries from, prepare pogroms in South, II 248
Jewish community of, presided over by Baron Horace Günzburg, II 260
English Jew expelled from, II 262
Jews of, forbidden to collect pogrom fund, II 263
Conference of Jewish Notables in (1881), II 277;
(1882), II 299, 304 ff
Jewish demonstration against pogroms in, II 286
Dr. Drabkin, rabbi of, interviews Ignatyev, II 305
Jews of Balta, send deputation to, II 316 f
Jews expelled from, II 319
Jews of, persecuted by Gresser, city-governor, II 343 ff, 397 f
admission of Jews to educational institutions of, limited to 3%, II 350, III [158]
Jews prominent at bar of, II 352
Jewish notables of, consulted by Pahlen Commission, II 369 f
British ambassador at, assured of discontinuation of Jewish persecutions, II 382
Jews of, harassed anew, II 385
Solovyov collects signatures for public protest against Jewish persecutions in, II 387
petition of Guildhall meeting in London sent to, II 392
American Minister at, instructed to exert influence on behalf of Jews, II 395
Russkaya Zhizn ("Russian Life"), paper in, depicts Jewish sufferings, II 397
Novosti ("The News"), paper in, confiscated for defending Jews, II 407
expulsion of all Jews from, contemplated, II 410 f
visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 416 f, 419
Central Committee of Jewish Colonization Association established in, II 420
Jewish Colonization Association sends deputation to, III [10]
Jews of, submit memorandum to Government, III [11]
Jews of, ask permission to acquire land for agriculture, III [24]
new educational restrictions in, III [30]
"Smugglers," anti-Semitic play, produced in, III [38]
Znamya ("The Banner"), anti-Semitic paper, appears in, III [70]
Levendahl, Government agent dispatched from, to arrange pogroms, III [71]
visited by Dr. Herzl, III [89]
American ambassadors in, reported to have protested against persecution, III [96]
Plehve assassinated in, III [97]
Conference of Zemstvo workers in, opposes autocracy (1904), III [105]
"Bloody Sunday" in, III [106]
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III [108]
Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment in, demands constitution for Russia, III [111]
League for Equal Rights establishes central bureau in, III [112]
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III [121]
Bogdanovich, general in, assists October pogroms, 111 125
League for Equal Rights holds convention in, III [131]
Jewish parties form permanent council in, III [148]
Jewish Literary Society founded in, III [160] f
Bar Association of, protests against Beilis trial, III [166]
Natives and residents of:
J. L. Gordon, Hebrew poet, II 229
Nyevakhovich, convert, Russian poet, I 386 f
Abraham Peretz, Jewish merchant (convert), I 338, 386, 412
Antonio Sanchez, court physician, I 258
Nota Shklover, Jewish merchant, I 330
St. Petersburg (government), Jews expelled from villages of, I 409
Localities in:
Luga, I 409
Schlüsselburg, II 97
Stage, Russian, anti-Semitism on, III [38] f
Stanislav Augustus Poniatovski, see Poniatovski
Staro-Constantinov, see Constantinov
Starodub (government of Chernigov), Cossack massacre at (1648), I 149
pogrom at (1891), II 411 f
Starosta, high Polish office, name explained, I 69
encroaches on duties of voyevoda, I 46
Lithuanian Jews subject to jurisdiction of, I 60, 94, 104
S. of Sokhachev ordered by king to stop execution of Jews, I 86
S. of Brest supports Kahal, I 190
S. of Kaniev makes sport of Jews, I 169 f
S's. administer Ukraina, I 142
S's. begin to oppress Jews, I 169
determines extent of Jewish autonomy, I 191
Stashitz (Polish, Stashyc), Polish priest and statesman, anti-Semitic author, I 281 f, II 95 f
opposes plan of reform favorable to Jews, II 93
Statistics, of Jews, in Poland, I 66, 187, 263 f, 390
in Russia, II 341, 415
in White Russia, I 307
in Pale, II 168
of Jewish first-guild merchants in Pale, II 162
of Jewish artisans in Pale, II 168
of Jewish economic activity in Russian South-west, II 194
of Jews in agrarian pursuits, III [24]
of Jewish recruits, II 355 f

of Jewish physicians in Russian army, III [95]
of Jewish pauperism, III [23] f
of Jews expelled from Russia, I 254, 258
of Jewish emigration to United States, II 373, 421, III [148]
of Jewish emigration to Argentina, II 419
Statute, "Lithuanian S." (1566), I 87
"S. concerning the Organization of the Jews" (1804), I 342 ff;
criticized by Jewish representatives, I 349 ff
"S. of Conscription and Military Service" (1827), II 18 ff, 29;
extended to Poland (1843), II 109;
leaves inner life of Jews unchanged, II 48
Military S. (1874), II 199 ff, 355
"S. on the Jews" (1835), II 28, 33, 34 ff, 39 ff;
fixes age of marriage, II 112;
fails to assimilate Jews, II 47
"S. concerning Zemstvos Organizations" (1864), admits Jews to local self-government, II 173
"S. concerning Zemstvos Organizations" (1890), bars Jews from local self-government, II 385 f
Municipal S. (1870) limits admission of Jews to one-third and bars Jews from office of burgomaster, II 198 f
"S. concerning Enforced Public Safety" (1881), II 246
See Charter
Stavropol (government), nomads of, placed on level with Jews, II 367
Stephen Batory, see Batory
Stern, Abraham, Jewish scholar and mathematician in Warsaw, II 103
Stern, Bezalel, principal of modern Jewish school in Odessa, II 57, 133
Stillman, Jewish workingman, fires at Odessa Chief of Police, III [107]
Stolypin, Russian Minister of Interior, answers interpellation concerning pogroms, III [136], 138
appointed Prime Minister, III [138], 140
attacked by terrorist, III [140]
promises mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III [141]
controlled by League of Russian People, III [151]
excludes Jewish students from Kiev Polytechnicum, III [152]
stops expulsion of Jews from Interior, III [154]
becomes more reactionary, III [156] f
determines to uproot alien cultures in Russia, III [159] f
assassinated at Kiev, III [164]
Strakhov, Russian official entrusted with conduct of Velizh ritual murder case, II 76 ff
Strashun, Mattathiah, Talmudist and Maskil in Vilna, II 136
Strelnikov, Russian public prosecutor, calls upon Jews to leave Russia, II 264 f
Strigolnik, Carp, founder of Strigolniki sect, I 36
Strikes adopted as revolutionary weapon, III [125] f
arranged by "Bund," III [130]
Stroganov, Russian Minister of Interior, advocates liberal attitude towards Jews, II 47
Stroganov, Count, governor-general of New Russia, advocates emancipation of Jews, II 168 f
Studzienski, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 178 f
Stundists, the, rationalistic Christian sect in Russia, II 333
Jacob Gordin influenced by, II 333
Stupnitza, near Pshemyshl (Galicia), ritual murder libel at, I 178
Sub-Starosta, Polish official, Jews subject to jurisdiction of, I 60;
see Starosta
Subbotin, Russian economist, points out pauperism in Pale, III [23]
Sudak, locality in Crimea, subject to Khazars, I 26
Sugdas, locality in Crimea, subject to Khazars, I 26
Summer Resorts, Jews barred from, III [18] f
bill admitting Jews to, rejected, III [154]
Jews expelled from, III [157]
See Residence, Right of
Superstition rampant in Poland, I 203 f
Supreme Secret Council, official body in Russia (18th century), I 249 f
Surgeons, see Physicians
Suvar, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26
Suvarov, Russian general, attacks Praga, suburb of Warsaw, I 296
Suvorin, editor of Novoye Vremya, II 380
produces anti-Semitic play, III [38]
Svyatopolk II., prince of Kiev (1093-1113), favors Jews, I 32
Svyatopolk-Mirski, governor-general of Vilna and later Russian Minister of Interior, pursues liberal policy, III [99], 105
dismissed, III [107]
Svyatoslav, prince of Kiev, defeats Khazars, I 28
Swedes, the, invade Poland, I 154 ff
Switzerland, Zionist Congresses held in, III [44]
Syech, name of Cossack Republic, I 143
Syedletz (Polish, Siedlce), pogroms at (1905), III [119], 140 f
Syn Otyechestva ("Son of the Fatherland"), Russian magazine, protests against pogroms, III [35]
Synagogue, in Bosporus, I 15 f
erection of, in Poland, requires royal permission, I 98
building of new S's., in Poland, forbidden (1720), I 171
erection of, near church in Russia, forbidden (1835), I 41
S's. in Moscow closed, II 397
Great S. of Moscow closed, I 423 ff, III [12]
Jews fight for preservation of Moscow S., III [12] ff
Synhedrion, convoked by Napoleon, I 298, 351
convocation of, viewed with suspicion by Austria and Russia, I 346 ff
represented by Russian Government both as anti-Jewish and anti-Christian, I 348
influences Jews of Warsaw, I 386
fatal error of, in denying Jewish nationality, III [53]
creation of, in Russia, advocated by Dyerzhavin, I 333
convocation of, in Russia suggested by Pestel, Russian revolutionary, I 412
Synod, the, see Church Council
Synod, Holy, in Russia, issues circular against Napoleon, I 348
deals severely with "Judaizers," I 402 f
appoints Brafman, Jewish informer, instructor of Hebrew, II 187
presided over by Pobyedonostzev, II 245; III [9] f
Syria, emigration of Jews from, to Tauris, I 16
Taganrog (government of Yekaterinoslav), excluded from Pale, II 346
Talmud, the, studied by Khazars, I 21
study of, pursued by early Russian Jews in Germany, I 33
predominant factor in Jewish education, I 114 ff
study of, stimulated by Jewish autonomy, I 121 ff
reigns supreme in Russia and Poland, I 195, 221, 264, 198 ff, 380, II 51
rejected by Frankists, I 214 f
burned at Kamenetz-Podolsk, I 215
importance of study of, minimized by Besht, founder of Hasidism, I 224 ff
arrogance of students of, attacked by Besht's disciple, I 230
neglected by Hasidim, I 235
burning of, recommended by Polish reformers, I 282
opposed by Frank of Kreslavka, Jewish Mendelssohnian, I 331
regarded by Russian Council of State as source of Jewish suffering, II 47
accused by Uvarov of demoralizing Jews, II 51
weakening and uprooting of, aimed at by Nicholas I., II 58, 66
criticised by David Friedländer, II 90
assailed by Abbé Chiarini in Warsaw, II 104
defended by I. B. Levinsohn, II 131
injuriousness of, emphasized by Russian Commission, II 195
attacked by Lutostanski, II 204
conceived by Lilienblum as factor in Jewish reform, II 236
attacked by Gubernatorial Commissions, II 275
rejected by New Israel Sect, II 334
Talmud Torah, Jewish public school in Poland, I 114, 118
maintained by Waads, I 195
in Moscow, placed in Synagogue, III [13]
Talno (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120
Taman Peninsula, Greek city-republic on, I 14
Samkers, Jewish city on, I 23
owned by Guizolfi, Italian Jew, I 36
Tannaim, names of, collected by Polish rabbi, I 200
Tanyo, philosophic work by Shneor Zalman, I 372, II 117
Tarashkevich, anti-Semitic priest in Velizh, II 77
Targovitza (Polish, Targowica), confederacy of, between Russians and Poles (1792), I 292
Tarku (Semender), Caucasian city, subject to Khazars, I 26
Tarnopol (Galicia), Meir of, Hebrew author, I 201
Tarsus (Asia Minor), Jewish community in, I 14
Tatars, the, Russia under dominion of, I 29
conquer Crimea, I 33
Jews of Crimea under rule of, I 34 ff
T. of Lemberg granted autonomy by Casimir the Great, I 53
barred from office and from keeping Christian domestics in Lithuania, I 87
invade Polish border provinces and combated by Cossacks, I 142 f
form alliance with Cossacks under Khmelnitzki, I 144 ff, 150
spare Jewish prisoners, I 145, 157, 205
take Jews of Polonnoye captive, I 148
cause spread of Mohammedanism, I 254
Tauri, or Taurians, tribe, I 13 ff
Taurian Bosporus, see Kerch
Taurian Chersonesus, see Bosporus
Tauris, northern shores of Black Sea, I 13
immigration of Jews into, I 13 ff
Khazars move towards, I 19
bishops of, try to proselytize Khazars, I 20
remnant of Khazar kingdom in, I 28
ruled by Pechenegs and Polovtzis, I 29
retains name Khazaria, I 29
in relations with Kiev, I 33 ff

Tavrida (region, or government), extent of, I 13
Jews permitted to settle in (1791), I 316 f
Karaites settled in, I 318
included in Pale (1835), II 40, 428
pogroms in, III [115], 120, 128
Cities in:
Kerch, III [115], 120
Melitopol, III [115]
Simferopol, III [115], 128
Mylta, II 428 f
Tax, under Polish régime, paid by Jews to Church, I 57 f
paid by Jews to Catholic academies (called Kozubales), I 161, 166
Polish king conditions protection to Jews on payment of, I 84
collected by Jews on estates of Shlakhta, I 93
apportioned by Waads and collected by Kahals, I 107, 181, 189 f, 197 f
Council of Four Lands declines responsibility for collection of, I 194
increased (1717), I 169
changed into individual T. of two gulden per head (1764), I 197
raised to three gulden per head (1775), I 267
disproportionately assessed by Kahals, I 275
Jews of Minsk complain about abuses in collection of, I 275
paid on taking possession of real estate, I 190
paid for right of sojourn in Warsaw, I 269, II 95
imposed on Jews in lieu of conscription (1817), I 95;
(1831), I 107
Tax, under Russian régime, per capita T. of one rubel imposed on Jews of White Russia (1772), I 307
Kahals of White Russia charged with collection of, I 309
Jews of annexed Polish provinces required to pay double T. (1794), I 318
payment of double T. confirmed by Paul I., I 321
Karaites relieved from payment of double T., I 318
payment of double T. by Jews commented upon by "Jewish Committee" (1804), I 341
manufacturers and artisans relieved from payment of double T. (1801), I 344
Jewish deputies plead for abolition of double T., I 349
Kahals in Courland organized for collection of, I 321
estates, subject to payment of (so-called taxable estates), hindered in right of transit, I 322
alleviations in payment of, promised to converts, I 397
in lieu of conscription, I 318;
II 15, 20
irregularity in payment of, punished by conscription, II 19
modification in payment of, suggested by Council of State, II 49
Kahals limited to conscription and collection of (1844), I 60
revenue from meat or basket T., called Korobka, placed under control of Russian authorities (1844), I 61
"auxiliary basket T." (on immovable property, etc.), instituted, II 61
levied on Sabbath candles for maintenance of Crown schools, I 61 f
levied on traditional Jewish dress in Russia (1843), II 110;
extended to Poland, I 110, 144
T. on passports waived in case of Jewish immigrants, I 418, 420
basket T. represented as Jewish system of finance, II 194
abuses of basket T. depicted by Mendele Mokher Sforim, II 232
Pahlen Commission inquires about purposes of basket T., II 370
use of basket T. for defraying emigration suggested by Russian official, II 420
basket and candle T. for non-Jewish purposes, II 426 f
basket T. used to defray night raids upon Jews, III [20]
Tax Farming (and Tax Farmers), Jews engage in, in Poland, I 44, 67, 69, 71
in Lithuania, I 60, 65
forbidden by Church Councils, I 49
opposed by petty Shlakhta, I 77
forbidden by Piotrkov Diet of 1538, I 77 f
Shlakhta forces king to bar Jews from, I 182
law barring Jews from, upheld by rabbis, I 110
Kahals call upon Jews to refrain from, I 188
Jews from White Russia engage in, in Smolensk, I 249
class of Jewish tax farmers in Russia, II 72
Individual tax farmers:
Bezalel, I 167
Borukh Leibov, I 249
Abraham and Michael Yosefovich, I 73
Yosko, I 71
Saul Yudich, I 94
Teachers, Jewish, see Heder and School
"Temporary Rules" of May 3, 1882, known as May Laws, genesis of, II 309 ff
contents of, II 312
effect of, II 318 f
old settlers permitted to stay in villages under, II 16
misconstrued to apply to old settlers, II 340 ff
check agriculture among Jews, III [24] f
Tennyson, English poet, expresses sympathy with Russian Jews, II 258
Teplitz, T., prominent Jew of Warsaw, II 103
Terentyeva, Mary, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 75 ff
exiled to Siberia for false accusation, II 82
Territorialism accepts idea of Pinsker's Autoemancipation, II 332
rise of, III [41]
born out of Zionist organization, III [185]
secedes from Zionist organization, III [144]
Terrorism, rampant under Alexander II., II 243
favored by Social-Revolutionary party, III [66], 109 f
Jews take small part in, III [67]
acts of, committed by Jews, III [107]
rampant in Poland and Baltic provinces (1905), III [130]
used as pretext for pogroms, III [136]
intensified after dissolution of First Duma, III [140]
Tetyev (government of Kiev), massacre at, I 184
Teutonic Order, the, name explained, I 63
engages in war with Poland, I 63
Theodosia, see Kaffa
Theodosius II., emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 18
Theodosius, Abbot of Kiev monastery, persecutes Jews, I 31
Theophanes, Byzantine writer, quoted, I 18
"Third Section," the, see Police, Political
Thorn (Polish, Torun), annexed by Prussia (1793), I 292
Tiberias (Palestine), visited by Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383
Tiflis (Caucasia), anti-Semitic play produced at, III [38]
Tikhanovich, chief of political police in Syedletz, engineers pogrom, III [140]
thanked by governor-general of Warsaw, III [141]

Tilsit, Peace of (1807), leads to establishment of duchy of Warsaw, I 297
affects policy of Alexander I. towards Jews, I 350
Tlusta (Galicia), Besht settles in, I 223
Tobias, of Ruzhany, martyr, I 162 f
Tobolsk (government), lands in, set aside for colonization of Jews, II 71
Toledo (Spain), Jacob ben Asher rabbi of, I 118
Tolstoi, Demetrius, Minister of Interior, II 314
adopts energetic measures against pogroms, II 315
anti-pogrom circular of, quoted by United States Minister, II 293
destroys plans of Pahlen Commission, II 370
takes into consideration economic importance of Jews, II 428
Tolstoi, Leo, preaches "Going to the People," II 222
keeps silent on Jewish persecutions, II 325
preaches doctrine of non-resistance, II 371
protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 387 f
condemns Kishinev massacre, III [76]
protests against atrocities of Russian Government, III [149]
Tomsk (Siberia), pogrom against intellectuals at, III [128]
Tosafists, the, name explained, I 117
Rabbi Eliezer, of school of, quoted, I 43
work of, studied in Poland, I 117
method of, followed by Solomon Luria, I 125
Totleben, Russian governor-general of Vilna, opposes settling of Jews in villages, II 276
checks pogroms, II 276
Tovyanski (Polish, Towianski), Polish mystic, preaches union of Jews and Poles peoples, II 108
Trades, see Artisans
Trade-Unions, or Trade-Guilds, in Poland, hostile to Jews, I 70, 74
Trans-Caspian Region, Akhal-Tekke, oasis in, suggested for settlement of Jews, II 306
alien tribes of, placed on level with Jews, II 367
Transportation Prisons, term explained, II 403
exiled Moscow Jews placed in, II 403, 405 f

Trepov, Assistant-Minister of Interior, favors Jewish franchise, III [122]
Trepov, Chief of Police, orders suppression of revolution, III [126]
Tribunal, Crown T. in Poland, name explained, I 96
tries ritual murder cases, I 96, 100, 172 f
Troitza Monastery, near Moscow, II 203
Troki (province of Vilna), Crimean Jews settle in, I 35
Jewish community in, I 59
Karaites settle in, I 60
Jews expelled from (1495), I 65
Troki, Isaac, author of anti-Christian treatise, I 137 f
Tromba, Nicholas, archbishop of Gnesen, attends Synod of Constance and presides over Synod of Kalish, I 57
Troyanov (Volhynia), tragic fate of Jewish self-defence at, III [116] ff
Trubetzkoy, Russian commissioner, exonerates Jews of Mstislavl, II 87
Trubetzkoy, professor, head of delegation to Nicholas II., III [122]
Trudoviki ("Laborites"), Bramson, Jewish member of, III [134]
lose in Third Duma, III [153]
Tsushima, Russian fleet destroyed by Japanese in vicinity of, III [119]
Tudela (Spain), Benjamin of, Jewish traveller, I 32
Tugendhold, Jacob, Jewish assimilationist in Warsaw, II 98 f
refutes Abbé Chiarini, II 104
Tugendhold, Wolf, brother of former, censor in Vilna, II 136
Tula (government), "Judaizers" in, I 401 f
Tulchinski, Borukh, see Borukh of Tulchyn
Tulchyn (Podolia), Khmelnitzki massacre at, 146 f
residence of Pestel, Russian revolutionary, II 411
Turgay, Territory of (Central Asia), semi-civilized tribes of, placed on level with Jews, II 367
Turgenieff (Turgeniev), Russian writer, II 210
influences S. J. Abramovich, II 231
keeps silent on Jewish persecutions, II 325
Turish, hasidic center, II 120
Turkey, takes over colony in Kaffa, I 34
Jewish center in, I 66
Polish Jews export goods to, I 68
Jews of Lithuania suspected of preparing to flee to, I 51
raided by Cossacks, I 143
Jewish prisoners of war carried by Tatars to, I 145, 157, 205
lays claim to Ukraina, I 159
Sabbatai Zevi carries on propaganda in, I 205, 210
influence of, on Polish Jewry, I 207 f
annexes part of Podolia (1672), I 208;
returns it to Poland (1699), I 208
Jacob Frank travels about in, I 212;
sent back from Poland to, I 213;
returns to Poland from, I 216
engages in war with Russia (1739), I 253 f
establishment of Jewish State in, suggested by Russian revolutionary, I 412
Moses Montefiore pays visit to, II 68
Bilu pioneers enter into negotiations with, II 322
hampers Palestinian colonization, II 375, 422, III [42]
Dr. Herzl enters into negotiations with, III [45] f
Russian Government promises to exert influence over, in favor of Zionism, II 83
Twenty-One-Verst Zone, see Border Zone
Tver (Central Russia), pogrom against intellectuals at, III [128]
Typography, see Printing-Press
Tzaddik ("The Righteous Man"), title of hasidic leader, rival of rabbi, I 235
revered by Jewish masses, I 274; II 112
controls rabbinate in Russian South-west, I 371
gains foothold in Lithuania, I 372
type of, in Poland, resembles that of Habad, II 123
miraculous stories about, circulate among Hasidim, II 124
firmly entrenched, II 116 ff
forbidden by Russian Government to travel about, II 212
See Tzaddikism and Hasidism
Tzaddikism (cult of Tzaddik), as conceived by Besht, I 227
developed by Baer of Mezherich, I 230
practical consequences of, I 231 f
extreme formulation of, I 232 f
viewed with apprehension by Elijah of Vilna, I 374
triumphant in South-west, I 381
vulgar form of, rejected by
Shneor Zalman, I 382
degeneration of, I 382 f
extermination of, advocated by Kalmansohn, I 385
criticised by Pestel, Russian revolutionary, I 411
attacked by Maskilim, II 210;
see Tzaddik and Hasidism
Tzarmis, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26
Uganda (British East Africa), offered as Jewish settlement to Zionists, III [84] f
Ukase, term explained, I 249;
spelling of word, I 6
Ukraina (Ukraine), name explained, I 140
part of, called Little Russia, invaded and annexed by Russia (1654), I 153, 244 f
divided between Poland and Russia (1667), I 159
Jewish massacres in (1648), I 139 ff
part of, barred to Jews (1649), I 151;
reopened to Jews (1651), I 152
Jews decimated in, I 157
uprisings against Poles and Jews in (18th century), I 182 ff
Jewish massacres in, stimulate propaganda of Sabbatai Zevi, I 205
talmudic culture deteriorates in, I 199
intellectual development of Jews in, differs from that in North-west, I 221
character of Hasidism in, I 232, II 119 ff
type of Tzaddik in, I 233;
differs from that in Poland, II 123
Tzaddik dynasty of Chernobyl widely ramified in, I 382
Jews expelled from (1727), I 249
transfer of Polish Jews to, suggested, I 284
included in Pale (1794), I 317
Galatovski, Ukrainian writer, refers to Sabbatai Zevi, I 205
Russian revolutionaries appeal to Ukrainian people, II 274
Ukrainian cultural institutions suppressed by Russian Government, III [160]
See Russia, Little
Ulrich Von Hutten, epistles of, imitated in Hebrew, II 126
Uman (Polish, Human, province of Kiev), massacre at, I 184
Nahman of Bratzlav dies at, I 383
place of pilgrimage for Bratzlav Hasidim, I 383, II 122
Uniat Church, the, I 141
Union of American Hebrew Congregations appeals to United States Government on behalf of Russian Jews, II 293
"Union of Lublin" (1569), I 88
Unitarians, the, Christian rationalistic sect in Poland, I 136
United States of America, Max Lilienthal emigrates to, II 59
Marcus Jastrow emigrates to, II 179
emigration of Russian Jews to, II 268 f, 297 f, 321, 327 f, 373 ff, 421, III [104]
stirred by Warsaw pogrom, II 283
Government of, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 292 ff, 394 ff, 408 ff
Congress of, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 294 ff, 394
Jewish center in, suggested as alternative by Pinsker, II 331
Jacob Gordin settles in, II 335
Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 374
economic condition of Jews in, II 374
Jewish emigrants in, said to wish for return to Russia, II 393
Government of, sends two Commissioners to Russia, II 407
exiled Moscow Jews emigrate to, II 413, 416
emigration to, embodied in Jewish pogrom of Dubnow, III [54]
agitated over Kishinev massacre, III [78]
Kishinev massacre stimulates emigration to, III [85] f
fear of new Kishinev pogrom intensifies emigration to, III [96]
ambassador of, in St. Petersburg, reported to have protested against Jewish persecutions, III [96]
emigration to, embodied in pogrom of Jewish National Party in Russia, III [147] f
statistics of Jewish emigration to, III [148]
Hebrew writers in, III [163]
University, Polish Jews study at U. of Padua, I 132
"Statute of 1804" admits Jews to Russian U's., I 345
Jewish U. graduates admitted into Russian Interior and to civil service (1861), II 166;
required to possess learned degree, II 165, 167;
requirement dropped (1879), II 167
Jewish U. graduates permitted to keep two Jewish servants in Russian Interior, II 166;
fictitious servants of, II 344 ff
Jews with U. education permitted to live in villages and own property (1904), III [98];
privilege extended to wives and children, III [99]
Jewish U. students suspected of revolutionary leanings, II 348, III [28]
admission of Jews to, restricted (1887), II 350;
placed on Statute books (1908), III [157] f
restricted admission drives Jews into foreign U's, II 351, III [31], 158;
and makes them antagonistic to Government, III [31]
restricted admission to, abolished by professional councils (1905), III [124];
restored (1907), III [152];
placed on Statute books (1908), III [157] f
See Education and School
Ural, territory of, semi-civilized tribes of placed on level with Jews, II 367
Urussov, governor of Bessarabia, and later Assistant-Minister of Interior, favors mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III [93]
discloses personal animosity of Nicholas II. against Jews, III [93]
issues warning against pogroms, III [97]
reveals in Memoirs Plehve's share in pogroms, III [97]
discloses in Duma share of Russian Government in October pogroms, III [126], 138
Ushitza, see Novaya Ushitza
Ussishkin, Russian Zionist leader, III [47]
Ustrugov, deputy-governor of Bessarabia, persecutes Jews, III [70]
assists in arranging Kishinev massacre, VIII [71]
sued by Jews, III [92]
Uvarov, Sergius, Minister of Public Instruction, endeavors to spread enlightenment among Russian Jews, II 46 ff
lays plans before "Jewish Committee," II 50 ff
visits Lilienthal's school in Riga, II 52
negotiates with Lilienthal, II 53
instructs Lilienthal to enter into correspondence with Jewish leaders in Western Europe, II 67
petitioned by Moses Montefiore on behalf of Russian Jews, II 68
plans of, received favorably by Jews of Vilna, II 136 f
See Lilienthal
Valnyev, Minister of Interior, favors admission of Jewish artisans and mechanics into Russian Interior, II 169 f
Vannovski, Minister of War, restricts number of Jewish surgeons in Russian army, II 319 f
accepts post of Minister of Public Instruction and curtails admission of Jews to universities, III [29]
Varta (Polish, Warta), Diet of (1423), restricts commercial operations of Jews, I 58
Varta (Polish, Warta), river, lands on banks of, attract Jews, I 39
Vasa Dynasty, of Swedish origin, rules in Poland, I 91
Vasilchikov, Count, governor-general of Kiev, favors admission of Jewish artisans into Russian Interior, II 168
Veitelson, Marcus, Jewish deputy in St. Petersburg, I 393
Velizh (government of Vitebsk), ritual murder trial at, II 75 ff
Alexander I. passes through, and orders opening of case, II 76
Jews of, acquitted, II 83
Venentit, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26
Venice, Jewish Palestine pilgrims from Poland pass through, I 209
Master Leon, Russian court physician, invited from, I 37
Victoria, Queen of England, recommends Moses Montefiore to Nicholas I., II 68
Vienna, Jewish bankers in, petition Polish king on behalf of Posen Jews, I 176
Jews of, assist Jewish Palestine pilgrims from Poland to reach Constantinople, I 209
Congress of, inaugurates European reaction, I 359
Congress of, transfers duchy of Warsaw to Russia, I 390, II 88
Lieberman, Russian-Jewish socialist, publishes ha-Emet in, II 223
Smolenskin resides in, II 234;
and publishes ha-Shahar in, II 218
secret circular of Plehve made known in, II 381
Dr. Herzl resides in, III [42]
Vigdorovich, Samuel, rabbi of Vilna, engages in litigation with Kahal, I 275 f
Vilenski Vyestnik ("The Vilna Herald"), publishes Brahman's articles against Kahal, II 189
Vilkomir (government of Kovno), home of M. Lilienblum, II 236
Villages, transfer of Jews from to towns ordered by Catherine II. (1795), I 319
Jews retained in, by land owners, I 323
Russian officials given wide powers in dislodging Jews from (1797), I 323 f
expulsion of Jews from, decreed in Statute of 1804, I 343
projected expulsion from, affects half million Jews, I 346
expulsion checked by fear of Napoleon's invasion (1807), I 347 f
Jewish deputies plead for repeal, or postponement of expulsion from, I 349
expulsion of Jews from, reaffirmed (1808), I 351
expulsion from, started, I 351
Alexander I. admits impossibility of removing Jews from (1809), I 352
"Jewish Committee" advises against expulsion of Jews from (1812), I 353 f
economic importance of Jews in, I 361 f
evil effects of endeavors to dislodge Jews from, I 362 f
renewal of effort to remove Jews from, I 405
Jews expelled from, in White Russia (1823), I 406 f
uselessness of expulsion from, in White Russia pointed out by Council of State (1835), I 407 f, II 34 f
Jews expelled from, in government of Grodno (1827), II 30 f
expulsion of Jews from, in government of Kiev, decreed (1830), II 33;
delayed, II 33;
objected to by Council of State and indefinitely postponed, II 35
barred to Jews in government of Kiev and Little Russia in Statute of 1835, II 40
barred to Jews in Fifty-Verst-Zone under same law, II 40
Jews of Poland permitted to live in (1862), II 181, 367;
permission invalidated by restriction of property rights (1891), 367
Jews of Poland permitted to acquire land in (1862), II 172, 181;
permission withdrawn as result of Polish insurrection (1864), II 173
exclusion of Jews from, recommended by Totleben, governor-general of Vilna, II 276
complete elimination of Jews from, recommended by "Jewish Committee" (1882), II 310