Hygiene: a manual of personal and public health (New Edition) - Sir Arthur Newsholme

A
Acarus Scabiei, [276]
Achorion Schönleinii, [276]
Acne, [161]
Aerated Waters, [46]
Ague (see Malaria)
Air—Bacteria in, [109], [121]
Composition, Properties of, [100]
Contagia and, [109], [114]
Degree of Moisture of, [119], [128]
Gaseous and Other Impurities of, [111]
Examination of, [126]
Moisture of, [234]
In Soil, [221]
Suspended Impurities of, [105]
Temperature of, [119], [128]
of Mountains, [228]
Purification of, [129]
Air-space, amount required, [142]
Alcohol, [55]
Amines process, [191]
Ammonia—in Air, [101]
in Water, [86]
Amyloids, [7]
Amylaceous Foods, [19]
Anopheles (see Mosquito)
Anthrax, [274], [306]
Anti-cyclones, [233]
Antidiphtheritic Serum, [268], [299]
Anti-syphonage, [174]
Antill Trap, [180]
Apjohn’s Formula, [242]
Arnott’s Valve, [149]
Arrowroot, [19]
Arsenic—in Beer, [62]
in Wall Papers, [214]
in Clothing, [272]
Artesian Wells, [71]
Artificial Ventilation, [152]
Relative Value, [154]
Ascaris, [278]
Ash-pits, [199]
Aspect, [201]
Atavism, [246]
B
Bacteria, [273]
Bacterial Methods, Sewage Treatment, [192]
Ballard’s Researches, [303]
Barley, [18]
Barometers, [237]
Barometric Pressure, [231]
Baths, [262]
Beaufort’s Scale, [243]
Beef, [10]
Beer, [61]
Bell-trap, [180]
Benham’s Gas Burners, [157]
Berkefeld Filter, [98]
Beverages, [46]
Bilharzia Hæmatobia, [277]
Birds, Flesh of, [11]
Birth-rate, [339]
Black Death, [1]
Bonds, English, Flemish, [205]
Borax and Boric Acid, [44]
Boyle’s Mica Valve, [149]
Bowels, Attention to, [248]
Brandy, [63]
Bread, brown and white, [17], [41]
Bricks, [205]
Broad Irrigation, [192]
Burnett’s Solution, [327]
Butter, [14]
Buys Ballot’s Law, [232]
C
Caffeine, [48]
Calorigen Stove, [157]
Carbohydrates, [6]
Carbolic Acid as Disinfectant, [327]
Carbon Filters, [97]
Carbonic Acid—in Air, [102], [111]
estimation of, [126]
Carbonic Oxide, [112]
Calorie, [32]
Carpets, [218]
Cement, [213]
Cereal Foods, [15]
Cesspools, [183]
Cheese, [13]
Chicory, [50]
Chigoe, [277]
Chlorides in Water, [81]
Chlorine as Disinfectant, [324]
Cholera, [92], [225], [302]
Cisterns, [76]
Clarke’s Process, [94]
Soap Test, [79]
Climate, [227]
Closets, [168]
Clothing, [265]
Coal Gas, [115]
Cocoa, [51]
Cod Liver Oil, [14]
Coffee, [50]
Cols, [233]
Comparative Mortality Figures, [342]
Concrete, [207]
Condiments, [45]
Condy’s Fluid, [325]
Conservancy Methods, [194]
Constipation, [248]
Constitution, [245]
Consumption (see Tuberculosis)
Container, [169]
Cooking, [339]
Cooper’s Ventilators, [149]
Corrosive Sublimate as Disinfectant, [327]
Cotton, [270]
Cream, [15]
Cyclones, [232]
Cysticercus Cellulosæ, [23], [279]
D
D-Trap, [169]
Damp, Cause of, [211]
Damp-proof Course, [210]
Death-rate, [2]
Crude, [340]
Corrected, [342]
Zymotic, [297], [348]
Decomposed Meat, [24]
Demography, [335]
Density of Population, [343]
Destructors, [200]
Dew Point, [241]
Diarrhœa, Epidemic, [302]
Diet, [29]
Dietaries, [33]
Diffusion, [129]
Diphtheria, [225], [298]
Diseased Animals, Meat of, [23]
Disinfection, [324]
Distillation, [94]
Drainage, [166]
of Soil, [226]
Drains, [177]
Examination of, [180]
Drugs, [54]
Dust in Air, [105]
Dust-bins, [199]
Dyspepsia, [28], [248]
E
Earth-closets, [195]
Eggs, [11]
Ellison’s Bricks, [151]
Endemic Diseases, [289]
Enteric Fever, [91], [224], [300]
Epidemic Diarrhœa, [26], [225], [302]
Epidemic Diseases, [289]
Erysipelas, [110], [305]
Excreta, [165]
Exercise, [249]
Expectation of Life, [346]
F
Farcy (see Glanders)
Farr’s Formula, [347]
Fats, [6]
Favus, [276]
Fermented Drinks, [55]
Filaria, [278]
Filters, [97]
Filtration, [95]
Fire Grates, [159]
Fish, [11]
Dangers of, [26]
Flax, [270]
Fleas, [277]
Flesh Food, [9]
Floors, [217]
Flour, [16]
Flukes (see Trematoda)
Fomites, [299]
Food, [4]
Diseases due to, [23]
Heat value of, [32]
Preparation and Preservation of, [38], [43]
Relation of, to Mechanical Work, [36]
Variations from Climate, Age, &c., [29]
Vegetable and Animal, [31]
Forests and Climate, [229]
Formalin., [44]
and Formaldehyde as disinfectants, [326]
Fortin’s Barometer, [238]
Fruits, [21]
Fuel, [161]
Fungi, [20]
G
Gaertner’s Bacillus, [25]
Galton’s Stove, [155]
Gas Stoves, [157], [161]
Gelatin, [9]
Gin, [63]
Glanders, [304]
Glaisher’s Tables, [241]
Glucose, [21]
Gluten, [15]
Gout, [28], [59]
Goux System, [194]
Graveyards, Air of, [118]
Green Vegetables, [20], [42]
Ground-water, [222]
Gully-trap, [167], [180]
H
Habits, [247]
Haffkine’s Cholera Vaccine, [228]
Hardness of Water, [79], [90]
Heat, kinds of, [159]
Hendon Disease, [27]
Heredity, [245]
Hermite Process, [191]
Hopper-closets, [170]
Hot Water Supplies, [163]
Pipes, [162]
House Construction, [209]
Drainage, [165]
Materials of Construction of, [205]
Position of, [201]
Refuse, [198]
Slops, [165]
Humidity, absolute and relative [235]
Measurement of, [240]
Hydatids, [279]
Hydrocarbons, [6]
Hydrophobia, [305]
Hygrometers, [101], [240]
I
Idiosyncrasy, [246]
Illuminants, [115]
Immunity, [287]
Incubation Periods, [287]
Infantile Mortality, [342]
Infective Diseases, [284]
of Animals, [24]
Infectious Diseases, Hospitals for, [320]
Notification of, [338]
Influenza, [309]
Insects and Disease, [281]
Intermittent Downward Filtration, [192]
Iron in Water, [83]
Isobars, [231]
Isolation, [319]
Isothermal Lines, [230]
J
Jenner’s Discoveries, [293]
K
Koch’s Postulates, [285]
L
Latrines, [174]
Laveran, [282]
Lead in Water, [82], [90]
Workers in, [108]
Lice (see Pediculi)
Liebig’s Extract of Meat, [10]
Life Capital, [347]
Tables, [345]
Linen, [270]
Lysol as Disinfectant, [327]
M
Macaroni, [17]
Main Sewers, [183]
Maize, [18]
Malaria, [91], [224], [307]
Mallein, [304]
Malt, [18], [62]
Malted Bread, [17]
Margarine, [15]
McKinnell’s Ventilator, [149]
Metabolism, [6]
Measles, [297]
Meat, [9]
Diseased, [24]
Tinned, [25]
Parasites in, [23]
Meat Poisoning, [25]
Metchnikoff’s Theory, [289]
Meteorological Observations, [237]
Metallo-keramic Joint, [177]
Miasm, [285]
Microbes (see Bacteria)
Microscoporon Audouini, [275]
Milk, [12]
and Disease, [26], [296], [299], [301]
Boric Acid in, [44]
Souring of, [274]
and Tuberculosis, [311]
Mineral Waters, [47]
Mortar, [206]
Mosquito, [282], [308]
Moule’s Closet, [195]
Mountain Climate, [228]
Mutton, [10]
N
Natural Ventilation, [147]
Relative value, [154]
Nematoda, [278]
Nitrogen, [274]
Nitrates in Water, [81]
Nitrification, [192], [220]
Nitrogenous Foods, [5]
Notification of Consumption, [314]
Infectious Diseases, [318], [338]
Trade Diseases, [337]
O
Oatmeal, [17]
Obesity, [28]
Occupation and Mortality, [343]
Offensive Trades, [120]
Oidium albicans, [275]
Oils, [46]
Onion, [20]
Over-feeding, [28]
Oxygen in Air, [100]
Oxygen Absorbed, [86]
Oxyuris, [278]
Oysters and Disease, [291]
Ozone, [101]
P
Pan-closets, [169]
Pandemics, [289]
Parasites, [276]
in Meat, [23]
Pasteur-Chamberland Filter, [98]
Pasteurization of Milk, [13], [312]
Pediculi, [277]
Personal Hygiene, [245], [257], [260]
Pettenkofer’s Method, [126]
Phagocytosis, [287]
Phosphorus, in Food, [5]
Workers with, [108]
Phthisis, [225], [310]
Piles, [248]
Plaster, [212]
Plague, [281], [305]
Pneumatic System, Liernur, [183]
Poisson’s Formula, [349]
Population, Density of, [343]
Estimation of, [336]
Pork, [11]
Porter-Clarke Process, [95]
Portland Cement, [206]
Potato, [20]
Privy or Midden System, [196]
Proof Spirit, [64]
Proteids, [5]
Propulsion, Ventilation by, [153]
Puerperal Fever, [306]
Q
Quarantine, [320]
R
Rabies (see Hydrophobia)
Rainfall, [235]
Rain Gauge, [242]
Water, [67]
Pipes, [166]
Rats and Plague, [306]
Registration of Births and Deaths, [337]
Relapsing Fever, [28], [300]
Respiration, [102], [113]
Rest, [257]
Rheumatic Fever, [225], [306]
Rickets, [28]
Ringworm, [275]
Rivers, [72]
Roasting, [38]
Roofs, [208]
Rum, [63]
Rye, [18]
S
Saccharomycetes, [275]
Sago, [19]
Salts as Food, [7]
Saprophytes, [286]
Scarlatina or Scarlet Fever, [296]
Schools, Closure of, [322]
Scott Moncrieff Process, [192]
Scrofula, [316]
Scurvy, [2], [27]
Seasonal Incidence of Diseases, [289]
Sea Relation to Climate, [229]
Sebaceous Glands, [260]
Semolina, [17]
Septic-tank, [193]
Sewage—Disposal of, [190]
Dry and Wet Methods of Removal of, [197]
Sewers, [183], [184]
Air of, [117]
Problems as to flow in, [187]
Shell-fish and Disease, [291]
Sheringham’s Valve, [151]
Shone System, [186]
Sinks, [167]
Silk, [270]
Sleep, [258]
Slop-closets, [174]
Small-pox, [2], [292]
Smoke Nuisance, [160]
Test, [181]
Soap, [261]
Soil, [219]
Diseases in Relation to, [224]
Drainage of, [226]
Soil-pipe, [174]
Spices, [46]
Spirits, [63]
Springs, [68]
Starch, Detection of, [19]
Starvation, [27]
Statistical Fallacies, [349]
Steam as Disinfectant, [329]
Stoves, [157], [161]
Streets, Width of, [203]
Sugar, [21]
Sulphuretted Hydrogen, [112]
Sulphurous Acid (Disinfectant), [325]
Summer Diarrhœa, [225]
Sunshine Recorders, [243]
Sweat Glands, [260]
Sweating Sickness, [1]
Sylvester’s Method, [150]
Synoptic Map, [231]
Syphonic Closet, [172]
T
Tannin, [49]
Tape-worms, [279]
Tapioca, [19]
Tea, [30], [47]
Temperature of Rooms, [158]
Tetanus, [304]
Thermometers, Maximum and Minimum, [239]
Thermometers, Dry and Wet Bulb, [240]
Thrush, [275]
Tight Lacing, [267]
Tinea, [276]
Tobacco, [54]
Tobin’s Tubes, [152]
Toxins, [286]
Trades and Disease, [107], [118]
Offensive, [120]
Traps, [179]
Trematoda, [277]
Trichina Spiralis, [23]
Trichophyton, [275]
Trough-closets, [174]
Tuberculin Test, [311]
Tuberculosis, [309]
Prevention of, [314]
Tuberculous Meat, [24]
Typhoid Fever (see Enteric Fever)
Typhus Fever, [300]
V
V-shaped Depressions, [233]
Vaccination, [293]
Valve-closets, [170]
Variola (see Small-pox)
Veal, [10]
Vegetables, [20]
Ventilation, [132]
Methods of, [146]
Problems as to, [137]
By Propulsion, [153]
Ventilation by Introduction of Warmed Air, [155]
Of Mines, [156]
Of Drains, [178]
Vermicelli, [17]
Vernier, [238]
Vinegar, [46]
Vital Statistics, [335]
W
Wall-paper, [214]
Walls of House, [210]
Wanklyn’s Ammonia Process, [86]
Warming of Houses, [159]
Wash-out and Wash-down Closets, [172]
Waste-pipes, [166]
Water, [65]
As food, [8]
Analysis of, [84]
Classification of supplies of, [73]
Constant and Intermittent Services, [76]
Enteric Fever and, [72]
Hardness of, [79]
Impurities of, [78], [89], [90]
Sources of, [66]
Storage and Delivery of, [74]
in Soil, [222]
Purification of, [94]
Water-closets, [168]
Water-gas, Carburetted, [115]
Water-test of Drains, [182]
Weather Forecasting, [234]
Weissman on Heredity, [246]
Wells, [69]
Whiskey, [63]
Whooping Cough, [298]
Widal Reaction, [301]
Willich’s Formula, [347]
Windows, [216]
Winds, [131], [230], [243]
Wines, [62]
Wool, [269]
Wool-sorters’ Disease, [274]
Work, Amount done, [252]
Relation of Food to, [36]
Wort, [62]
Writers’ Palsy, [252]
Y
Yellow Fever, [305]
Z
Zygophyta, [275]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] While the addition of animal fat like margarine raises the melting point, rape-seed oil and other vegetable oils lower it.

[2] The fat to be analysed is saponified with soda or potash, and then the fatty acid set free by hydrochloric acid. If water be now added, 11 or 12 per cent. of the fatty acid will be dissolved, if the fat is butter; less than this if it is a mixture; and not more than 5 per cent. if no butter is present in the fat.

[3] Freshly made; of which 1 c.c. = ·00001 grm. of N₂O₃

[4] Made by dissolving ·395 grm. of KMnO₄ in 1,000 c.c. of water. Each c.c. of this solution =·0001 grm. of oxygen available for oxidation.

[5] Caused by the liberation of iodine. Thus—

K₂Mn₂O₈ + 8 H₂SO₄ + 10 KI = 6 K₂SO₄ + 2 MnSO₄ + 8 H₂O + 5 I₂.

[6] Of the strength of 1 grm. of crystalline sodium thiosulphate to 1 litre of water.

[7] In practice one has frequently to be contented if the CO₂ does not exceed 1 part per 1000 of air; and if the room is clean and free from dust, this higher limit may be accepted.