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[ The most important discovery of recent years in this connection is that made in Sussex by Mr. C. Dawson and Dr. A. Smith Woodward; this find is described in great detail in the "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society," volume 69, 1913, pages 117 to 151. At a height of about 80 feet above the present level of the River Ouse, at Piltdown, near Uckfield, is a gravel, containing many brown flints of peculiar character, some of which are implements of Chellean or earlier type, associated with some remains of Pleistocene animals and a few of older date, derived from Pliocene deposits. Embedded in this gravel were found fragments of a human skull and lower jaw of very remarkable type, showing in some respects distinctly simian characters, while in other respects it is less ape-like than the Mousterian skulls of Neanderthal and other localities. For this form the name of Eoanthropus has been proposed, thus constituting a new genus of the Hominidae.]
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[ It will be well at this point to give a brief summary of the modern classification of the Palaeolithic implement-bearing deposits of Europe. From the labours of many geologists and prehistoric archaeologists, especially in France, a definite succession of types of implement has been established, and in some cases it has been found possible to correlate these with actual human remains and with certain well-marked events in the physical history of Pleistocene times, especially with the advance and retreat of ice-sheets. The present state of our knowledge is admirably summarised by Professor Sollas ("Ancient Hunters," London, 1911), and from that work the following note is condensed.
The stages of Palaeolithic culture now recognised are as follows:—
Azilian
Magdalenian
Solutrean
Aurignacian
Mousterian
Acheulean
Chellean
Strepyan
Mesvinian.
Below the Mesvinian comes the nebulous region of "eoliths," which are not yet definitely proved to be of human workmanship. The Neanderthal skull belongs to the Mousterian stage, but the oldest known definitely human remain, the jaw from the Mauer sands near Heidelberg, may be older than any of these, indeed by some it is assigned to the first interglacial period of Penck and Bruckner (see Note 32). For figures of the types of implement characterising each period, see "Guide to the Antiquities of the Stone Age in the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities," British Museum, 2nd edition, London, 1911, pages 1 to 74. This publication gives an admirable summary of recent knowledge on this subject. For an excellent and critical summary of the latest researches on Palaeolithic man up till the end of the Aurignacian period, see Duckworth, "Prehistoric Man," Cambridge, 1912. See also note 44.]
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[ Sir John Evans, K.C.B. (1823-1908), was one of the foremost authorities on prehistoric archaeology and a prolific writer on the subject. His best known work is "The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain," 2nd edition, 1897.]
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[ By the expression "Celtic weapons of the stone period" is presumably meant Neolithic implements, with polished surfaces.]