COLUMN 4 (C): From the level of the glabello-occipital line on each side, across the middle of the sagittal suture to the same point on the opposite side.
COLUMN 5 (D): The vertical height from the glabello-occipital line.
COLUMN 6 (E): The extreme longitudinal measurement.
COLUMN 7 (F): The extreme transverse measurement.*
(* I have taken the glabello-occipital line as a base in
these measurements, simply because it enables me to compare
all the skulls, whether fragments or entire, together. The
greatest circumference of the English skull lies in a plane
considerably above that of the glabello-occipital line, and
amounts to 22 inches.)
Engis : 20 1/2: 13 3/4: 12 1/2: 4 3/4: 7 3/4: 5 1/4.
Australian,
Number 1: 20 1/2: 13 : 12 : 4 3/4: 7 1/2: 5 4/10.
Australian,
Number 2: 22 : 12 1/2: 10 3/4: 3 8/10: 7.9: 5 3/4.
Neanderthal: 23 : 12 : 10 : 3 3/4: 8 : 5 3/4.
"The question whether the Engis skull has rather the character of one of the high races or of one of the lower has been much disputed, but the following measurements of an English skull, noted in the catalogue of the Hunterian museum as typically Caucasian (see Figure 4) will serve to show that both sides may be right, and that cranial measurements alone afford no safe indication of race.
English : 21 : 13 3/4: 12 1/2: 4 4/10: 7 7/8: 5 1/3.
"In making the preceding statement, it must be clearly understood that I neither desire to affirm that the Engis and Neanderthal skulls belong to the Australian race, nor to assert even that the ancient skulls belong to one and the same race, so far as race is measured by language, colour of skin, or character of hair. Against the conclusion that they are of the same race as the Australians various minor anatomical differences of the ancient skulls, such as the great development of the frontal sinuses, might be urged; while against the supposition of either the identity, or the diversity, of race of the two arises the known independence of the variation of cranium on the one hand, and of hair, colour, and language on the other.
"But the amount of variation of the Borreby skulls, and the fact that the skulls of one of the purest and most homogeneous of existing races of men can be proved to differ from one another in the same characters, though perhaps not quite to the same extent, as the Engis and Neanderthal skulls, seem to me to prohibit any cautious reasoner from affirming the latter to have been necessarily of distinct races.