| No natural frontier between New France and the English colonies. |
The interesting point, however, to notice is that there was no natural frontier between Canada and the English colonies, at the time when they came into serious competition; for the line of the Alleghanies, even if recognized, could fully delimit only the more southerly colonies. To use a modern term, two separate spheres of influence in North America had not been marked out by nature. But in new countries, unless there is some strongly defined natural line of division, it is true to say, however paradoxical it may appear, that there is not room for two incoming white races to colonize as equals side by side. It is precisely when the land is thinly populated, and when therefore the population is in a fluid condition, that collisions will and must occur. Given a continent like Europe at the present day, the geography of which is accurately known, the resources of whose soil in every part have been fully gauged, and whose surface has been for many generations parcelled out in effective occupation, one province to one race, another to another; then, when the peoples are crystallized in their respective moulds, war is not inevitable; and when war arises, it is the artificial result of political naughtiness and ambition, unless indeed it be the effect of some inaccuracy in the map, which needs to be adjusted. In new fields of colonization, on the other hand, wars are not artificial; they are natural, and not only natural but sometimes absolutely necessary to future happiness and welfare. Just as Europe was herself once in the melting-pot, so the lands which Europeans have settled and are settling, if they are to be the homes of strong peoples in days to come, must, when rival races are planted there, be the scenes of armed strife.
Colonial wars which end where they began, with indecisive treaties tending to further bloodshed, may well be the subject of national sorrow and regret; but it is otherwise when a great issue has been achieved, and when it has been decided once for all what lines shall be laid down for the future of a great country, not yet peopled as it will be in the coming time. Then the millions of money, which seem to have been wasted, are found to have been invested for the good of men; and the mourners for the lost sorrow not as without hope, inasmuch as those who have gone have died that others may live. The foundations of peoples are the nameless dead, who have been laid amid North American forests or under the bare veldt of South Africa.
APPENDIX I
LIST OF FRENCH GOVERNORS OF CANADA
| PERIOD | |
| Samuel de Champlain | 1632-1635 |
| Chevalier de Montmagny | 1636-1648 |
| Chevalier d'Ailleboust | 1648-1651 |
| Jean de Lauzon | 1651-1657 |
| Vicomte d'Argenson | 1658-1661 |
| Baron d'Avaugour | 1661-1663 |
| Sieur de Mésy | 1663-1665 |
| Marquis de Tracy | 1665-1667 |
| Chevalier de Courcelles1 | 1665-1672 |
| Comte de Frontenac | 1672-1682 |
| Sieur de la Barre | 1682-1685 |
| Marquis de Denonville | 1685-1689 |
| Comte de Frontenac | 1689-1698 |
| Chevalier de Callières | 1699-1703 |
| Marquis de Vaudreuil | 1703-1725 |
| Marquis de Beauharnois | 1726-1747 |
| Comte de la Galissonière | 1747-1749 |
| Marquis de la Jonquière | 1749-1752 |
| Marquis Duquesne | 1752-1755 |
| Marquis de Vaudreuil2 | 1755-1760 |
1 While Tracy was in Canada he was Governor-General, and Courcelles was Governor.