The lands of silence - Sir Clements R. Markham

[210] These were Anton and Demetri, the two Russian dog-drivers, and seven men of the Royal Navy:—Edgar Evans, Lashly, and Crean, who had all been on the Discovery, and Keohane, Forde, Hooper, and Clissold, the two latter respectively steward and cook.

[211] For their courageous services in this affair Lashly and Crean received the Albert Medal.

[212] Atkinson, Wright, Cherry Garrard, Gran, Lashly, Crean, Williamson, Nelson, Archer, Hooper, Keohane, and Demetri, formed the search party.

[213] Names in italics represent first discoveries.

[214] Names in italics represent first discoveries.

INDEX

Abernethy, Thomas, [233], [251], [265], [413]
Abruzzi, Duke of, attempts to reach the Pole, [351]
Active, [431]
Adam of Bremen, chronicles visit of Norsemen to Greenland, [38]
Adams, Lieut. J. B., [478], [479]
— William, [390]
Adelaide Island, [432], [442]
Adélie Land, [407], [409], [477], [487]
Admiralty Range, [415]
Advance, [252], [298] et seq.
Adventure, [394]
Aid, [86]
Akbar, [223]
Akuli Gulf, [230] et seq., [235]
Alabama, [376];
loss of, [378]
Aldrich, Admiral Pelham, [258] et seq., [304], [307], [428], [446]
Alert, [303] et seq., [312], [313]
Aleutian Islands discovered, [178]
Alexander, [198], [201], [202]
Alexander Island, [434]
— Land, [397], [442]
Alfland, [33]
Alfred, King, translates Orosius, [33]
Alten Fjord, [317]
Altitudes, Antarctic, [473], [480], [484], [485], [500], [501]
— in Greenland, [332], [333], [335], [336], [338], [381]
Ambassador, Russian, visits England, [62]
Amdrup, Lieut. G., [367], [368]
Ameralik Fjord, [336]
America, North, coast line of, surveyed by Franklin, [222];
by Back, [228];
by Dease and Simpson, [228]
American Antarctic expeditions, [400], [408]
— Arctic Coast, [18];
birds of, [18];
fauna and flora of, [18]
Amsterdam Island, [360]
Amundsen, Roald, undertakes N.W. Passage, [314] et seq.;
winters in King William Land, [314];
serves in the Belgian Expedition, [434];
his Antarctic expedition, [482] et seq.;
meets Scott’s party, [493];
reaches the South Pole, [485]
Andersson, Gunnar, [436], [439]
Andrée, [344]
Andromache, [398], [400]
Angekoks, [23];
Greenland, [366]
Angmagsalik, [365] et seq., [381]
Angrim stones, [53]
Anian, Strait of, [82]
Anjou, Admiral, surveys Liakhovs, [180]
Ann Frances, [86]
Anne Royal, [146]
Annula, [124]
Anoatok, [353], [355]
Antarctic, [368], [436];
founders, [437]
Antarctic Circle first crossed, [395]
— exploration, story of, [430] et seq.
— explorations, Amundsen’s, [482] et seq.;
Balleny’s, [405], [414]; Belgian, [433] et seq.;
Bellingshausen’s, [396], [397];
Biscoe’s, [403] et seq.;
Borchgrevink’s, [433];
Bruce’s, [439], [440];
Charcot’s, [441];
Capt. Cook’s, [394] et seq.;
D’Urville’s, [407], [408];
Drygalski’s, [440];
Filchner’s, [442];
Foster’s, [400] et seq.;
French, [407], [441];
Gerlache’s, [433] et seq.;
German, [440], [442];
Kempe’s, [405];
Mawson’s, [486] et seq.;
Nordenskiöld’s, [435] et seq.;
Norwegian, [433], [482] et seq.;
Ross’s, [410], [418], [422] et seq.;
Russian, [396];
Scott’s first expedition, [447] et seq.;
Scott’s last expedition, [489] et seq.;
Shackleton’s, [478] et seq.;
Swedish, [435] et seq., [506];
The Societies’, [444] et seq., [455] et seq., [466] et seq., [471] et seq.;
Weddell’s, [401], [402];
Wilkes’s, [408], [409]
— ice, [11];
icebergs, [11];
regions, [389] et seq.
Antarctic Manual, [453]
Araucaria, [438]
Archer, [503]
— Colin, [347];
constructs the Fram, [340]
Arctic, [302], [303]
Arctic currents, [23]
— discoveries, by Norsemen, [32] et seq., [38] et seq., [49] et seq.;
under Elizabeth, [157]
“Arctic Highlanders,” [24], [203], [253], [299], [301], [313], [338], [339], [352] et seq., [379];
dress of, [24];
physical characteristics of, [24]
Arctic quadrants, [4], [6], [13]
Arctic regions, geology of, [384] et seq.
Arçtowski, Henryk, [434], [435], [453]
Ardencaple Inlet surveyed, [375]
Area of Greenland, [9]
Areas, Polar, [3]
Arenaria sulcata, [295]
Arethusa, [223]
Arias, Juan Luis, his memorial, [392]
Armitage, Lieut. Albert, [292], [448], [463] et seq., [480]
Arnold, Bishop, [48]
Art, Tchuktche, [17]
Arte de Navegar, [151];
translated by Eden, [65]
Assistance, [251] et seq., [261], [264] et seq., [349]
Astrolabe, [407]
Astrolabe, [53];
description of, [56], [57];
Drake’s, [57]
Astrup, Eivind, [337], [338]
Atalayas, [125]
Atkinson, Dr, [490], [491], [498], [499], [503], [504]
Atlantic current, [30]
Auks, Little, [199]
Aurora, [486] et seq.
Austin, Capt. H. T., [216], [252], [255], [273], [401];
death of, [262]
Axel Heiberg Island, [348], [349], [354]
Back, Sir George, [223] et seq., [276];
serves with Buchan, [199];
reaches Repulse Bay, [230]
Baffin, [196]
Baffin, William, [124], [125], [138];
patronised by Wolstenholme, [108];
sails with Hall, [113];
magnetic observations by, [115];
visits Spitsbergen, [116];
enters service of the East India Co., [146];
his Arctic voyages, [146];
his letter to Wolstenholme, [145];
his magnetic observations, [126];
explores Spitsbergen, [127];
his map of Hudson Strait, [139];
lunar observations of, [140];
visits Eskimo settlement, [140];
his third voyage, [142];
map of his discoveries, [144];
surveys Persian coast, [147];
captain of the London, [147];
death of, [147];
qualities of, [148]
Baffin’s Bay, [145], [305];
birds of, [99];
currents of, [6];
entered by the Norsemen, [50];
its existence doubted, [145];
lost, [146];
existence reestablished, [201]
Baffin Island, [141]
Baidor, [171]
Balaclava helmets, [462]
Balaena, [296], [431], [439]
— Biscayensis, [125]
Balleny, Capt. John, his Antarctic expedition, [405], [414]
— Islands, [406], [408], [417], [477]
Ballestilla, [89]
Balloon, captive, [450], [457]
Bardsen, Ivar, report on Greenland, [51];
his sailing directions translated by Barentsz, [70]
Barentsz, Willem, [69];
his voyage to Novaya Zemlya, [70];
discovers Spitsbergen, [74];
crews attacked by scurvy, [75];
winters in Novaya Zemlya, [75];
dies, [76];
discoveries of, [77];
character of, [78];
winter quarters revisited, [78];
hut of, [79];
relics of, [79]
— Sea, [297], [360]
Barker, Andrew, [114], [115], [116]
Barne, Michael, [449], [463], [471], [475]
“Barren lands,” [18]
Barrier, The Great, [11], [416], [419], [433], [453], [456];
altered limit of, [457], [475];
height of, [457]
Barrington, Hon. Daines, [172]
Basaltic pillars, [324];
rocks, [295]
Basques, the first whalers, [125]
Bathurst Island explored, [268]
Battye, A. Trevor, [361]
Bay ice, [7]
— of Whales, [483]
Beach Province, [391]
Beagle Channel, [436]
Bear, [86]
Bear, Nelson’s adventure with, [173];
Bears, [296]
Bear Island (or Cherrie Island), [73], [121]
— Islands, [324]
Beardmore Glacier, [498]
Beaufort Island, [416]
— Sea unexplored, [383]
Beaufoy, [402]
Beaumont, Lieut., [308]
Bedford, [223]
Beechey, Capt. F. W., [226] et seq.;
serves with Buchan, [198];
sails with Parry, [206]
— Island, [241], [265], [311], [314], [349]
Behaim, Martin, figures polar islands, [54]
Belcher, Sir Edward, [264], [269], [349]
Belgian Antarctic expedition, [433] et seq.
Belgica, [368], [434]
Bertelsen, [370] et seq.
Bell, Richard, [108], [113]
— Sound, [119], [187], [188], [285] et seq.
Bellerophon, [223]
Bellingshausen, Capt., his Antarctic expedition, [396], [397]
Bellot, Lieut., [262];
death of, [268]
— Strait, [262]
Bennet, Stephen, visits Bear Island, [73]
Bennett, Gordon, [327]
— Island, [179], [180], [329]
Bering, Vitus, his voyages, [177];
death of, [178]
— Island, [324]
— Strait, [170]
Bernacchi, Louis C., [433], [449], [475]
Bernier, Capt., [362]
Berry, Lieut., [329]
Best, George, writes narrative of Frobisher’s second expedition, [90]
Bethell, Lieut., [428]
Beynen, Koolemans, [311], [358];
death of, [360]
Bird, Capt., [213], [216], [218], [411], [420], [424];
death of, [251]
Birds, [314];
Antarctic, [423], [437], [455];
of American Arctic coast, [18];
of Baffin’s Bay, [99];
of Cape Digges, [141];
of Cape York, [24];
of Davis Strait, [97];
of Franz Josef Land, [296];
of Fury Beach, [236];
of Novaya Zemlya, [185];
of Spitsbergen, [121];
of Waigatz Island, [64]
Biscoe, Capt. John, his Antarctic expedition, [403] et seq.
Bishop Arnold, [48]
— Eric, [48]
— Olaf, [49]
Bishops of Greenland, [47] et seq., [51]
Bjaaland, [484]
Björling, [325]
Black Dog, [101]
Blake, Admiral, [398]
Blessing, Dr, [341]
Blijde Boodschap, [390]
Blink Ice, [163]
Blossom, [216], [226], [227], [234]
Blubber, [193]
Boats of Chukchis, [17];
of Eskimos, [20], [115]
— used on Franklin’s land expedition, [222];
used by Back on Great Fish River, [228];
used by Dease on the Mackenzie, [229];
of Franklin’s retreat, [245]
Bona Confidentia, [60]
— Esperanza, [60]
Book of the Knowledge of all the Kingdoms, [389]
Booth, Sir Felix, [233], [237], [251]
Boothia Felix, [234]
Borchgrevink, Carstens, his Antarctic expedition, [433]
Bourne’s Inventions or Devices, [152]
Bouvet, Capt. L., [393]
— Island, [393]
Bowers, Lieut., [490], [492], [495] et seq., [500], [502];
death of, [503]
Bransfield, Mr, [398], [400]
Brattahlid, [41], [44]
Breadalbane, [268]
Briefe and True Relation, Purchas’s, [145]
Briggs, Henry, [151]
“Briggs-his-Mathematics,” [154]
Briseis, [201]
Britain, discovery of, by Pytheas, [27]
British expeditions to Spitsbergen, [287]
Brocklehurst, Sir Philip, [478], [480]
Bromley, Lieut., [428]
Brönlund, [370];
death of, [373], [374];
diary of, [373]
Brooke Place, [105]
Brooke’s sounding apparatus, [426]
Bruce, Mr, his Antarctic expedition, [439], [440]
— Commander Wilfrid, [489], [491], [494]
— Miss Kathleen, [489]
Brunel, Oliver, [130];
reaches the Obi, [68]
Buchan, [198];
death of, [200]
Buchanan, J. Y., [428]
Bulldog, [427]
Burney, Capt. James, [169], [394]
Burrough, Stephen, [63], [83];
dies, [65]
— William, [63];
commands fleet, [65];
his Discourse of the Compass and Magnetic Needle, [65], [100];
dies, [65]
Burrough’s Strait, [64], [184]
Bushnan, J., [201], [212]
— Cove, [260]
— Island, Meteoric boulders at, [24]
Button, Sir Thomas, [136];
reaches Hudson’s Bay, [136];
winters, [136], [137];
dies, [137]
Bygd, East, v. [East Bygd];
West, v. [West Bygd]
Bylot, Robert, [131], [134], [138], [142]
Byron, Commodore, [394]
Cagni, Capt., [293];
attempts to reach Pole, [352]
“Calving” of icebergs, [10]
California, [166]
Campbell, Lieut., [490], [492];
his party winters in ice cave, [49]
Canada, Arctic lands transferred to, [362]
Canadian Arctic expeditions, [362] et seq.
Canynge, William, sends ships to the Arctic, [58]
Capes
Adare, [415], [417], [433], [456], [470], [477]
Armitage, [458], [496]
Bernacchi, [480]
Bird, [470]
Bismarck, [370]
Bridgman, [371]
Chelagskoi, [182], [183]
Chelyuskin, [15], [323], [341]
Chidley, [100]
Colombia, [355] et seq.
Crozier, [456], [470], [471], [476], [492], [496]
Elizabeth, [390]
Evans, [492] et seq.
Farewell, named by Davis, [96];
sighted by Baffin, [114];
sighted by Munk, [150]
Fligely, [290], [294]
Horn, [390], [420]
Jakan, [183], [324]
North, [417], [477], [493]
Riley, relics at, [253], [254]
Royds, [479]
Sparbo, [355]
Taimyr, [323]
York, [202];
birds of, [24]
Carcass, [172] et seq.
Cardamine bellidifolia, [295]
Cardigan Strait, [349]
Carex arenaria, [342]
— vesicaria, [334]
Carlsbergfondet expedition, [367]
Carlsen, Capt., circumnavigates Spitsbergen, [286]
Carpenter, Dr, [427]
Cary, Allwyn, [138], [142], [144]
— Islands, [144], [261], [312], [313], [325]
Castor, [431] et seq.
Cathay, passage to, [105], [106], [118]
— Company, [85]
Cavendish expedition, [101]
Cerastium alpinum, [295]
Challenger, [428]
Challenger Expedition, [428]
“Challenger Gap,” [508]
Chancellor, Nicholas, sails with Pet, [66]
— Richard, sails with Willoughby, [60];
visits Moscow, [62];
narrative of his voyage, [63]
Chanticleer, [401], [423]
Charcot, his Antarctic expedition, [441]
— Land, [442]
Charles, [152] et seq.
Charles Darwin Island, [422]
Chatham Island, [418]
Chelyuskin, [176], [177]
— Cape, [15], [323], [341]
Cherrie Island v. [Cherry Island]
Cherry Island (Bear Island), [73], [121]
Chesterfield Inlet, [166]
Chidley Cape, [100]
Chilham, [107], [108]
Christian IV sends expedition to Greenland, [112];
claims Spitsbergen, [124]
Christianity reaches Iceland, [42];
introduced into Greenland, [43]
Christianshaab, [162], [164]
Chukchis, v. [Tchuktches]
Churches, at East Bygd, [47], [48];
in Greenland, [51];
ruins of Greenland, [52]
Churchill, [167]
Churchward, John, [98], [99]
Circum-polar coast, [18];
trees, [13];
tribes, [13]
Clavering, Douglas, [279];
death of, [281]
Clavus, Claudius, maps of, [54]
Clements Markham Glacier, [380]
Clerke, Capt., [171], [394]
Clio, [238], [240]
Clothing, Arctic, [292], [352];
M’Clintock’s, [257];
Nansen’s, [334], [342];
Peary’s, [337]
— Antarctic, Amundsen’s, [482];
Scott’s, [462];
Shackleton’s, [478]
Coal at Kudlisit, [312];
in Ellesmere Island, [350];
in Finmarken, [73];
in Spitsbergen, [361];
near Lady Franklin Bay, [309]
Coats Land, [440]
Cochlearia fenestrata, [295]
Cockayne, Sir William, [106], [108], [113], [135]
Cockburn Island, [423]
Cod, [98]
Codex Flateyensis, [38]
Colbeck, Capt. William, [433], [467] et seq., [476]
Cole, Humphrey, inventor of the Log, [152]
Collins, Grenville, [156]
Collinson, Capt., [263]
Collision of Erebus and Terror, [419]
Commonwealth Bay, [487]
Continental shelf, [340], [356];
Antarctic, [397], [435]
Conway, Sir Martin, crosses Spitsbergen, [361] et seq.;
his books on Spitsbergen, [362]
Cook, Capt. James, [169] et seq.;
explores neighbourhood of Bering Strait, [170];
his Antarctic expedition, [394] et seq.
— Dr Frederick, [337], [338], [434];
attempts to reach Pole, [353] et seq.;
winters in Jones Sound, [355]
Copper, [167], [169]
Coppermine River, [168], [169], [229]
Cornwallis, [238], [240]
Côte Clarie, [408], [487]
Cove, [237]
Crab-eating seal, [483]
Creak, Capt. Ettrick, [446], [451]
Crean, [490], [495], [498], [499], [503]
Cresswell, Lieut., [263], [268]
Crevasse, Scott falls into, [474]
Crevasses, Antarctic, [474], [475], [479], [480], [481], [494], [498]
Cross-staff, [56], [89], [102]
Crow’s nest, [189]
Crozier, Commander, [213], [216], [239], [410], [414], [420], [424]
Crozon, Frobisher besieges, [92]
Cryolite, [164], [311]
Cumberland Gulf, [95], [96], [98], [100]
Cunningham, John, [112]
Currents, Atlantic, [30];
Arctic, [23];
Baffin’s Bay, [6];
Greenland, [5], [41];
Oceanic, in arctic, [5]
Dailey, Mr, [471]
Dalager, Lars, [331]
Dalbyo, [325]
Dame Europa’s School, author of, [306]
Dance, Commodore, [222]
Danes Island, [344]
Danish Arctic expeditions, [364] et seq., [376] et seq.
Danmark, [369]
Danmark Fjord, [372], [378];
Havn, [370]
Dannebrog Islands, [365]
David, Professor T. W. E., [478]
Davidson, Dr, [468]
Davis, John, [93];
sails on his first voyage, [94];
his provisions, [96];
his second expedition, [96];
names Cape Farewell, [96];
re-enters his strait, [96];
meets Eskimos, [95], [96], [97];
compiles Eskimo vocabulary, [97];
map of voyages of, [97];
his third expedition, [98];
magnetic observations of, [99];
commands Black Dog, [101];
commands Desire, [101];
commands Drake, [101];
joins Cavendish expedition, [101];
visits the Azores, [101];
death of, [102];
life of, [100], [102];
character of, [101];
narrative of his voyages, [100];
his quadrant, [102];
his Seaman’s Secrets, [102];
his World’s Hydrographical Description, [102];
place-names given by, [103]
Davis, Capt. J. E. (Master of the Terror), [412], [425], [430]
Davis Strait, [97]
Day, Mr, [491]
Dayman, Lieut., [426], [427]
Dease, Peter Warren, [228]
Debenham, F., [491]
de Bruyne, Lieut. A., [359] et seq.
Deception Island, [400], [401]
Dee, Dr, [83], [94]
De Hozes, Francisco, [389]
Del Cano, Sebastian, [389]
Dellbridge, J. H., [464] et seq.
De Long, Lieut., his expedition, [327] et seq.;
retreat of, [329];
fate of, [329];
character of, [329], [330]
Demetri, [495], [503]
Dennis, [86];
founders, [88]
Den Röd Löve, [112]
d’Orléans, Duc, [368], [435]
Deshneff, Simon, [175]
Desire, [101]
Des Voeux, [240]
D’Urville, Dumont, [440];
his Antarctic expedition, [407], [408]
Diana, [287], [288], [326], [431]
Diary of Brönland, [373]
Dickson, Baron Oscar, [322], [332], [431]
— Dr, [425]
Digges, Sir Dudley, [106], [107], [108], [135], [142]
— Leonard, [106], [107]
— Thomas, [107]
Dinner to Scott’s expedition, [453]
Dirk Gerritsz Archipelago, [390]
“Discharging glaciers,” [9]
Disco Bay, [48], [161], [162], [163], [164], [333]
Disco Island, fossils in, [350]
Discourse of the Compass and Magnetic Needle, [100]
Discovery, Baffin’s, [138] et seq., [142] et seq.
— Button’s, [236]
— Clerke’s, [169] et seq.
— Hudson’s, [129], [131]
— Moore’s, [165]
— Nares’s, [304], [312]
— Scott’s, [451] et seq.;
plans of, [446], [447];
flag of, [447];
relieved by Morning, [470];
freed from the ice, [476];
ashore, [476];
damage to rudder, [477];
returns home, [477]
Divers Voyages (Hakluyt), [110]
Dobbs, [166]
Dogs, [17], [337], [338], [354], [355];
in Antarctic, [462], [472], [482], [483];
Greenland, [23]
Dorothea, [198] et seq.
Draba alpina, [295]
Drake, [101]
Drake, Sir Thomas, [389];
his astrolabe, [57]
— R. N., Mr, [489]
Dress of Arctic Highlanders, [24];
of Eskimos, [19]
Drift, Antarctic, [435]
— westerly polar, [5], [297], [310], [340], [342], [343];
Jeannette’s, [328]
Driftwood, [23]
Dronning Luisa Land, [373], [378], [381]
Drygalski, Erik von, his Antarctic expedition, [440]
— Glacier, [481]
Duse, Lieut., [436]
Dutch, the, open trade with Russia, [68];
renew voyages to the North, [72], [73];
first visit to Spitsbergen by, [124];
despatch second fleet to Spitsbergen, [126]
Dutch Arctic explorations, [358] et seq.
Dysentery attacks Shackleton’s party, [480]
Earl Camden, [222]
East Bygd, [51], [159], [160];
settlement of, [40];
Augustinian monastery at, [47];
churches at, [47];
fate of, [51]
East India Company, founded, [105];
undertake North-West Passage, [129];
Baffin enters service of, [146]
Easter Island, visited by Cook, [396]
Edward VI encourages Frobisher, [81];
patronises Arctic exploration, [59], [60]
Edward Bonaventure, [60]
Eendracht, [390]
Eenhiörningen, [150]
Egede, Hans, [158] et seq.;
discovers Kakortak ruins, [47];
history of his mission, [160] et seq.;
on Eskimo words, [160];
his family, [162];
dies, [163];
his books, [163]
— Paul, [161] et seq.
Egedesminde, [163]
Egerton, Admiral Sir George, [304], [306] et seq., [446], [448]
Eira, [290];
founders, [291]
Eira Harbour, [294]
Eis blink, [163]
Eliza Scott, [405], [406]
Elizabeth, [98], [99], [100]
Elizabeth, Queen, encourages Arctic discovery, [79];
supports Frobisher, [82], [85];
decorates Frobisher, [86]
Elizabethan Arctic discoveries, [157]
Ellen, [98], [99], [100]
Ellesmere Island, [265], [298], [299], [308], [325], [347] et seq., [354], [362];
coal in, [350]
Emanuel, [86]
— (busse), [86], [91]
Emperor penguins, [472], [476], [496], [497]
Empetrum nigrum, [116]
Enderby, Charles, [403] et seq.
— Land, [404]
— Quadrant, [505]
England, Lieut., R.N. [478]
Engroneland, [118]
Enterprise, [248], [250] et seq., [263]
Epitaph, Franklin’s, [243]
Equipment, sledging, Hearne’s, [168];
Nansen’s, [334];
Ross’s, [256];
Scott’s [450], [460];
Sverdrup’s, [348];
Wrangell’s, [182]
Erebus (under Ross), [410] et seq., [418] et seq.;
collision of, [419]
— (under Franklin), [237] et seq., [240] et seq., [246] et seq., [251];
sinks, [247]
Erebus and Terror Bay, [422]
Erichsen, Mylius, [369] et seq.;
death of, [374], [375]
Erik, Bishop, [48]
— the Red, [39];
Saga of, [38];
voyage of, [41]
Eriksfjord, [113]
Esk, [195]
Eskimos, [17], [18], [84], [112], [113], [115], [142], [143], [229], [234];
boats of, [20], [115];
dress of, [19];
East Greenland, [365], [366];
harpoons of, [23];
iglus, [234];
physical characteristics of, [19], [20], [22];
priests of, [23];
snow-huts of, [20];
their folk-lore, [366];
vocabulary of, compiled by Davis, [97];
vocabulary of, Egede’s, [160];
at Igloolik, [214];
of Boothia, [235];
in Greenland, [22], [335];
massacred by Indians, [168];
met by Amundsen, [314], [315];
met by Baffin, [140];
met by Davis, [95], [96], [97];
met by Egede, [159];
met by Hudson’s mutineers, [134];
met by M’Clintock, [275];
met by Sabine, [280] et seq.;
visit Parry’s vessels, [214]
Evans, Commander, [489], [490], [492], [498], [499]
— Edgar, [471] et seq., [490], [495], [498], [500] et seq.;
death of, [502]
Excellent, [238], [240]
Faddiev, [179]
Falkland Islands, [405], [420], [436]
Farewell, Cape, sighted by Baffin, [114]
Faroes, [121]
Fauna, of American Arctic Coast, [18];
of Cape Sabine, [320];
of Franz
Josef Land, [296];
of Greenland, [96];
of Melville Island, [209];
of Spitsbergen, [119], [121], [128]
Feather, T. A., [472]
Feilden, Capt., [304]
Felix, [251], [253], [254]
Felspar crystals, [479]
Fenton, Edward, [90]
Ferrar, Hartley T., [449], [464] et seq., [472]
Ferrar Glacier, [465], [471]
Fiala, Capt., [293]
Field, Capt., [446]
“Field ice,” [7]
Filchner, his Antarctic expedition, [442]
Finmarken, [73];
coast explored by Ohthere, [34];
geology of, [73]
Finneskos, [334], [342], [462], [478]
Fish, abundance of, [98]
Fisher, Dr, [209] et seq.
— Rev. George, [213]
Fitzjames, James, [238] et seq.;
death of, [247]
Fjords, Greenland, [9], [41]
Flag of the Discovery, [447]
Flags, sledge, Nares’s expedition, [304];
Scott’s, [450]
Flatey Book, [38], [47];
account of voyage of Leif Erik, [43]
Flensing, [192]
Flinders, Capt., [222]
Floe, Tyson’s party adrift on, [301]
“Floe-bergs,” [7]
Flora Antarctica, [418]
Flora of American Arctic Coast, [18];
of Baffin’s Bay, [116];
of Cockburn Island, [423];
of Franz Josef Land, [295];
of Greenland, [41], [96];
of Melville Island, [211];
of Novaya Zemlya, [185], [186];
of Waigatz, [64]
Forster, Johann Reinhold, [394]
Fort Enterprise, [224];
Providence, [224] et seq.
Fortune, [177]
Fossils, Antarctic, [423], [431], [432], [436], [437], [440], [501], [506];
penguins, [438];
tertiary, [350]
Foster, Capt. Henry, [216], [423];
his Antarctic expedition, [400] et seq.;
death of, [401]
Fotherby family, [124], [126]
Fox, [273], [311];
winters in Bellot’s Strait, [274]
Fox Channel, [154]
Fox, Luke, [137], [151];
sails north, [152];
discovers relics of Button and Munk, [154];
meets Capt. James, [154];
his Narrative, [156];
map of, [145], [146], [155]
Foyn, Svend, [433], [467]
Fram (Nansen’s), [340] et seq.;
dimensions of, [340];
drift of, [344];
arrives home, [344];
under Sverdrup, [347];
winters in Smith Channel, [347];
winters in Havnfjord, [348];
winters in Jones Sound, [349]
— (Amundsen’s), [482] et seq.
Français, [442]
Francis, [86]
Francke, Rudolf, [353] et seq.
Franklin, Lady, [251]
— Sir John, [222], [238] et seq., [413], [414];
serves with Buchan, [198];
at Trafalgar, [223];
his land journey, [223] et seq.;
marries Miss Porden, [226];
his second land journey, [226];
marries Miss Griffin, [227];
last expedition sails, [241];
death of, [243];
Tennyson’s epitaph on, [243];
his record, [243], [244];
retreat of his party, [245] et seq.;
search for, [248] et seq.;
his winter quarters discovered, [254];
his relics found, [272], [275], [276], [314]
Franklin Island, [415]
Franz Josef Land, [289] et seq., [345], [360];
explorers of, [293];
described, [293], [294];
flora of, [295];
fauna of, [296];
birds of, [296];
part of Spitsbergen, [340];
Nansen reaches, [343]
Frederikshaab, [163], [331]
Freeman, Ralph, [106]
French Antarctic expeditions, [407], [441]
Freuchen, Herr, [370], [380]
Friesland (or Frieslanda), [55], [56], [83], [85], [88], [95], [160]
Frisland v. [Friesland]
Frobisher, Martin, [81];
starts his Arctic voyage, [83];
meets Eskimos, [84];
supposed discovery of gold by, [85];
his second expedition, [85];
his provisions, [90];
authorities for his voyage, [91];
life of, [91];
character of, [91];
dies, [92];
place-names given by, [92]
Frobisher Strait, [152], [159]
Frozen soil, depth of, [16]
Fulford, Faith, [93]
Furious Overfall, The, [100], [123], [131]
Furnace, [165]
Furs, [482]
Fury, [212], [216];
wrecked, [234]
Fury Beach, [234], [236], [249], [303]
Fury and Hecla Strait, [214], [216]
Gabriel, [83], [86]
— (Bering’s), [177]
Gabrielsen, Tobias, [370] et seq.
Gael Hamke Bay, [279] et seq.
Gamaliel, [124]
Ganges, [240]
Garrard, Mr Cherry, [491], [494], [496], [498], [503], [504]
Garwood, Mr, [361]
Gatonby, John, [114]
Gauss, [362], [440], [441], [451]
Gauss, Prof., [417]
Gaussberg, [508]
Geology, of Antarctic regions, [429], [434], [435], [438], [480], [501], [505];
of Arctic regions, [384] et seq.;
of Finmarken, [73]
George, [65]
Gerlache, M. de, [368], [390]; his Antarctic expedition, [433] et seq.
Gerlache Channel, [434]
German Antarctic expeditions, [440], [442]
Germania, [282]
Gerritsz, Dirk, [390]
Giffard, [304]
Gilbert, Adrian, [94], [96], [98]
— Sir Humphrey, his Discourse on a North-west Passage to Cathay, [82], [94]
Gilbert Sound, [95], [109], [114];
Egede reaches, [159]
Gilliflower, [113]
Gjoa, [314], [315]
Glaciers, Antarctic, [471];
Greenland, [9];
discharging, [9];
in Novaya Zemlya, [186];
movement of, [331], [332]
Globes, Molyneux, [55], [104]
Godenoff, Boris, [105]
Godspeed, [129]
Godthaab, [95], [114], [116], [160], [316], [336]
Goggles, [462]
Gold, supposed discovery by Frobisher of, [85]
Goodsir, Dr, [240]
Goose Land, [185]
Gore, Graham, [240], [243], [245]
Gore-Booth, Sir Henry, [360]
Graah, Capt., [217];
explores East Greenland, [281]
Graham Land, [405], [406], [431], [432], [434], [442], [506]
Granite, [456]
Grant, W. J. A., [359]
Gray, Capt., [283]
Great Bear Lake, [226]
Great Fish River, [228], [275]
Great Slave Lake, [224], [228], [316]
Greely, Lieut., [316]; work of, [320]
Greely expedition, [317] et seq.
Greenland, altitudes in, [332], [333], [335], [336], [338], [381];
area of, [9];
attempt to re-discover Norse colony in, [112];
Bardsen’s report on, [51];
Bishop Arnold of, [48];
Bishop Erik of, visits Vinland, [48];
bishops of, [47] et seq., [51];
churches of, [51];
first bishop of, consecrated, [47];
Christian IV sends expedition to, [112];
Christianity introduced into, [43];
coast explored by Nares’s expedition, [308];
current of East coast of, [41];
Danish expeditions to, [364] et seq., [376] et seq.;
devastated by smallpox, [162];
East coast mapped, [368];
Egede’s map of, [161];
explorations in, [279] et seq.;
later explorations in, [376] et seq.;
fauna of, [96];
first attempt to approach East coast of, [98];
first governor of, [160];
fjords of, [9], [41];
flora of, [41], [96];
glaciers of, [9];
ice-cap of, [9];
inland ice of, [9], [331], [332], [336];
map of, [377];
Moravian missions to, [162], [163], [164];
crossed by Nansen, [334];
by Rasmussen, [379];
by Quervain, [381];
by Koch, [381];
Nordenskiöld attempts crossing, [325];
Norsemen in, [38];
name of, applied to Spitsbergen, [118], [124];
Peary’s journeys in, [338], [368], [369];
products of, [163], [164];
ruins of churches in, [52];
runic inscriptions, [52];
stations of, [163];
ship visits Iceland, [51];
sighted by Davis, [95];
colonies, population of, [51];
colonies, their fate, [51];
Current, [5];
Eskimos, physical characteristics of, [22]
Greyhound, [72]
Griffin, [72]
Grinnell, [252]
Grinnell Land, [269]
Griper, [206] et seq., [212], [215], [233], [280]
Gron, Tryggve, [491], [503]
Groneland, [118]
Guillemard, Jeanne, [227]
Gull, Ivory, [296];
Ross’s, [296], [343];
Sabine’s, [203]
Haarfager, Harold, [35], [36]
Hadley’s Quadrant, [102]
Hagen, Lieut. H., [370] et seq.;
death of, [374]
Hakluyt, Richard, [109] et seq., [135];
his Divers Voyages touching the Discoveries of America, [110];
his Principall Navigations, [110]
Halgoland, [61]
Hall, [300]
— Christopher, [88], [90];
master of Gabriel, [83];
island named after, [84];
quarrels with Frobisher, [89]
— James, [112], [113], [114], [116];
is killed, [115];
place-names given by, [112], [114], [116]
Hamilton, Admiral Sir R. Vesey, [446]
Handsley, [471], [472]
Hansa, [282]
Hansen, B. H., [345]
— S. Scott, [341]
Hanson, [433]
Hanssen, [484]
Hare (boy), accident to, [459]
Harpoon, [190];
Eskimo, [23]
Hartz, Herr, [367], [368]
Hassel, [484]
Hauksbok, [38], [39], [47];
account of voyage of Leif Erik, [43];
author of, [46]
Hayes, Dr, [299]
Hearne, Samuel, his first journey, [167];
explores the Coppermine River, [168];
taken prisoner by the French, [169]
Heartsease (Greenland voyage), [113] et seq.
— Marmaduke’s, [126]
Hecla, [206] et seq., [212];
under Parry, [216] et seq., [233]
— Ryder’s, [367]
Hedenström surveys the Liakhovs, [180]
Heemskerk, Jacob van, [72]
Heiberg, Axel, [347]
Hendrik, Hans, [305]
Henrietta, [192]
Henrietta Maria, [154]
Henson, [337], [357]
Herald Island, [183], [328]
Hertha, [431], [432]
Highlanders, Arctic, [24];
Ross’s, [202], [253], [299], [301], [313], [338], [352] et seq., [379];
dress, [24];
physical characteristics of, [24]
Hinlopen Strait, [127], [285], [288]
Hodgson, Thomas V., [449]
Hoidtenland Islands, [343]
Hold-with-Hope, [118]
Holm, Lieut. G., [364] et seq.
Holsteinborg, [112], [115], [163]
Hondius’s map of 1611, [77]
Hood, Robert, murder of, [225]
— Dr, [106]
Hooker, Sir Joseph, [412], [415], [418], [420], [423], [445]
Hooper, [503]
“Hoosh,” [461]
Hope, [72]
— Adams’s, [390]
— Egede’s, [158] et seq.
— Young’s, [291]
Hope Bay, [436], [437]
Hopewell, [86]
— Knight’s, [117] et seq., [130]
Hoskins, Admiral Sir Anthony, [446]
Hudson, Henry, [117];
his first voyage, [118];
his second voyage, [122];
names of crew of his second voyage, [122];
visits Novaya Zemlya, [122];
results of his voyages, [123];
his last voyage, [131];
names of crew of his last voyage, [131];
sights Iceland, [131];
winters in his Bay, [132];
mutiny of his crew, [132] et seq.;
his character, [135]
— Thomas, [117]
Hudson’s Bay, first so-called, [131];
map of, [167];
voyages to, [129]
Hudson’s Bay Company, [228];
founding of, [165];
early voyages of, [165]
Hudson Strait, [152];
discovery of, [89]
Hudson’s Touches, [121]
Hull Trinity House, [116]
Huntriss, William, [113]
Ibis, [326]
Ice, Antarctic, [11];
thickness of drift, [5]
“Ice blink,” [8], [163]
Ice-cap, Antarctic, [473], [474], [477], [506], [507]
“Ice-foot,” [8], [298]
Ice, nomenclature, [7];
phenomena, [326];
thickness of, in Arctic, [5]
Icebergs, [9], [10];
Antarctic, [11], [12];
colour of, [10]
Iceland, Christianity introduced into, [42];
physical features of, [36];
reached by the Vikings, [36];
settlement of, [37];
sighted by Hudson, [131];
visit of Greenland ship to, [51];
voyages to, [58]
Icy Cape, [170], [171]
Igloolik, Parry winters at, [214]
Iglus, [21], [22]
— Eskimo, [234]
Independence Bay, [339], [373]
Independence Sound, [372], [373]
Inglefield, Admiral, [265], [268], [270], [298], [348]
Ingulf, [364]
“Inland Ice” of Greenland, [9], [331], [332], [336]
In Northern Mists, Nansen’s, [346]
Instruments nautical etc., [56], [89], [102], [110], [115];
Cook’s, [354], [355], [394];
invented by Leigh-Smith, [287];
Nansen’s, for crossing Greenland, [335];
James’s, [154];
Scott’s, [452], [489]
Intrepid, [251], [253], [254], [261], [264] et seq., [347]
Inventions or Devices, Bourne’s, [152]
Investigator, [222], [248], [251], [263] et seq.;
loss of, [270]
Irizar, Capt. Julio, [437]
Iron, meteoric, [202]
— (meteoric) weapons, [24]
Isabella, [198] et seq., [233], [237]
Isachsen, G. I., [347] et seq.
Isbjörn, [289], [360]
Iversen, Iver, [376] et seq.
Ivory Gull, [296]
Jackson, F. G., [291];
rescues Nansen, [293]
Jacobshavn, [381]
James, Thomas, [152];
portrait of, [153];
instruments taken by, [154];
meets Foxe, [154];
winters in Hudson’s Bay, [154]
Jane, [402]
Janes, John, [94], [95], [98], [100]
Jansen, Commodore, [285], [358]
Jáshak, naval battle of, [147]
Jason, [431]
Jeannette, [328];
drift of relics of, [340]
Jeffreys, Gwyn, [427]
Jenkinson, Antony, on N.E. Passage, [82]
Jensen, Lieut., explores Greenland, [333]
Johansen, [370] et seq.
— F. H., [342] et seq.
John and Francis, [124]
Joinville Island, [421], [431]
Jonah in the Whale, [188]
Jones, Sir Francis, [106], [108], [135], [124]
Jones Sound, [347], [348], [355];
Fram winters in, [349]
Jorgensen, Capt., [376] et seq., [442], [443]
Joseph, Benjamin, [124] et seq.
Juan Fernandez, [392]
Judith, [86]
Julianshaab, [164]
Jurassic flora in Antarctic, [438]
— life, first in Arctic, [4]
Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, [487], [488]
Kakortak, ruins of, [47], [52], [160]
Kallstenius, [325]
Kamschatka, [171]
Kane, Dr, [255], [298], [353]
Kara Sea, [72], [327], [360];
expeditions, [346]
Karlsefni, Thorfin, descendants of, [46];
reaches Labrador, [45];
Saga of, [39]
Katten, [112], [129]
Kayaks, [20], [22], [95], [113], [115], [342] et seq., [353], [365]
Kellett, Capt., [264], [268]
Kempe, Capt., his Antarctic expedition, [405]
Kempe Land, [405], [508]
Kendall, [401]
Kennedy, William, [262]
Keohane, [495], [498], [503]
Khabarova, [15], [341]
King Edward VII visits the Discovery, [454]
King Edward VII Land, [477], [492], [506]
King George IV Sea, [402]
King William Island, [230], [274] et seq.
King William Land, [235], [242], [314]
Kingiktorsuak, [49]
Kingoa-dal, ruins in, [48]
Kishim, [147]
Kites in sledge travel, [258]
Knight, John, [112];
his expedition and death, [129], [130]
Koch, Johan Peter, [370] et seq., [381] et seq.
Koettlitz, Dr, [292], [295], [449], [464] et seq.
Koettlitz Glacier, [476]
Kola Peninsula, [13]
Koldewey, Karl, visits Greenland, [282];
visits Spitsbergen, [282]
Koldewey Island, [370]
Kolguev Island, [14], [361];
discovered, [64];
visited by Munk, [150]
Kolyma River, [324]
Kostin Shar, [185]
Kotelnoi Island, [179], [341]
Kroksfjord, [49]
Kruuse, H. C., his Greenland botanical work, [366], [367]
Labrador, [98];
discovered by Karlsefni, [45]
Lady Franklin, [251]
Lady Franklin Bay, [317]
Lambert Land, [371], [373]
Lamont, Mr, [287]
Lamprenen v. [Lamprey]
Lamprey, [150], [151]
Lamps, cooking, [342], [461]
Lancaster, Sir James, [106], [108], [113], [135], [142]
Lancaster Sound, [144], [207], [234], [241], [253], [311], [312]
“Land of Busse,” [91]
“Land of Desolation,” [95]
Landnamabók, [37]
Lane, Henry, [104]
Lapps, [13];
in Greenland, [332], [335]
Laptef, Cheriton, [177]
La Roche, Anthony, [393]
Larsen, Capt., [431], [432], [440]
Lashly, [471] et seq., [490], [495], [498], [499], [503]
Laub, Lieut., [376] et seq.
Ledyard, John, [171]
Leif Erik, Flatey book account of voyage to Vinland (Newfoundland), [43];
marries Thorgunna, [42];
reaches Vinland, [42]
Leigh-Smith, Benjamin, [287], [288];
visits Franz Josef Land, [290];
revisits it, [291];
winters in it, [291], [294]
Le Maire, Jacob, [390]
Lena, [323]
Lena River, [316], [324], [329];
discovered, [175];
descended, [177]
Levick, Dr, [490], [493]
Liakhov Islands (New Siberian Islands), [177], [179], [328], [329], [341], [384]
Lichtenfels, [163]
Lievely, [217], [347]
Lightning, [427]
Lillie, Mr, [491], [494]
Lindenow, Goolske, [113]
Linschoten, J. H. van, [70] et seq.;
dies, [72];
his narrative, [72]
Lion, [91]
— Pickersgill’s, [171]
Lively, [403] et seq.
Loads for sledges, [23], [176], [265], [472], [479]
Loaysa, Garcia Jofre de, [389]
Lock, Michael, [82] et seq.
Lock’s Island, [88]
Lockwood, Lieut. James, [317] et seq.;
death of, [320]
Lodias, [63]
Log, use of the, [152]
Logarithms, introduced by Briggs, [151]
London, [147]
London Coast, [99]
Londonderry, founded by Cockayne, [108]
Longhurst, Cyril, [450], [453], [467]
Longstaff, Mr, [466];
supports The Societies’ Expedition, [445]
Lowther Island, [259]
Lumley, Lord, [152]
Lutke Land, [186]
Lyall, Dr, [412]
Lyon, Capt. G. F., [212] et seq.;
voyage of, [215];
death of, [216]
Lyons, Israel, [173]
Lyttelton, New Zealand, [455], [469], [470], [477], [478], [491]
M’Clintock, Admiral Sir Leopold, [249] et seq., [264] et seq., [303], [427], [446], [453];
his sledges, [256];
his sledge crew, [259];
his sledge journey, [356];
commissions the Fox, [273];
knighted, [278];
death of, [278]
M’Clure, Capt., [248];
winters in Prince of Wales Strait, [264];
his record found by Mecham, [265]
McCormick, Dr R., [412], [425]
Mackenzie, Alexander, explores Mackenzie River, [169]
Mackenzie River, [169], [226];
exploration of, [169], [384]
Maclear, Lieut., [428]
M’Murdo, Archibald, [411], [420]
M’Murdo Bay, [416]
— Sound, [456], [457], [492], [493]
Macquarie Island, [455], [486]
Magallanica, [391]
Magellan, [389]
Magnetic force, irregular, [455]
— observations, [99], [115];
Antarctic, [475], [476]
— Pole, Sir James Ross discovers, [236];
South, [417], [475], [480], [481];
position of, [415]
— storms, [417]
Magpie, [405]
Mahu, Jacob, [390]
Maigaard, Lieut., [333]
Maldonado on Strait of Anian, [82]
Mammoth ivory, [179], [180], [184]
Maps, Baffin’s discoveries, [144];
Barentsz’s discoveries, by Hondius, [77];
Claudius Clavus’s, [54];
Davis’s voyages, [97];
Egede’s, of Greenland, [161];
Foxe’s, [155];
Frobisher’s discoveries, [87];
Graham Land, [399];
Greenland, [377];
Hudson Bay, [167];
Hudson Strait, by Baffin, [139];
medieval, [55];
by Mercator, [55], [95], [391];
North-eastern Siberia, [181];
North-western Siberia, [181];
Olaus Magnus and Zamoiski, [55];
Ortelius’s (1570), [55], [391];
Parry Islands, [210];
Settlement of East Bygd, [40];
South Shetlands, [399];
Spitsbergen, [120];
Zeni, [54]
Markham, Admiral Sir A. H., [301], [313], [360], [446], [447];
sails on whaler, [302]
— Sir Clements, [446];
serves on the Assistance, [252];
his Threshold of the Unknown Region, [302]
— Lady (Clements), [447]
— Lieut. John, [400]
Markland (Labrador), discovered by Karlsefni, [45]
Marmaduke, Capt., [124];
his explorations in Spitsbergen, [127]
Marshall, [479]
— Captain, [197]
Maryner’s Book, [151]
Massacre of Eskimos, [168]
Matonabi, [167] et seq.
Matthew, [124]
Matyushin Strait, [184], [185], [360]
Maury, [358]
Mawson, Sir Douglas, [478], [480];
his Antarctic expedition, [486] et seq.
May, Lieut., [304]
Meares, Mr, [489], [491], [498]
Mecham, Frederick, [259], [261], [264] et seq.;
finds M’Clure’s record, [265];
his great sledge journey, [270], [356];
character of, [271];
death of, [271]
Meddelelser om Grönland, [364], [366]
Melampyrum sylvaticum, [64]
Melville Bay, [143], [202], [273], [303], [314], [338]
Melville Island, [208] et seq., [259], [260], [265] et seq.;
fauna of, [209];
flora of, [211];
interior explored, [209]
Melville Peninsula, [214];
explored by Rae, [231]
Mercator, his maps, [55], [95], [391];
Atlas, [391]
Merchant Adventurers, [104], [113];
Company, [59]
“Merchants of London, Governor and Company of,” [135]
Mercury, [69]
Mermaid, [96], [97]
Mertz, Dr, [486];
death of, [487]
Meteoric iron, [202], [339];
weapons, [24]
Michael, [83], [86]
Micmac Indians, [98]
Middendorf, [184]
Middle Pack, [100], [142]
Middleton, Capt. Christopher, winters in Hudson’s Bay, [166]
Mikkelsen, Einar, [368], [376] et seq., [384]
Milton, history of Muscovia, [62]
Miocene, Antarctic, [438]
Molyneux globes, [55], [104]
Monastery (Augustinian) in East Bygd, [47]
Montreal Island, [272], [275]
Monument to Vince, [476]
Moon, [86]
Moonshine, [94], [95], [96], [97], [98]
Moore, Admiral, [411], [425]
Moravian missions, [162], [163], [164];
in Greenland, [162], [163]
Morning, [466] et seq., [476]
Moseley, [428]
Mosquitos, [15]
Motor-car, Shackleton’s, [478]
Motor Sledges, [490], [497]
Mount Erebus, [416], [458];
ascended, [479], [504]
— Haddington, [422]
— Jason, [431]
— Longstaff, [464]
— Markham, [464]
— Melbourne, [493]
— Moberly, [404]
— Sabine, [415]
— St Elias discovered, [178]
— Terror, [416]
— William, [404]
Mountain sickness, [480]
Mourier, Commander, [364]
Müller, Baron, [431]
Mulock, Lieut. G. F. A., [470] et seq.
Munk, Jens Eriksen, [149];
visits Iceland, [150];
visits Kolguev, [150];
his narrative, [151];
death of, [151]
Murman Coast, [13], [63]
Murray, Mr J., [478]
— Sir John, [428], [446];
on Antarctic exploration, [444]
Muscovy Company, [105], [123], [124];
receives charter, [62];
discourages Frobisher, [82];
protests against Dutch encroachments, [121];
despatches fleet to Spitsbergen, [124];
despatches N.W. expedition, [130]
Musk ox, [22], [267], [281], [318], [338], [339], [347], [349], [371], [372], [374], [380]
Mutineers, Hudson’s, sail with Button, [136]
Nai, Cornelis, [69], [70]
Nanortalik, [364], [365]
Nansen, Fridtjof, [340] et seq., [386];
rescued by Jackson, [293];
crosses Greenland, [334] et seq.;
his instruments for crossing Greenland, [335];
scientific papers of, [345];
his In Northern Mists, [346]
Nares, Admiral Sir George, [267], [304] et seq., [446];
his expedition sails, [304];
arrives at Lievely, [305];
his winter quarters, [305];
results of his expedition, [309];
commands the Challenger, [428]
Narwhals, [143]
Nathorst, Professor, [368]
Natives, Polar, [13]
Nelson, Horatio, [173]
— Mr, [490], [503]
Nemtinoff, Lieut., [285]
Neumeyer, Prof., [440], [441]
New Attractive, [100]
New Guinea, [391]
New Siberian Islands, v. [Liakhov Islands]
Newfoundland, [98];
(Vinland), discovered by Leif Erik, [42];
re-discovered, [58]
Newland, [118], [119]
Newton, Professor Alfred, [287]
Nias, Sir Joseph, [201], [212]
Nicholas of Lynn, [53]
Nimrod, [478] et seq.
Ninnis, Lieut., [486];
death of, [487]
Nodal, the brothers, [390]
Nonsuch, [165]
Nordenskiöld, Erland, [325]
— Nils Adolf Erik, Baron, [322] et seq., [386];
on Omoki, [16];
visits Spitsbergen, [286] et seq.;
explores Greenland, [325];
results of his voyage, [324];
character of, [325];
his explorations in Greenland, [322]
— Otto, [368];
his Antarctic expedition, [435] et seq.;
results, [438], [439]
Nordsetur, [49]
Norman, Robert, his New Attractive, [100]
Norse colony in Greenland, attempt to re-discover, [112]
— methods of reckoning time, [45]
— Settlement of East Bygd founded, [41]
Norsemen, the, [30], [32];
Arctic discoveries by, [32] et seq., [38] et seq., [49] et seq.;
in Greenland, [38]
North Cape, rounded by Ohthere, [34];
named by Burrough, [63]
North East Passage, [322];
attempted by Wood, [156]
North Georgian Gazette, [208]
North Pole, attempts to reach, [351] et seq.
North Somerset, [251]
North Star, Davis’s, [96];
Saunders’s, [250], [265]
North West Passage, [155], [268], [275], [314];
attempted by Frobisher, [81];
attempted by Ross, [233];
rewards for discovery of, [172]
Norwegian expeditions, Antarctic, [433], [482] et seq.;
Novaya Zemlya, [288];
Spitsbergen, [286]
Novaya Zemlya, [157], [289], [316], [360];
description of, [184] et seq.;
discovered by Willoughby, [61];
visited by Hudson, [122]
Nunataks, [331], [333], [335], [372], [373], [378], [381]
Oates, Capt., [490], [491], [498], [500] et seq.;
death of, [502];
cairn to his memory, [503]
Obi River, [323], [326]
Observations, lunar, by Baffin, [140];
magnetic, [99], [115];
magnetic, Antarctic, [475], [476];
Peary’s, [357];
pendulum, Antarctic, [400];
stations for synchronous, [316], [414];
synchronous, Antarctic, [420], [451]
Observatory, Rossbank, [414]
Ocean, depth of, [296], [297], [344], [345]
Oceanic currents in Arctic, [5]
Oceanography, Antarctic, [426] et seq.
Odin’s horse (Sleipner), [31]
Odometer, [372]
Officers of Nares’s expedition, [304]
Ohthere, [33];
voyage of, [34]
Olaf, Bishop, [49]
Olaf Tryggvason, Saga of, [38]
Ommanney, Erasmus, [237], [251], [252];
death of, [262]
Omoki, [16], [20]
“One-ton Depôt,” [494], [498]
Onkilon, [16], [20];
relics of the, [21]
Origanus, David, [141]
Orleans Channel, [434], [436]
Ormuz, siege of, [147]
Ornen, [113]
Orosius, [33]
Ortelius, map of world (1570), [55], [391]
Osborn, Sherard, [251], [261], [264] et seq., [268], [301], [302]
Ostiaks, [16]
Otter, Sea, [178]
Ox, Musk, [22]
Paar, Major, first governor of Greenland, [160]
Pack ice, [8];
Antarctic, [12]
Pagoda, [425]
Palander, Lieut. Louis, [287], [323]
Pancake ice, [7]
Pandora, [311] et seq., [327], [359];
name changed to Jeannette, [328]
Papaver alpinum, [96]
— nudicaule, [295]
Parr, Lieut., [304]
Parry, Sir Edward, [201], [205], [206];
discoveries by, [207];
winters in Melville Island, [208] et seq.;
his second voyage, [212];
winters on Melville Peninsula, [214];
winters at Igloolik, [214];
results of his second voyage, [215];
winters in Port Bowen, [217];
marries, [218];
his fourth voyage, [218];
his later work and death, [220]
Parry Archipelago, [347] et seq., [362];
currents of, [5]
Patience, [113], [114], [116]
Paulet Island, [437]
Payer, Julius, [288], [289], [316];
visits Greenland, [282]
Peary, Robert, his explorations in Greenland, [333];
his second expedition to Greenland, [337];
his third expedition to Greenland, [338];
attempts to reach the Pole, [352] et seq.;
further attempt on Pole, [355];
his sledge journey, [356];
his observations, [357];
Greenland journeys, [368], [369];
his record found, [380]
Pemmican, [256], [450], [461], [469], [479], [483]
Pendulum Island, [280], [282]
Pendulum observations, Antarctic, [400]
Penguins, Emperor, [472], [476], [496], [497];
fossil, [438]
Pennell, Lieut., [490], [493], [494]
Penny, Capt., [251] et seq.
Pepys, Samuel, approves Wood’s voyage, [156]
Pet, Arthur, [63];
commands Arctic voyage, [65];
discovers Waigatz, [66]
Pet Strait, [72], [323]
Petchora River, [14]
Peter Island, [397], [442]
Petermann Island, [442]
Petersen, Carl, [258], [273]
— Johan, [365], [366]
Philip and Mary, [62]
Philomel, [420]
Phipps, Hon. Constantine, [173];
narrative of his voyage, [174];
death of, [174]
Phoenix, [255], [268]
Physical characteristics of Arctic Highlanders, [24];
of Eskimos, [19];
of Greenland Eskimos, [22]
— features of Iceland, [36]
Pickersgill, Lieut., [171], [394]
Pike, Arnold, [344]
Pillars, basaltic, [324]
Pioneer, [251], [253], [254], [261], [264] et seq., [347]
Place-names given by John Davis, [103];
by Frobisher, [92];
by Hall, [112], [114], [116]
Plankton, [426]
Playse, John, his journal, [118]
Pleuropogon Sabinii, [186], [295]
Plover, [251], [263]
Point Victory, [235]
Polar areas, [3]
— conference, [316]
Polaris, [300], [301]
Pole, South magnetic, [417]
Polyphemus, [222]
Ponies, in Arctic travel, [292], [293];
in Greenland travel, [381];
in Antarctic travel, [478], [490], [494] et seq., [497], [498]
Ponting, Mr, [491]
Poole, Jonas, visits Spitsbergen, [105];
completes Hudson’s survey, [123];
death of, [123]
Population (Norse) in Greenland, [51]
Porcupine, [427]
Porpoise, [222]
Possession Island, [415]
Pourquoi Pas, [442]
Priestley, Raymond, [478], [480], [491], [493], [504]
Priests of the Eskimos, [23]
“Primus” lamp, [342], [461]
Prince Albert, [252] et seq., [262]
Prince Albert Mountains, [417]
Prince of Wales, [241]
Prince of Wales Island, [274], [277]
— Land, [259]
— Strait, M’Clure explores and winters in, [264]
Prince Patrick Island, [266], [267]
Prince Regent Inlet, [207], [217]
Principall Navigations (Hakluyt), [110]
Prontchishcheff, [176]
Prosperous, [156]
Proteus, [317] et seq.;
founders, [319]
Provisions, Davis’s, [94], [96];
Dease and Simpson’s, [229];
Frobisher’s, [90];
Lockwood’s, [318];
Nansen’s, [334], [342];
Parry’s, first voyage, [207];
Parry’s, second voyage, [213];
Parry’s, land journey, [209];
Parry’s, Spitsbergen boat voyage, [219];
Rae’s, [231];
Scott’s first expedition, [450], [461];
Shackleton’s, [479];
Sverdrup’s, [348];
for sledge journeys, M’Clintock’s party, [256], [257], [259];
Ross’s, [249];
Scott’s, [462], [494]
Pullen, Mr, [306]
Purchas, Samuel, [111]
Purchas hys Pilgrimes, [111]
Purchas’s Briefe and True Relation, [145]
Pyrites found by Frobisher, [85], [90]
Pytheas, voyage of, [26], [27]
Quadrant, Davis’s, [102];
Hadley’s, [102];
Weddell’s, [442];
Ross’s, [507]
Quadrants, Arctic, [4], [6], [13], [57]
Queen Adelaide Island, [404]
Quervain, Dr de, [381]
Quiros, Pedro Fernandez de, [392]
Racehorse, [172] et seq.
Rae, Dr John, winters in Repulse Bay, [231];
reports news of Franklin’s expedition, [272]
Rainbow, [227], [230]
Raised terraces, [186]
Raleigh, Sir Walter, supports Davis’s projects, [94];
drafts instructions for Arctic voyage, [135]
Ranunculus glacialis, [96]
Rasmussen, Knud, [379] et seq.
Rate of sledge travel, [23], [356];
Aldrich’s, [308];
Amundsen’s, [484], [485];
Hamilton’s, [265];
M’Clintock’s, [260], [266], [269];
Mecham’s, [265];
Payer’s, [283];
Peary’s, [338];
Rasmussen’s, [380];
Scott’s first expedition, [464], [472], [475]
Ravens, [332]
Ravenscraig, [301]
Rawson, Lieut., [304], [306], [307];
death of, [307]
Record, Peary’s, found, [380]
Records of Alert and Discovery, [312], [313]
Regiment of Medina, [57]
Reindeer, [14], [267];
introduced into Spitsbergen, [287]
Reliance, [227]
Relics, of the Onkilon, [21];
of Erichsens’ party, [378];
of Franklin found, [272], [275], [276], [314];
of Parry’s expedition, [260]
Rennick, Lieut., [490], [493], [494]
Repulse Bay, [166], [213], [230], [231]
Rescue, [252], [255]
Resolute, [251], [253] et seq., [264] et seq.
Resolution, Button’s, [136]
— Cook’s, [169] et seq., [394] et seq.
— Scoresby’s, [192], [194], [195]
Revenge, the, action described by Linschoten, [71]
Rhodostethia rosea, [343]
Rhytina Stelleri, [179]
Richard and Barnard, [124]
Richardson, Dr, [223] et seq., [226];
shoots Michel, [225]
Rijp, Jan Cornelis, [72], [73], [78]
Ringnes, Herrn, [347]
Ringnes Islands, [348], [349], [355]
Rink, Dr, [332]
Rivers of Siberia, [15]
Robertson, Dr, [412]
Robertson Bay, [433], [456], [493]
Rodgers, [329]
Roe, Sir Thomas, [152]
Roosevelt, [355], [356]
Ross, Sir James, [201], [212], [216], [218], [233] et seq., [410];
character of, [424];
his first Antarctic voyage, [410];
second Antarctic voyage, [418];
third Antarctic voyage, [422] et seq.;
bibliography of third Antarctic voyage, [425];
discovers magnetic pole, [236];
winters at Fury Beach, [236];
goes in search of Franklin, [248];
death of, [251]
— Sir John, [201], [233], [349];
discovers Arctic Highlanders, [24], [203];
his first voyage, [202];
knighted, [237]
Ross Island, [494];
Quadrant, [507];
Sea, [12]
Ross’s Barrier, v. [Barrier, Great]
Ross’s Gull, [296], [343]
Rossbank Observatory, [414]
Royal George, [102]
Royds, Lieut. Charles, [448], [452], [475]
Ruins of Greenland churches, [52];
of Kakortak, [47], [52], [160];
in Kingoa-dal, [48]
Runic inscriptions in Greenland, [49], [52]
Rupert, Prince, founds Hudson’s Bay Company, [165]
Russia, Dutch open trade with, [68]
Russian Ambassador, first, visits England, [62]
— expeditions, Antarctic, [396];
Arctic, [175];
Spitsbergen, [187], [285]
Russians with Scott, [489], [490], [495]
Ryder, Lieut. C., [367]
Sabine, Colonel, [201];
sails with Parry, [206];
visits Greenland, [280];
on terrestrial magnetism, [410]
Sabine Peninsula, [267]
Sabine’s Gull, [203]
Sabrina, [405], [406]
Sabrina Land, [406], [430]
Saga, of Erik the Red, [38];
of Olaf Tryggvason, [38];
of Thorfin Karlsefni, [39]
St Lesmes, [389]
St Paul, [177]
St Peter, [177], [178]
“Sallying,” [8], [195]
Salomon, [86], [88]
Samoyeds, [14], [16], [184], [185];
described by Digges, [107]
Sanderson, William, [94], [96], [98], [104];
supports Davis’s expeditions, [104]
“Sanderson his Hope,” [99], [142], [202], [207]
Sandridge, Davis’s birthplace, [93]
Sandwich Land, [403]
Sartorius, Sir George, [401]
Sastrugi, [182], [501]
Saxifraga oppositifolia, [295]
Schouten, Willem Cornelisz, [390]
— William, Junior, [191], [194] et seq.;
takes holy orders, [196];
his life, [197];
visits Greenland, [279]
— William, Senior, [188], [191], [194], [195];
describes Spitsbergen, [119], [121]
Scoresby Sound, [367]
Scotia, [439]
Scott, Capt. Robert Falcon, his first expedition, [447] et seq.;
made Commander, [448];
his staff on Discovery, [449];
objects of, [452];
crosses Antarctic Circle, [456];
falls down crevasse, [474];
his last expedition, [489] et seq.;
marries, [489];
his staff on last expedition, [490] et seq.;
meets with heavy gale, [491], [492];
meets Amundsen’s party, [493];
his winter quarters at Cape Evans, [495];
starts for the S. Pole, [498];
finds Amundsen’s record at the S. Pole, [500];
reaches S. Pole, [501];
death of, [502];
discovery of bodies of his party, [503];
results of his work, [504];
memorial service to, [504];
character of, [504]
Scott Island, [469]
Scurvy attacks Baffin’s crew, [145];
Barentsz’s crew, [75], [76];
Bering’s crew, [178];
Biscoe’s crew, [404];
Egede’s colony, [159], [160];
Evans’s party, [498];
Middleton’s expedition, [166];
Munk’s expedition, [150];
Nares’s expedition, [306], [308], [309];
Ross’s expedition, [250]
Sea-cow, [179]
Sea-elephant, [405]
Sea-leopard, [402]
Sea-otter, [178]
Seal-meat, [482]
Seals, Southern fur, [400]
— Weddell’s, [483]
Searchthrift, [63]
Searle, John, his ephemeris, [141]
Seebohm, Henry, [326]
“Senegraes,” [342], [478]
Sermilik Fjord, [365]
Seymour Island, [423], [431], [436]
Shackleton, Sir Ernest, [449], [463] et seq., [470];
breaks down, [464];
his Antarctic expedition, [478] et seq.
Sherer, Lieut., [213], [216]
Shilling, Capt., [147]
Ships, Viking, [35]
Sibbald, Lieut. John, [411], [420]
Siberian rivers, [15];
trade on, [326]
Sibirikoff, [322], [323], [326]
Sidney, Sir Henry, [81]
Simpson, Dr, [491], [498]
—Thomas, [228]
Sir George Seymour Island, v. [Seymour Island]
Sir Thomas Smith Channel, [347]
Sir Thomas Smith Sound, [143]
Skelton, Reginald, [449], [471], [472]
Ski, [335], [450], [462], [482]
Skrællings (natives of America), [45], [46] n., [49], [50]
Sledge dogs, [17], [337], [338], [354], [355];
in Antarctic, [462], [472], [482], [483];
Greenland, [23]
— flags, Nares’s expedition, [304];
Scott’s, [450]
— journeys, Arctic contrasted with Antarctic, [459], [460];
Aldrich’s, [307], [308];
Amundsen’s, [483];
Amundsen’s party, [315];
Beaumont’s, [308], [309];
Danish, [371] et seq.;
Hamilton’s, [268];
Hayes’s, [299];
Lockwood’s, [318];
M’Clintock’s, [249], [250], [266], [274] et seq., [356];
Markham’s, [307];
Mecham’s, [267], [356];
Mecham’s great, [270];
Payer’s, [283], [289];
Peary’s, [356];
Rae’s, [231];
Ross’s, [235], [237];
Scott’s first expedition, [458], [463], [465], [471], [472];
Scott’s last expedition, [494], [498];
Sverdrup’s, [348];
Allen Young’s, [276]
— — provisions for, M’Clintock’s, [256], [258], [259];
Ross’s, [249];
Scott’s, [462], [494]
— travel, rate of, [23], [356];
Aldrich’s, [308];
Amundsen’s, [484], [485];
Hamilton’s, [265];
M’Clintock’s, [260], [266], [269];
Mecham’s, [265];
Payer’s, [283];
Peary’s, [338];
Rasmussen’s, [380];
Scott’s first expedition, [464], [472], [475]
Sledges, Tchuktches, [17];
Eskimo, [234];
Greenland, [23];
M’Clintock’s, [256];
Russian, [176];
Samoyed, [14];
Wrangell’s, [181]
— dimensions of, [292];
Cook’s, [354];
Nansen’s, [334], [342];
Peary’s, [333];
Scott’s, [450], [460], [472];
Shackleton’s, [478]
— hauling-gear, [462]
— loads for, [23], [176];
M’Clintock’s, [265];
Scott’s, [472];
Shackleton’s, [479]
— motor, [490], [497]
— of Franklin’s retreat, [245];
of Hearne’s expedition, [168]
Sledging equipment, Hearne’s, [168];
Nansen’s, [334];
Ross’s, [256];
Sverdrup’s, [348];
Wrangell’s, [182];
Scott’s, [450]
Sleeping bags, [460], [478]
Sleipner (Odin’s horse), [31]
Smallpox devastates Greenland, [162]
Smeerenburg, [127], [128], [174], [360];
abandoned, [188]
Smith, Sir Thomas, [105], [106], [113], [129], [142]
Smith Channel, [265], [347]
Smith Sound, [317];
route by, [298] et seq.;
U.S. expedition to, [317] et seq.
Snow, crimson, [202], [253]
Snow Hill Island, [436]
Snow huts of Eskimos, [20]
Snow-shoes, [168], [335];
of Tchuktches, [17]
Sobral, Lieut., [436]
Societies’ Antarctic Expedition, The, [444] et seq., [455] et seq., [466] et seq., [471] et seq.;
Committee of, [446]
Sofia, [366]
Sophia, [251], [296], [332]
Sounding apparatus, deep sea, [426]
Soundings, deep sea, [427] et seq., [440]
South Georgia, [393], [396], [402], [436]
South Magnetic Pole, [417], [475], [480], [481]
South Orkneys, [400], [439], [440]
South Shetlands, [398], [401], [422] et seq., [434], [436], [438]
South Polar Times, [459], [496]
Southampton Island, [166]
Southern Cross, [433]
Speedwell, Scoresby’s, [191]
— Wood’s, [156];
wrecked, [157]
“Speksioneer,” [190]
Speyer, Sir Edgar, [489]
Spitsbergen, [105], [117], [188], [317], [361];
birds of, [121];
called “Greenland,” [118], [124];
coal in, [350];
Conway’s books on, [362];
described by Scoresby, [119], [121];
description of, [128];
discovered, [74];
explorations in, [285] et seq.;
fauna of, [119], [121], [128];
icebergs, [9];
map of, [120];
scenery of, [119], [121];
visited by Baffin, [116];
first visited by Dutch, [124];
claimed by Christian IV, [124];
Dutch despatch second fleet to, [126];
English first winter in, [128];
Muscovy Company despatch fleet to, [124];
Russian expeditions to, [187]
Stanmore church, [108]
Staten Island, [389], [396], [401]
Stations for synchronous observations, [316]
Steller, Georg Wilhelm, [178]
Stone, William, [106]
Stone huts, [21]
Storms, magnetic, [417]
Story of the Alabama Expedition, [379]
Sukkertoppen (the modern), [115], [116], [163];
Old, [97]
Sulphur brought from Iceland, [150]
Sunshine, [94], [96], [98], [99], [100]
Superb, [240]
Svartevæg, [349], [354]
Sverdrup, Otto, [335], [341] et seq., [347]
Swan, [69], [72]
Swedish expeditions, to Antarctic, [435] et seq., [506];
to Spitsbergen, [286] et seq.
Sweepstakes, [156]
Synchronous observations, Antarctic, [420], [451];
plan for, [316];
Ross’s, [414]
Tahiti, visited by Cook, [395]
Taimyr, Cape, [323]
Taimyr Peninsula discovered, [177]
Taylor, Mr Griffith, [491]
Tchuktches, [16], [17], [170], [175], [325]
Tegethoff, [289], [297]
Temperatures, [315];
Antarctic, [471], [473], [474], [496], [501], [502];
deep sea, [427];
lowest registered, [16]
Tennyson’s epitaph on Sir John Franklin, [243]
Tents of Tchuktches, [17]
“Terra Australis,” [391], [396]
Terra Nova, [476], [483], [489] et seq.;
surveys New Zealand waters, [493], [494]
Terraces, raised, [186]
Terror (under Ross), [410] et seq., [418] et seq.;
collision of, [419]
— (under Franklin), [230], [231], [238] et seq., [240] et seq., [246] et seq.;
founders, [247]
Tertiary fossils, [350]
Tetgales, Brant, [69]
Thalbitzer, W., [366]
Thames, [326]
Thomas, [86]
Thomas Allin, [86]
Thomasine, [126], [127]
Thomson, Sir Charles Wyville, [427], [428]
Thorne, Robert, counsels Arctic voyages, [59]
“Three-Degree Depôt,” [498]
Threshold of the Unknown Region, [302]
Tierra del Fuego, circumnavigated, [391];
part of Terra Australis, [392]
Tiger, [124]
Time, Norse method of reckoning, [45]
Trade’s Increase, [105]
Trees, circumpolar, [13];
discovered at Cape Manning, [267]
Trent, [198] et seq.
— (Franklin’s), [222], [223]
Tribes, circumpolar, [13]
Trinity House (Hull), [116]
Tripe de Roche, [224] et seq.
Trost, [112]
Trostrup, C. and G., [370] et seq.
Tryggvason, Olaf, Saga of, [38]
Tschitschagoff, Capt., [285]
Tucker, Mr, [412], [413]
Tula, [403] et seq.
Tundra, [14], [15]
Tunguses, [16], [177]
Udröst, [33]
Umiaks, [20], [22], [115], [365]
United States, [299]
United States expedition to Smith Sound, [317] et seq.
Upernavik, [142]
Uredo nivalis, [202]
Ushuaia, [436]
Valdivia, [429]
Valorous, [304]
Veer, Gerrit de, [76];
narrative of, [78]
Vega, [322] et seq.;
winters, [324]
Vessels employed in Polar discovery:
Active, [431]
Advance, [252], [298] et seq.
Adventure, [394]
Aid, [85], [86]
Akbar, [223]
Alabama, [376];
loss of, [378]
Antarctic, [368]
Alert, [303] et seq., [312], [313]
Alexander, [198], [201], [202]
Andromache, [398], [400]
Ann Frances, [86]
Anne Royal, [146]
Annula, [124]
Antarctic, [436];
founders, [437]
Arctic, [302], [303]
Arethusa, [223]
Assistance, [251] et seq., [261], [264] et seq., [349]
Astrolabe, [407]
Aurora, [486] et seq.
Baffin, [196]
Balaena, [296], [431], [439]
Bear, [86]
Beaufoy, [402]
Bedford, [223]
Belgica, [368], [434]
Bellerophon, [223]
Black Dog, [101]
Blijde Boodschap, [390]
Blossom, [216], [226], [227], [234]
Bona Confidentia, [60]
Bona Esperanza, [60]
Breadalbane, [268]
Briseis, [201]
Bulldog, [427]
California, [166]
Carcass, [172] et seq.
Castor, [431] et seq.
Challenger, [428]
Chanticleer, [401], [423]
Charles, [152] et seq.
Churchill, [167]
Clio, [238], [240]
Cornwallis, [238], [240]
Cove, [237]
Danmark, [369]
Den Röd Löve, [112]
Dennis, [86];
founders, [88]
Desire, [101]
Diana, [287], [288], [326], [431]
Discovery (Baffin’s), [138] et seq., [142] et seq.
— (Button’s), [136]
— (Clerke’s), [169] et seq.
— (Hudson’s), [129], [131]
— (Moore’s), [165]
— (Nares’s), [304], [312]
— (Scott’s), [451] et seq.;
plans of, [446], [447];
flag of, [447];
relieved by Morning, [470];
freed from the ice, [476];
ashore, [476];
damage to rudder, [477];
returns home, [477]
Dobbs, [166]
Dorothea, [198] et seq.
Drake, [101]
Earl Camden, [222]
Edward Bonaventure, [60]
Eendracht, [390]
Eenhiörningen, [150]
Eira, [290];
founders, [291]
Eliza Scott, [405], [406]
Elizabeth, [98], [99], [100]
Ellen, [98], [99], [100]
Emanuel, [86]
— (busse), [91]
Enterprise, [248], [250] et seq., [263]
Erebus (under Ross), [410] et seq., [418] et seq.;
collision of, [419]
— (under Franklin), [237] et seq., [240] et seq., [246] et seq., [251];
sinks, [247]
Esk, [195]
Excellent, [238], [240]
Felix, [251], [253], [254]
Fortune, [177]
Fox, [273], [311];
winters in Bellot’s Strait, [274]
Fram (Nansen’s), [340] et seq.;
dimensions of, [340];
drift of, [344];
arrives home, [344];
under Sverdrup, [347];
winters in Smith Channel, [347];
winters in Havnfjord, [348];
winters in Jones Sound, [349]
— (Amundsen’s), [482] et seq.
Français, [442]
Francis, [86]
Furnace, [165]
Fury, [212], [216], [234]
Gabriel, [83], [86]
— (Bering’s), [177]
Gamaliel, [124]
Ganges, [240]
Gauss, [362], [440], [441], [451]
George, [65]
Germania, [282]
Gilliflower, [113]
Gjoa, [314], [315]
Godspeed, [129]
Greyhound, [72]
Griffin, [72]
Griper, [206] et seq., [212], [215], [233], [280]
Hansa, [282]
Heartsease (Greenland voyage), [113] et seq.
— (Marmaduke’s), [126]
Hecla, [206] et seq., [212];
(Parry’s), [216] et seq., [233]
— (Ryder’s), [367]
Henrietta, [192]
Henrietta Maria, [154]
Hertha, [431], [432]
Hope, [72]
— (Adams’s), [390]
— (Egede’s), [158] et seq.
— (Young’s), [291]
Hopewell, [86]
— (Knight’s), [117] et seq., [130]
Ibis, [326]
Ingulf, [364]
Intrepid, [251], [253], [254], [261], [264] et seq., [347]
Investigator, [222], [248], [251], [263] et seq.;
loss of, [270]
Isabella, [198] et seq., [233], [237]
Isbjörn, [289], [360]
Jane, [402]
Jason, [431]
Jeannette (formerly Pandora), [328];
drift of relics of, [340]
John and Francis, [124]
Jonah in the Whale, [188]
Judith, [86]
Katten, [112], [129]
Lady Franklin, [251]
Lamprenen v. [Lamprey]
Lamprey, [150], [151]
Lena, [323]
Lightning, [427]
Lion, [91]
— (Pickersgill’s), [171]
Lively, [403] et seq.
London, [147]
Magpie, [405]
Matthew, [124]
Mercury, [69]
Mermaid, [96], [97]
Michael, [83], [86]
Moon, [86]
Moonshine, [94], [95], [96], [97], [98]
Morning, [466] et seq., [476]
Nimrod, [478] et seq.
Nonsuch, [165]
North Star (Davis’s), [96]
— (Saunders’s), [250], [265]
Ornen, [113]
Pagoda, [425]
Pandora, [311] et seq., [327], [359];
name changed to Jeannette, [328]
Patience, [113], [114], [116]
Philip and Mary, [62]
Philomel, [420]
Phoenix, [255], [268]
Pioneer, [251], [253], [254], [261], [264] et seq., [347]
Plover, [251], [263]
Polaris, [300], [301]
Polyphemus, [222]
Porcupine, [427]
Porpoise, [222]
Pourquoi Pas, [442]
Prince Albert, [252] et seq., [262]
Prince of Wales, [241]
Prosperous, [156]
Proteus, [317] et seq.;
founders, [319]
Racehorse, [172] et seq.
Rainbow, [227], [230]
Ravenscraig, [301]
Reliance, [227]
Rescue, [252], [255]
Resolute, [251], [253] et seq., [264] et seq.
Resolution (Button’s), [136]
— (Cook’s), [169] et seq., [394] et seq.
— (Scoresby’s), [192], [194], [195]
Richard and Barnard, [124]
Rodgers, [329]
Roosevelt, [355], [356]
Royal George, [102]
Sabrina, [405], [406]
St Lesmes, [389]
St Paul, [177]
St Peter, [177], [178]
Salomon, [86], [88]
Scotia, [439]
Searchthrift, [63]
Sofia, [366]
Sophia, [251], [296], [332]
Southern Cross, [433]
Speedwell (Scoresby’s), [191]
— (Wood’s), [156];
wrecked, [157]
Sunshine, [94], [96], [98], [99], [100]
Superb, [240]
Swan, [69], [72]
Sweepstakes, [156]
Tegethoff, [289], [297]
Terra Nova, [476], [483], [489] et seq.;
surveys N.Z. waters, [493], [494]
Terror (under Ross), [410] et seq., [418] et seq.;
collision of, [419]
— (under Franklin), [230], [231], [238] et seq., [240] et seq., [246] et seq.;
founders, [247]
Thames, [326]
Thomas, [86]
Thomas Allin, [86]
Thomasine, [126], [127]
Tiger, [124]
Trade’s Increase, [105]
Trent, [198] et seq.
— (Franklin’s), [222], [223]
Trost, [112]
Tula, [403] et seq.
United States, [299]
Valdivia, [429]
Valorous, [304]
Vega, [322] et seq., [324]
Victory, [233] et seq.
Warkworth, [326]
Willem Barentsz, [359] et seq.
William, [65];
founders, [66]
Williams of Blythe, [398]
Windward, [292]
Ymer, [322]
Zélée, [407]
Victoria Island, [227], [230]
— Land, [456], [469], [481];
surveyed, [315]
— Range, [458], [505], [507]
Victory, [233] et seq.
Vigdis, tomb of, [52]
Viking ships, [35]
Vikings, [35], [36];
reach Iceland, [36]
Vince, T., death of, [459];
monument to, [476]
Vinland, [42], [45]
Vocabulary, Eskimo, compiled by Davis, [97]
Vogel Hoek, [118]
Volcanic action, in Arctic, [4];
in Antarctic, [400], [415], [416], [432], [465]
von Toll, Baron, [341]
Voyage of the “Discovery,” [477]
Voyages, of Thylde, [58];
of Willoughby, [59]
Waigatz Island, [15], [64];
birds of, [64];
flora of, [64]
Wakeman, Cyrus, [212]
Walrus, [122], [144], [170], [173], [296], [343], [349];
attacks Trent’s boats, [199]
Walsingham, Sir Francis, [94], [96], [98]
Warkworth, [326]
“Water sky,” [8]
Weapons, [24]
Weddell, Capt. James, [404], [440];
his Antarctic expedition, [401], [402]
Weddell Quadrant, [442], [507]
Weddell’s Seal, [483]
Wellman, [293]
West Bygd, settlement formed, [47]
Wetheringsett, Hakluyt rector of, [110]
Weyprecht, Lieut., [288], [289], [316]
Whale, breaking up of, [192] et seq.;
captured by Ross, [217];
jaw-bones of, [193];
killed by ship, [88];
fishery, [128], [150], [188] et seq.;
initiation of, [123];
in Baffin’s Bay, [204];
boats, [190];
lines, [190], [192]
— fishing, [125]
Whale Fish Islands, [241]
Whale Sound, [145], [338]
Whalebone, [193]
Whalers, [189], [283], [284], [431];
Scotch, in Antarctic, [431];
disaster to, [302]
Whales, [143], [422];
Balaena Biscayensis, [125]
Whaling, [190], [192]
Wharton, Admiral Sir William, [446]
Whymper, Edward, visits Greenland, [331]
Wiggins, Joseph, [325] et seq.;
his scheme for Siberian trade, [326];
death of, [327]
Wild, Frank, [428], [479], [486]
Wilkes, Capt., his Antarctic expedition, [408], [409]
Willem Barentsz, [359] et seq.
Willemoes-Sühn, [428]
William, [65];
founders, [66]
Williams of Blythe, [398]
Williamson, [490], [503]
Willoughby, Gabriel, [60]
— Sir Hugh, [59];
his first Arctic voyage, [60] et seq.;
sights Halgoland, [61];
discovers Novaya Zemlya, [61];
winters in Lapland, [61];
death of, [62]
Willoughby Land, [61], [123]
Wilson, Edward, surgeon with Hudson, [131], [134]
— Dr Edward, [449], [463] et seq., [490], [494], [496], [498], [500] et seq.;
death of, [503]
Windward, [292]
Wisting, [484]
Wolfall, Frobisher’s chaplain, [90]
Wollaton, tombs in church at, [60]
Wolstenholme, Sir John, [106], [108], [135], [138], [142];
sends Hawkridge on polar voyage, [149]
Wolstenholme Sound, [143], [145], [203]
Wood, John, attempts North East Passage, [156]
Wrangell, Baron, his sledge journeys, [181] et seq.
Wrangell Island, [184], [329]
Wright, Edward, [106]
— Mr, [491], [498], [503]
Wyatt, Mr George, [489]
Wyche, Richard, [106], [135]
Wyche Islands, [286]
Xema sabinii, [203]
Yakutsk, [16]
Yenisei River, [15], [175], [323], [326], [345]
Ymer, [322]
York, Cape, [202];
birds of, [24]
Yorke, Gilbert, [85], [90]
— Sir John, [81]
Young, Sir Allen, [273], [274], [276], [291], [311] et seq., [327], [359]
— James, [117], [118], [121]
Young Island, [405]
Yuraks, [16]
Zélée, [407]
Zeni map, [54]
Zeno, Niccolo, [55];
errors of his map, [160]
Zeuglodon, [438]
Ziegler expedition, [293]
Zinzendorf, Count, founds Moravian mission, [162]
Zorgdrager, C. G., [188]

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. B. PEACE, M.A., AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

Transcriber’s Notes

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