In the revision of Scott’s journeys I have had the invaluable assistance of Mr Frank Debenham, Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, geologist to Capt. Scott’s last expedition, to whom my very grateful thanks are due. To Mr Edward Heawood, Librarian of the Royal Geographical Society, the reader is indebted for the helpful chronological table and bibliography at the end of the volume; and, finally, I have to thank Mr H. A. Parsons, of the Cambridge University Press, for his most efficient assistance in compiling the index.
F. H. H. GUILLEMARD.
Cambridge,
October, 1920.
CONTENTS
| PART I | ||
| CHAP. | PAGE | |
| I. | THE ARCTIC REGIONS | [3] |
| II. | ICE AND ICEBERGS | [7] |
| III. | TRIBES AROUND THE POLE | [13] |
| IV. | ULTIMA THULE | [26] |
| V. | FIRST CROSSING OF THE THRESHOLD | [30] |
| VI. | THE NORSEMEN IN GREENLAND | [38] |
| VII. | NICHOLAS OF LYNN. ZENO. MEDIEVAL NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS | [53] |
| VIII. | FIRST ENGLISH VOYAGES TO THE NORTH-EAST. WILLOUGHBY. CHANCELLOR. BURROUGH. PET | [58] |
| IX. | BARENTSZ. LINSCHOTEN. DE VEER | [68] |
| X. | SIR MARTIN FROBISHER | [81] |
| XI. | JOHN DAVIS | [93] |
| XII. | THE MERCHANT ADVENTURERS AND RICHARD HAKLUYT | [104] |
| XIII. | GREENLAND VOYAGE OF HALL AND BAFFIN | [112] |
| XIV. | EARLY SPITSBERGEN VOYAGES | [117] |
| XV. | EARLY VOYAGES TO HUDSON’S BAY | [129] |
| XVI. | WILLIAM BAFFIN | [138] |
| XVII. | JENS ERIKSEN MUNK. FOXE AND JAMES. WOOD | [149] |
| XVIII. | HANS EGEDE AND DANISH GREENLAND | [158] |
| XIX. | THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY. HEARNE AND MACKENZIE, COOK AND PHIPPS | [165] |
| XX. | RUSSIAN ARCTIC DISCOVERIES | [175] |
| XXI. | THE BRITISH WHALE FISHERY AND THE SCORESBYS | [188] |
| XXII. | BUCHAN AND ROSS | [198] |
| XXIII. | PARRY AND HIS SCHOOL | [205] |
| XXIV. | DISCOVERY OF THE NORTH COAST OF AMERICA. FRANKLIN. RICHARDSON. BACK. DEASE. SIMPSON. RAE | [222] |
| XXV. | JOHN ROSS, JAMES ROSS, AND THE NORTH MAGNETIC POLE | [233] |
| XXVI. | THE FRANKLIN EXPEDITION | [238] |
| XXVII. | THE SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN. I | [248] |
| XXVIII. | THE SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN. II | [263] |
| XXIX. | DISCOVERY OF THE FATE OF FRANKLIN | [272] |
| XXX. | THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. SCORESBY. CLAVERING. GRAAH. KOLDEWEY | [279] |
| XXXI. | SPITSBERGEN. EXPEDITIONS BEFORE 1872 | [285] |
| XXXII. | FRANZ JOSEF LAND AND ITS EXPLORERS | [289] |
| XXXIII. | THE ROUTE BY SMITH SOUND. KANE. HAYES. HALL. NARES. MARKHAM | [298] |
| XXXIV. | SIR ALLEN YOUNG AND THE PANDORA. AMUNDSEN AND THE NORTH WEST PASSAGE | [311] |
| XXXV. | WEYPRECHT’S PLAN FOR SYNCHRONOUS OBSERVATIONS. THE GREELY EXPEDITION | [316] |
| XXXVI. | THE NORTH EAST PASSAGE. NORDENSKIÖLD. WIGGINS. DE LONG | [322] |
| XXXVII. | GREENLAND AND ITS INLAND ICE. NORDENSKIÖLD, NANSEN, PEARY | [331] |
| XXXVIII. | THE TRANS-POLAR DRIFT. NANSEN AND THE VOYAGE OF THE FRAM | [340] |
| XXXIX. | THE PARRY ARCHIPELAGO. SVERDRUP | [347] |
| XL. | ATTEMPTS TO REACH THE NORTH POLE. CAGNI. COOK. PEARY | [351] |
| XLI. | KOOLEMANS BEYNEN AND THE VOYAGES OF THE WILLEM BARENTSZ. SIR MARTIN CONWAY AND SPITSBERGEN. CAPTAIN BERNIER AND CANADIAN ARCTIC LANDS | [358] |
| XLII. | EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. DANISH EXPEDITIONS | [364] |
| XLIII. | LATER GREENLAND EXPLORATIONS. MIKKELSEN. RASMUSSEN. KOCH | [376] |
| XLIV. | CONCLUSION | [383] |
| PART II | ||
| XLV. | THE GREAT SOUTHERN CONTINENT | [389] |
| XLVI. | CAPTAIN COOK. BELLINGSHAUSEN | [394] |
| XLVII. | THE SOUTH SHETLANDS. FOSTER. WEDDELL | [398] |
| XLVIII. | ENDERBY AND HIS CAPTAINS: BISCOE—KEMPE—BALLENY | [403] |
| XLIX. | DUMONT D’URVILLE AND WILKES | [407] |
| L. | FIRST ANTARCTIC VOYAGE OF SIR JAMES ROSS | [410] |
| LI. | SECOND ANTARCTIC VOYAGE OF SIR JAMES ROSS | [418] |
| LII. | THIRD ANTARCTIC VOYAGE OF SIR JAMES ROSS | [422] |
| LIII. | ANTARCTIC OCEANOGRAPHY | [426] |
| LIV. | REVIVAL OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION | [430] |
| LV. | PRIVATE EXPEDITIONS—BORCHGREVINK. GERLACHE. NORDENSKIÖLD. BRUCE. DRYGALSKI. CHARCOT. FILCHNER | [433] |
| LVI. | PREPARATIONS FOR THE SOCIETIES’ ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION | [444] |
| LVII. | THE SOCIETIES’ ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. FIRST YEAR | [455] |
| LVIII. | THE SOCIETIES’ ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. THE MORNING | [466] |
| LIX. | THE SOCIETIES’ ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. SECOND YEAR | [471] |
| LX. | SHACKLETON’S ATTEMPT TO REACH THE POLE | [478] |
| LXI. | AMUNDSEN’S JOURNEY TO THE SOUTH POLE | [482] |
| LXII. | MAWSON’S EXPEDITION | [486] |
| LXIII. | CAPTAIN SCOTT’S LAST EXPEDITION. I. | [489] |
| LXIV. | CAPTAIN SCOTT’S LAST EXPEDITION. THE END | [500] |
| LXV. | REMAINING ANTARCTIC WORK | [505] |
| CHRONOLOGY OF POLAR VOYAGES AND EXPLORATIONS | [509] | |
| BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY OF POLAR VOYAGES AND TRAVELS | [514] | |
| INDEX | [519] | |
MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
| PORTRAIT OF SIR CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, by George Henry, A.R.A. (Photogravure by Mr Emery Walker from a photograph by Messrs Cooper and Humphreys) | [FRONTISPIECE] | |
| MAP OF THE POLAR REGIONS | [5] | |
| EFFECTS OF PRESSURE ON ANTARCTIC ICE. (From Scott’s Voyage of the Discovery) | [11] | |
| INTERIOR OF GREENLAND HUT (Billeder fra Grönland, 1852) | [22] | |
| GREENLANDERS DANCING (Billeder fra Grönland, 1852) | [22] | |
| VIKING SHIP. (Phot. O. Vaering) | [35] | |
| THE SOUTH-WESTERN EXTREMITY OF GREENLAND | [40] | |
| RUINS IN KINGOA-DAL, SOUTH GREENLAND | [48] | |
| THE ZENI MAP. (Based on the facsimile in Voyages of the Zeni, Hakluyt Society, 1873) | [54] | |
| ASTROLABE IN GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE (EARLY 14TH CENTURY). (Venn, Biographical History of Gonville and Caius College, vol. IV.) | [57] | |
| WILLEM BARENTSZ. (De Vries, Oud-Holland) | [69] | |
| NOVAYA ZEMLYA, SHOWING ENTRANCES TO KARA SEA | [71] | |
| “A WONDER IN THE HEAVENS, AND HOW WE CAUGHT A BEAR.” (De Bry, India Orientalis, 1599) | [73] | |
| “HOW OUR SHIP STUCK FAST IN THE ICE.” (De Bry) | [74] | |
| PART OF HONDIUS’S MAP OF 1611, SHOWING BARENTSZ’S DISCOVERIES | [77] | |
| RELICS FROM BARENTSZ’S HUT. (From the National Museum, Amsterdam, by kind permission of the Directorate) | [79] | |
| “THE EXACT MANNER OF THE HOUSE WHEREIN WE WINTERED.” (De Bry) | [79] | |
| SIR MARTIN FROBISHER. (Holland, Heroologia, 1620) | [82] | |
| FROBISHER’S DISCOVERIES | [87] | |
| THE VOYAGES OF JOHN DAVIS | [97] | |
| MEMORIAL TABLET TO RICHARD HAKLUYT IN BRISTOL CATHEDRAL | [111] | |
| PART OF NORTH-WEST SPITSBERGEN | [120] | |
| SIR THOMAS BUTTON | [136] | |
| BAFFIN’S MAP OF HUDSON STRAIT | [139] | |
| BAFFIN’S DISCOVERIES | [144] | |
| CAPTAIN THOMAS JAMES. (From Voyages of Foxe and James, Hakluyt Society, 1894) | [153] | |
| PART OF FOXE’S MAP, 1635 | [155] | |
| HUDSON BAY | [167] | |
| ALEXANDER MACKENZIE. (From the engraving by Condé, after Lawrence) | [169] | |
| BERING’S VOYAGE FROM KAMSCHATKA TO NORTH AMERICA. (Synge, A Book of Discovery) | [178] | |
| NORTH-EASTERN SIBERIA | [181] | |
| NORTH-WESTERN SIBERIA | [181] | |
| THE PARRY ISLANDS | [210] | |
| SIR JOHN FRANKLIN | [239] | |
| FACSIMILE OF FRANKLIN EXPEDITION RECORD. (M’Clintock, Fate of Franklin) | [244] | |
| CRITICAL POSITION OF H.M.S. INVESTIGATOR ON THE NORTH COAST OF BARING ISLAND, AUG. 20TH, 1851. (Colour sketch by S. Gurney Cresswell) | [264] | |
| LIEUT CRESSWELL’S PARTY SLEDGING OVER HUMMOCKY ICE. (Colour sketch by S. Gurney Cresswell) | [268] | |
| JULIUS PAYER | [290] | |
| LIEUT PARR, R.N., H.M.S. Alert. (Phot. Maull & Co.), COMMANDER A. H. MARKHAM, R.N., H.M.S. Alert. (Phot. Elliott & Fry), SIR GEORGE NARES. (Phot. J. Griffin & Co.), LIEUT P. ALDRICH, R.N., H.M.S. Alert. (Phot. F. Johnson), LIEUT L. A. BEAUMONT, H.M.S. Discovery. (Phot. Elliott & Fry) | [302] | |
| SUB-LIEUT GEORGE LE CLERC EGERTON, R.N. (Phot. Elliott & Fry) | [306] | |
| LIEUT WYATT RAWSON, R.N. (Phot. Maull & Co.) | [306] | |
| THE PANDORA (CAPTAIN ALLEN YOUNG) IN PEEL STRAIT | [312] | |
| ADOLF ERIK NORDENSKIÖLD | [332] | |
| EAST COAST OF GREENLAND. (Based on map in Mikkelsen, Lost in the Arctic) | [366] | |
| GREENLAND | [377] | |
| ORTELIUS’ MAP OF THE WORLD | [391] | |
| GRAHAM LAND AND SOUTH SHETLANDS | [399] | |
| MT EREBUS FROM THE SOUTH. (From Scott’s Voyage of the Discovery) | [416] | |
| ADÉLIE PENGUINS (From Scott’s Voyage of the Discovery) | [456] | |
| EMPEROR PENGUIN WITH CHICK (From Scott’s Voyage of the Discovery) | [456] | |
| CHASM SEPARATING ICE AND LAND IN LAT. 82° S. (From Scott’s Voyage of the Discovery) | [463] | |
| THE MORNING. (From Scott’s Voyage of the Discovery) | [466] | |
| TYPICAL LOOSE PACK—MT MELBOURNE IN DISTANCE. (From Scott’s Voyage of the Discovery) | [480] | |
| A TILTED BERG, SHOWING THE OLD SURFACE INCLINED TO THE LEFT (From Scott’s Voyage of the Discovery) | [492] | |
| TYPICAL BERGS—TERRA NOVA IN DISTANCE (From Scott’s Voyage of the Discovery) | [492] | |
| EMPEROR PENGUIN ROOKERY, CAPE CROZIER. (From Scott’s Voyage of the Discovery) | [497] | |
| BARRIER BERG AGROUND OFF KING EDWARD VII LAND. (From Scott’s Voyage of the Discovery) | [507] | |
Acknowledgement is due to Messrs Smith, Elder & Co. and Mr John Murray for permission to reproduce the illustrations from Scott’s Voyage of the Discovery, to Mr John Murray for permission to reproduce the facsimile of the Franklin Expedition Record; also to Mr William Heinemann for leave to use the map in Mikkelsen’s Lost in the Arctic, to Messrs T. C. & E. C. Jack for the block from Synge’s A Book of Discovery, and to the Hakluyt Society for the portrait of Thomas James.
ERRATUM
p. 100, line 4 from bottom:
for Sunrise read Sunshine