Fig. 75.—A profile and a front view of the skull and lower jaw of a man of the Cromagnard race or Reindeer Men. This is the type-skull from Cromagnon. The teeth have fallen out of their sockets, and the articular condyle of the up-turned part of the lower jaw is broken away. The cranial dome and the forehead are as large as in good modern European skulls. Compare with [Fig. 65], and refer to the explanation of that figure for the meaning of the letters and dotted lines.
N.B.—This drawing, and one or two of the other figures of skulls, are reversed, giving right side for left, to facilitate the comparison of one with the other. All are one-third (linear) of the natural size.
[Transcriber’s Note: The original image is approximately 2½ inches (6.5cm) high and 5¼ inches (13.5cm) wide.]
Table showing the Geologic History of Man in Western Europe
(AFTER MARCELIN BOULE, WITH SOME ADDITIONS)
| Geological Divisions. | Geological Conditions and Formations. | Characteristic Animals. | Human Industry. | |||
| QUATERNARY. | PRESENT. | Recent alluvium, peat-bogs. Climate closely similar to the present. | The present species. Domesticated animals. | Period of Metals. Age of iron. | ||
| Transitional Deposits—Red Deer, Beaver. | Transitional Industry (Azilian). | |||||
| PLEISTOCENE. | Upper. | Upper layers of cavern deposits. Upper part of the loess of the Rhine. Climate cold and dry; conditions like those of the “steppes” of Tartary and Russia. | Epoch of the Reindeer. Reindeer, Bison, Horse, Saiga antelope, wolf, fauna of the steppes. | PALÆOLITHIC PERIOD, or, PERIOD of CHIPPED FLINTS. | Magdalenian. Sculptures, engravings, and paintings: small and very varied chipped flints. cromagnard race. | |
| Middle. | Deposits formed by the filling of caverns. Loess of the Rhine. Gravels of low-levels and of the inferior terraces. Moraines of the third great glacial period. Climate cold and humid. | Epoch of the Mammoth. Mammoth, Rhinoceros with partitioned nostrils (R. tichorhinus), bear, hyena, and lion of the caverns, wolf, etc. Musk ox. | Moustierian. Commencement of work in bone: flints usually worked only on one face. neander race = Homo Neanderthalensis. | |||
| Lower. | Gravels of the middle terraces. Calcareous tufa. Climate warm. —————— Moraines of the second great glacial period. Climate cold and humid. | Epoch of the Hippopotamus. Elephas antiquus, Rhinoceros merckii, Hippopotamus major, Sabre-toothed Tiger, monkeys, etc. | Chellean. First indisputable traces of man in Europe: the large flint weapons are chipped on both faces. | |||
| Transitional Deposits of the Norfolk Forest Beds, of St. Prest and of Solilhac. Climate temperate. | ||||||
| TERTIARY. | Upper PLIOCENE. | Plateau (high level) gravels. —————— Moraines of the first great extension of glaciers. | Epoch of the Elephas Meridionalis. Rhinoceros etruscus, Equus Stenonis, Sabre-toothed Tiger, etc. | Eoliths of Prestwich. | ||