The gun is a breech-loader. The system adopted for closing the breech is an American invention (see note, p. 257), but having been employed in France from the earliest experimental period, it is known as the French fermeture. A screw is cut in the rear end of the jacket to the rear of the tube, and a corresponding screw is cut upon a breech-plug. The screw threads are stripped at three equidistant places, the screw and plane surfaces alternating, thus forming what is called an “interrupted” or “slotted” screw. The screw portions of the breech-plug enter freely along the plane longitudinal surfaces cut in the tube, and being then turned one-sixth of its circumference, the screw of the plug locks in that of the tube, and the breech is closed.
U.S.N. 6-INCH BREECH-LOADING RIFLE.
The success of this system of breech mechanism was not so pronounced on its introduction as it is to-day. The plug forms the base of the breech of the gun, and all the effort of the gases to blow out the breech is exerted at this point. The impact upon the end of the plug is very severe, and has a tendency to upset the metal, thereby increasing the diameter of the plug, which would prevent its removal after the discharge of the piece. With quick-burning powder, as was generally in use for cannons at the inception of the breech-loading experiments, this result ensued if the charges of powder were carried above a certain limit, and the consequent restriction that was put upon velocities was a serious obstacle to the adoption of the system; but the progress that has been made of late years in the science of gunpowder manufacture has relieved the subject from this embarrassment, powder being now provided which communicates very high velocities while developing pressures so moderate and regular as to be entirely under the control of the artillerist.
The original guns, four in number, constructed with breech mechanism on the French fermeture principle for the British government during the Crimean war are now in the “Graveyard” at Woolwich Arsenal.
The projectiles for the new armament are of two kinds; both, however, are shells. That for ordinary use against unarmored vessels is styled the common shell, and is of cast-iron. The length bears a uniform proportion to the gun, being in all cases three and a half calibres. The armor-piercing shell is made of forged steel, and is three calibres in length. The following table gives the particulars, approximately, of the common shell:
| Gun. | Length. | Weight. | Bursting Charge. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inches. | Calibre. | Pounds. | Pounds. | |
| 5 inch breech-loading rifle | 17.97 | 3.59 | 60 | 2 |
| 6-inch breech-loading rifle | 20.90 | 3.48 | 100 | 4 |
| 8-inch breech-loading rifle | 28.10 | 3.51 | 250 | 12 |
| 10 inch breech-loading rifle | 35.00 | 3.50 | 500 | 22 |
| 12 inch breech-loading rifle | 42.00 | 3.50 | 850 | 38 |
| 16-inch breech-loading rifle | 56.00 | 3.50 | 2000 | 90 |
The armor-piercing shell of the same weight is reduced in length, and its walls are thicker; the bursting charge is consequently much reduced. The following are the particulars, approximately determined:
| Gun. | Length. | Weight. | Bursting Charge. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inches. | Calibre. | Pounds. | Pounds. | |
| 5-inch breech-loading rifle | 15.07 | 3.01 | 60 | 1 |
| 6-inch breech-loading rifle | 17.91 | 2.98 | 100 | 1.50 |
| 8-inch breech-loading rifle | 24.25 | 3.03 | 250 | 3.50 |
| 10-inch breech-loading rifle | 30.00 | 3.00 | 500 | 7 |
| 12-inch breech-loading rifle | 36.00 | 3.00 | 850 | 14 |
| 16-inch breech-loading rifle | 48.00 | 3.00 | 2000 | 30 |