Aviation in Peace and War

by Sir Frederick Hugh Sykes

The advance of civil aviation is bound to be slower than was that of war aviation. But, as war experience improved old and evolved new types, so will peace requirements and experience shape the type and design of aircraft and engine best suited to its purposes. Although a good deal has under the circumstances already been achieved in peace, much remains to be done. Gradually, however, with a modicum of research, improvements in the factors already mentioned and the reduction of initial cost and maintenance expenses, air transport for mails, passengers and goods will take its place as a normal commercial public utility service, and the increased speed of communication will assist in the general development of trade.

Air Services: British, Continental and Imperial.

International civil flying commenced officially on August 26th, 1919, and gradually expanded, both in the United Kingdom and on the Continent, especially during the summer of 1920. France, aided by considerable subsidies, conducted services from Paris to London, Brussels and Strasburg, from Toulouse to Montpelier and across Spain to Casablanca in Morocco; Belgium, from Brussels to London and Paris; Holland, from Amsterdam to London; Germany, in spite of the restrictions placed upon her, entered the field as a competitor and her aircraft flew regularly from Berlin to Copenhagen and Bremen, and from Bremen to Amsterdam. On the American Continent, the United States Post Office ran mail services from New York to Washington, Chicago, and San Francisco, with extensions from Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, and St. Louis.

For reasons which I shall give, there were no internal services in the United Kingdom, but there were four companies operating air lines from London to Paris, one of which held the contract for the carriage of mails. There were also air mail services between London and Brussels and Amsterdam. The mileage flown and the number of passengers and the weight of goods carried were considerable, while the number of letters steadily increased, especially on the Amsterdam service; and an efficiency of 76 per cent., 94 per cent., and 84 per cent. was obtained on the London-Paris, London-Brussels, and London-Amsterdam services respectively.

It must be remembered that these results were obtained without any direct assistance on the part of the State, such as was given by the French Government to air-transport companies in the form of subsidies. British economic policy is traditionally opposed to subsidies, believing that enterprise can be healthily built up on private initiative. Therefore, until 1921 civil aviation had to content itself with the indirect assistance of the State, which consisted mainly in the adjustment of international flying; the laying-out and equipment of aerodromes on the air routes; the provision of wireless communication and meteorological information; research and the collection and issue of general information concerning aviation.

This indirect assistance, however, proved inadequate to maintain the progress achieved during 1920, and therefore the maintenance of air services by means of temporary direct financial assistance had to be arranged.

I have already pointed out the difficulty against which commercial aviation has to contend in regard to the geographical features and position of the United Kingdom. Its comparatively small size, the propinquity of industrial centres, our efficient day and night express railway services, especially those running north and south, lessen the value of aircraft's superior speed and militate against the operation of successful internal air services. Possible exceptions might include amphibian services between London and Dublin, accelerating the delivery of mails five or six hours; between Glasgow and Belfast, where the Clyde and the harbour of Belfast could be used as terminals; or between London and the Channel Islands. I may point out in parenthesis that the development of alighting stations on rivers passing through the centres of towns is important, as a great deal of time is at present wasted in reaching the aerodromes necessarily situated some miles outside large centres of population.

Our immediate opportunities of development near home are therefore afforded by the air services to Paris, Brussels, and Amsterdam; but even here the saving in time is not great, and our position is unfavourable compared to that of the United States, where the Post Office saves two days in the delivery of mails by air between New York and San Francisco; or compared to that of Germany, where Berlin is within a 350-mile radius of Copenhagen, Cologne, Munich, Warsaw, and Vienna, which is itself in an advantageous situation as the junction for a South European system extending to the Balkan States and the Near East.

The ultimate use of the air, however, is not exemplified by a few passengers flying daily between London and the Continent any more than by a few squadrons of fighting craft. In a decade or two overhead transit will become the main factor in the express delivery of passengers, mails, and goods. It is the one means left to the Empire of speeding up world-communication to an extent as yet unrealized. For the price of a battleship a route to Australia could be organized, the value of which would be beyond computation.

The British Empire as a whole offers vast fields for expansion. In Africa, Canada, and Australia are found the great distances suitable to the operation of aircraft, the wide undeveloped areas through which air transport may prove more economic than the construction of railways, and the trans-oceanic routes over which travel by steamship has reached, and in many cases passed, its economic maximum speed. Air transport, careless whether the route be over land or sea, unhampered by foreign frontiers, gives the Empire precisely those essential powers of direct, supple, and speedy intercommunication which ship and rail have already shown us to be vital.