c. In the last experiment, the comparative irritability of the ventricles and auricles of the heart and the muscular fibre in the two animals, had not been examined. That these circumstances might be noticed, two rabbits, E and F were killed; E under water in about a minute, and F in nitrous oxide in three minutes. They were immediately opened, and after a minute, the appearance of the heart, and organs of respiration observed.
Both the right and left ventricles of the heart in F contracted but very feebly; the auricles regularly and quickly contracted; the aorta appeared perfectly full of blood. In E, a feeble contraction of the left sinus venosus and auricle was observed; the left ventricle did not contract: the right contracted, but more slowly than in F. In a few minutes, the contractions of the ventricles in F had ceased, whilst the auricles contracted as strongly and quickly as before. The blood in the pulmonary veins of F was rather of a redder purple than in E; the difference of the blood in the vena cava was hardly perceptible, perhaps it was a little more purple in F. The membranous substance of the lungs in F was spotted with purple as from extravasated blood, whilst that in E was pale. The brain in F was darker than in E. On opening the ventricles no extravasation of blood was perceptible. The auricles of the heart in F contracted strongly for near twenty minutes, and then gradually their motion became less frequent; in twenty-eight minutes it had wholly ceased. The right auricle and ventricle in E, occasionally contracted for half an hour. The livers of both animals were similar when they were first opened, of a dark red; that of F preserved its color for some time when exposed to the atmosphere; whilst that of E almost immediately became paler under the same circumstances.
The peristaltic motion continued for nearly an equal time in both animals.
d. The sternum of a young rabbit was removed so that the heart and lungs could be perceived, and he was introduced into a vessel filled with nitrous oxide; the blood in the pulmonary veins gradually became more purple, and the heart appeared to beat quicker than before, all the muscles contracting with great force. After he had been in about a minute, spots began to appear on the lungs, though the contractions of the heart became quicker and weaker; in three minutes and half he was quite dead; after death the ventricles contracted very feebly, though the contractions of the auricles were as strong almost after the end of five minutes as at first. This animal was passed through water saturated with nitrous oxide; possibly this fluid had some effect on his organs.
Besides these animals, many others, as guinea-pigs, mice and birds, were dissected after being destroyed in nitrous oxide; in all of them the same general appearance was observed. Their muscular fibre almost always appeared less irritable than that of animals destroyed, by organic læsion of part of the nervous system, in the atmosphere. The ventricles of the heart in general, contracted feebly and for a very short time; whilst the auricles continued to act for a great length of time. The lungs were dark in their appearance, and always suffused here and there with purple; the blood in the pulmonary veins when slightly observed, appeared dark, like venous blood, but when minutely examined, was evidently much more purple. The blood in the vena cava, was darker than that in the pulmonary veins. The cerebrum was dark.
In a late experiment, I thought I perceived a slight extravasation of blood in one of the ventricles of the brain in a rabbit destroyed in nitrous oxide; but as this appearance had not occurred in the animals I had examined before, or in those dissected by Dr. Kinglake, and Mr. King, Surgeon, I am inclined to refer it to an accidental cause. At my request, Mr. Smith, Surgeon, examined the brain of a young rabbit that had been killed in his presence in nitrous oxide; he was of opinion that no effusion of blood into the ventricles had taken place.
In comparing the external appearance of the crural nerves in two rabbits that had been dissected by Dr. Kinglake, having been destroyed one in hydrogene, the other in nitrous oxide, we could perceive no perceptible difference.
It deserves to be noticed, that whenever the gall bladder and the urinary bladder have been examined in animals destroyed in nitrous oxide, they have been always distended with fluid; which is hardly ever the case in animals killed by privation of atmospheric air.
In the infancy of my experiments on the action of nitrous oxide upon animals, I thought that it rendered the venous blood less coagulable; but this I now find to be a mistake. The blood from the pulmonary veins of animals killed in nitrous oxide, does not sensibly differ in this respect from the arterial blood of those destroyed in hydrogene, and both become vermilion nearly in the same time when exposed to the atmosphere.
In describing the various shades of color of the blood in the preceding observations on the different dissected animals, the poverty of the language of color, has obliged me to adopt terms, which I fear will hardly convey to the mind of the reader, distinct notions of the differences observable by minute examination in the venous and arterial blood of animals that die of privation of atmospheric air, and of those destroyed by the action of nitrous oxide. This difference can only be observed in the vessels by means of a strong light; it may however be easily noticed in the fluid blood by the introduction of it from the arteries or veins at the moment of their incision, between two polished surfaces of white glass,[186] so closely adapted to each other, as to prevent the blood from coming in contact with the atmosphere.