Waves and ripples in water, air, and æther

by Sir J. A. Fleming

r =  ^{sin 50 + 50/₂} / _{sin ⁵⁰/2}  =  ^{sin 50°}/_{sin 25°}  =  1·88

See “Cantor Lectures,” Society of Arts, December 17, 1900. J. A Fleming on “Electric Oscillations and Electric Waves.”

[27] See Appendix, [Note B].

INDEX.

• A
• Actinic rays, [254]
• Æther, the, [191]
• ——, properties of, [192]
• —— wave radiation, range of, [262]
• —— waves, various kinds of, [234]
• Air, movement of, in a concert-room, [183]
• —— necessary for production of sound, [103]
• —— particles, mode of motion of, in case of sound wave, [112]
• —— waves, [103]
• —— ——, interference of, [139]
• —— ——, length of, [114]
• —— ——, nature of, [114]
• —— ——, speed of, [115]
• Alphabet used in telegraphy, [274]
• America Cup race, pictures of yachts entered for the, [94], [95]
• America yacht, the, [93]
• Amplitude, [8]
• Anti-node, [159]
• Apparatus for detecting electric waves, [237]
• —— for exhibiting motion of air in case of sound wave, [109]
• —— for investigating the laws of falling bodies, [35]
• Atlantic waves, height of, [8]
• —— ——, length of, [9]
• Atomic theory, [226]
• B
• Beam of sound focused by collodion lens, [131]
• Beats, Helmholtz’s theory of, [165]
• ——, musical, [163]
• Billows, [1]
• Bore, [38]
• Branly, Professor, electric wave detector, [211]
• Breaking wave, [29]
• C
• Canal-boat waves, [100]
• Canal wave, [32]
• —— —— velocity, [34]
• Capillary ripples, [44]
• Chromatic scale, [162]
• Clef, musical, [160]
• Closed organ-pipe, [171]
• Cloud waves, [30]
• Coherer, Lodge, [212]
• ——, Marconi, [276]
• Column of air set in vibration by tuning-fork, [158]
• Conclusion, [285]
• Concords and discords in music, nature of difference between, [162]
• ——, musical, [162]
• Conditions necessary for production of true wave in a medium, [15]
• Conductor, electric, [197]
• Conservation of energy, law of, [23]
• Conservation of matter, law of, [22]
• Convergence of an electric ray by a paraffin lens, [243]
• Cornish, Dr. Vaughan, [31]
• Corresponding speeds, Froude’s law of, [81]
• Cup Races, [93]
• Current, electric, [193]
• D
• Dark heat, [250]
• Deep-sea waves, rule for determining speed of, [11]
• —— ——, velocity of, [11]
• Definition of a ripple, [42]
• —— of wave-frequency, [8]
• —— of wave-length, [7]
• Depth of water, effect of, on speed of canal wave, [34]
• Difference between electric conductors and non-conductors, [198]
• —— between velocity of a wave and of a wave-train, [20]
• Discords in music, [162]
• Dispersion of æther waves, [256]
• Distances at which sound can be heard, [120]
• E
• Ear, power of, to analyze sound, [182], [183]
• Echelon waves made by a duck, [74]
• Eddies in liquids, [60]
• Eddy, [60]
• —— motion, [60]
• —— resistance, [68]
• Edison phonograph, [142]
• Elasticity of the air, [111]
• Electric circuit, open, [217]
• —— conductor and non-conductor, [197]
• —— corpuscles, [227]
• —— current, [193]
• —— ——, alternating, [194]
• —— ——, continuous, [194]
• —— —— energy, [215]
• —— ——, nature of, [193]
• —— displacement, [221]
• —— energy, mechanical analogue of, [216]
• —— force, [228]
• Electric index of refraction, [245]
• —— inductance, [214]
• —— inertia, [214]
• —— oscillations, [185]
• —— ——, apparatus for producing, [203]
• —— —— in open circuit, [217], [218]
• —— —— produced by discharge of Leyden jar, [200]
• —— radiation, [238]
• —— —— and light, identity in nature of, [251]
• —— radiation-detector (Fleming), [224]
• —— —— (Miller), [235]
• —— radiation, velocity of, [249]
• —— ray, reflection of, [241]
• —— ——, refraction of, [243]
• —— strain, [197]
• —— transparency and opacity, [239], [240]
• —— wave and air wave compared, [223]
• —— —— detector, [210]
• —— ——, nature of, [230]
• —— ——, production of, [209]
• —— waves, [185]
• Electrical or Hertz rays, [254]
• Electrodeless discharge, [205]
• —— ——, apparatus for producing, [206]
• Electro-magnet, [195]
• Electro-magnetic medium, [220]
• —— theory of light, [262]
• Electromotive force, [196]
• Electronic theory of electricity, [229]
• Electrons, [227]
• Energy, [21]
• ——, kinetic, [25]
• —— of electro-static strain, [215]
• —— of motion, [25]
• —— of moving water, [32]
• ——, potential, [25]
• ——, two forms of electric, [215]
• Ether, the, [191]
• Experimental tank, uses of, in ship-design, [86]
• —— tanks, [85], [86]
• Experiments illustrating surface tension, [40], [41]
• Explosion of guns heard at great distances, [120]
• F
• Falling bodies, laws of, [35]
• Fish, motion of a, [67]
• Flame, sensitive, [127]
• Flow of liquid in non-uniform tubes, [66]
• —— —— in tubes, [65]
• —— —— in uniform tubes, [65]
• Fog-signals, [123]
• ——, influence of wind upon distance at which they are heard, [124]
• ——, power absorbed in making, [125]
• Free period of vibration, influence upon force required to move a body, [151], [152]
• Froude, Mr. William, [81]
• Froude’s experimental tank, [81]
• —— experiments at Torquay, [81]
• G
• Gamut, [160]
• —— of æther waves, [260]
• Gravitation wave, [40]
• Ground swell, [31]
• H
• Harmonic curve, [108]
• —— motion, [107]
• Harmonics, [156]
• Hele-Shaw, Professor, [62]
• —— ——, discovery of means of producing irrotational motion in liquids, [63]
• —— ——, investigations on liquid motion, [63]
• Helmholtz’s investigation into nature of musical tones, [167]
• —— theory of discords and concords, [165]
• Hertz oscillation, [207]
• Hertz’s researches. Experiments with electric waves, apparatus for, [234]
• Hughes, Professor, investigations on electric waves, made by, [210]
• Human ear, the, [181]
• Hydraulic gradient, [65]
• I
• Illustration of difference between wave-velocity and wave-group velocity, [28]
• Inaudible sound, [140]
• Index of refraction, [54]
• Inductance, [214]
• Induction coil for wireless telegraphy, [267]
• Inefficiency of present methods of manufacturing light, [265]
• Inertia of the air, [111]
• Interference of air waves, [139]
• —— of electric rays, [248]
• —— of ripples and waves, [48]
• Irrotational motion, [59]
• K
• Kelvin, Lord, investigations on ship waves, [77]
• Kinetic energy, [25]
• Krakatoa, eruption of, [116]
• ——, sound produced by the eruption of, [116]
• L
• Laplace, calculation of, concerning sound-velocity, [69]
• Law connecting velocity and pressure in liquid motion, [67]
• Length of wave, definition of the term, [7]
• Light, velocity of, [187], [189]
• Liquid flow in constricted tube, [66]
• Lodge, Sir Oliver, coherer invented by, [211]
• Long wave, [7]
• Longitudinal waves, [7]
• Luminous efficiency, [264]
• —— rays, [254]
• M
• Magnetic force, [228]
• Major third in music, [161]
• Marconi coherer, [276]
• —— aerial wire, [266]
• ——, experiments with wireless telegraphy across the Atlantic by, [280]
• —— system of wireless telegraphy, [276], [279]
• Matter, [22]
• Maxwell’s electro-magnetic theory of light, [262]
• Mechanical explanations of electrical phenomena, [222]
• Methods of manufacturing light, [265]
• Minor third in music, [161]
• Model illustrating longitudinal wave, [114]
• —— —— nature of an air wave, [113]
• Models, illustrating wave-motion, [5], [6]
• Morse alphabet, [274]
• Motion, harmonic, [107]
• ——, irrotational, [59]
• —— of water in sea waves, [3]
• ——, periodic, [107]
• ——, rotational, [59]
• ——, vortex, [59]
• Movement of the air in the case of a sound wave, [112]
• Music, theory of, [159]
• Musical beats, [163]
• —— scale, notes of the, [160]
• —— tones and noises contrasted, [110]
• —— ——, sharp and flat, [161]
• N
• Natural period of vibration of a body, [148], [150]
• Node, [159]
• Non-conductor, electric, [197]
• Non-resistance to body moving through perfect fluid, [72]
• O
• Octave, [160]
• Open electric circuit, [217]
• —— organ-pipe, [171]
• Optical proof that a sounding body is in vibration, [105], [106]
• Organ-pipes, construction of, [169], [171]
• ——, distribution of air-pressure in, [172]
• ——, overtones of, [173]
• ——, relation between length of pipe and length of wave, [173], [174]
• Oscillations, electric, [185]
• —— of a stretched string, [154]
• Oscillator, Hertz, [207]
• Oscillatory electric sparks, photographs of, [202]
• Overtones, [156]
• P
• Pendulum, isochronism of the, [149]
• Perfect fluid, [59]
• Periodic motion, [107]
• —— time, [9]
• Phonograph, action of the, [142]
• Photographic study of the production of waves, [16]
• Photographs of ripples on a mercury surface, [51]
• Plane wave, [55]
• Potential energy, [25]
• Power required to propel ships, [90], [91]
• Prism for refracting a beam of sound, [136]
• Production of a sound wave, [111]
• Q
• Quality of sound, [115]
• R
• Radiation, electric, [238]
• ——, nature of, [263]
• —— of energy from the sun, [284]
• Rayleigh, Lord, an acoustic experiment with an open pipe by, [174]
• Receiver for wireless telegraphy (Marconi), [275]
• Reflection of a beam of sound, [132], [133]
• —— of an electric ray, [241]
• —— of a wave, [55]
• —— of ripples, [46], [47]
• Refraction, explanation of, [53], [54]
• —— of a beam of sound, [133], [134]
• —— of an electric ray, [243]
• —— —— by an ice prism, [242]
• —— of ripples, [52]
• Refractive index, [54]
• Relation of wave-velocity and wave-length, [9]
• Relay, telegraphic, [236]
• Resistance curves of ships, [92]
• —— to a body moving through a fluid, causes of the, [68]
• Resonance, [148]
• ——, an experiment on, [158]
• Ripple and wave, distinction between, [40]
• —— mark, [30]
• ——, reflection of a, [45], [46]
• ——, scientific definition of a, [42]
• Ripples, [1]
• ——, apparatus for producing, [43]
• ——, interference of, [48]
• ——, intersecting, [49]
• —— in the air, [103]
• —— on a lake, photographs of, [19]
• ——, photography of, [51]
• ——, by J. H. Vincent, [54]
• —— produced by stone thrown into water, [19]
• ——, velocity of, [41], [42], [43]
• Rotational motion, [59]
• Russell, Scott, Mr., [81]
• —— experiments of, on canal-boat waves, [101]
• S
• Scale, musical, notes of the, [160]
• —— of equal temperament, [162]
• Sea waves, [2]
• —— ——, motion of, [3]
• —— ——, relation of velocity and length in case of, [10]
• Semitone, [161]
• Sensitive flame, influence of sound upon a, [129]
• Severn bore, [38]
• Shamrock II., trials of, [97]
• Ship bow wave, mode of production, [75], [76]
• —— design, [87], [88]
• —— ——, the problem of, [73]
• —— models, the testing of, [85], [86]
• —— resistance, Froude’s law of, [82], [83]
• —— waves, [57]
• —— ——, complete system of, [78]
• —— ——, various systems of, [73]
• Short wave, [7]
• Sine curve, mode of drawing a, [108]
• Singing flame, [175]
• Siren, [123]
• Skin friction, [59], [68]
• —— —— for various classes of ships, [91]
• Soap film thrown into vibration by air waves, [145]
• —— solution for making bubbles, [144]
• Solitary wave, [26]
• —— —— and wave-train, difference between, [26]
• Sound, and music, [147]
• ——, causes in variation in quality of, [142]
• —— due to air waves, [103], [104]
• —— lens, method of making a, [130]
• —— prism, [136]
• ——, quality of, [115]
• —— signals, [123]
• ——, velocity of, in various cases, [126]
• Sounding body is in vibration, [104], [105]
• Speed of a falling body, [35]
• —— of sound, [115]
• Stationary waves, [155], [156]
• Stone falling into water, photographs of a, [17]
• Stream-lines, [64]
• —— —— round an ovoid, [71]
• Stroh violin, [179]
• Structure of the human ear, [181]
• Surface tension of liquid, [40]
• T
• Temperature, effect of, on sound-velocity, [118]
• Tesla coil, [205]
• Tidal wave, [38]
• —— ——, speed of, [39]
• Tides, [39]
• Time of vibration of a stretched string, [154]
• Tone, [161]
• Torpedo, motion of, in water, [67]
• Transference of wave-motion, [27]
• Transverse ship wave, [79]
• —— wave, [7]
• True wave, conditions for producing a, [15]
• —— ——, definition of a, [12]
• Tubes of flow, [64]
• —— —— in a liquid, [71]
• U
• Utilization of the æther, [284]
• V
• Various kinds of resistance to a body moving through a fluid, [68]
• Velocity of electric radiation, [249]
• —— of light, [189]
• —— of sea waves, rule for calculating the, [10]
• —— of sound, how affected by temperature, [117]
• —— —— in different gases, [126]
• —— ——, influence of specific heats upon the, [119]
• —— ——, measurements of the, [116]
• —— ——, theoretical determination of the, [118]
• —— of sound wave, [115]
• —— of waves in water, air, and æther compared, [283]
• Vernon Boys, Professor, instructions by, for making soap solution, [144]
• Vibration rates of musical tones, [160]
• —— —— of various æther waves, [252]
• Vibrations, forced, [149]
• ——, free, [149]
• —— giving rise to musical tones, [160]
• Vincent, Mr. J. H., [51]
• Violin, improved by Mr. Augustus Stroh, [179]
• Violin, structure of, [177], [178]
• Viscosity of liquids, [58]
• Vortex motion, [59]
• —— ring in air, [61]
• —— ——, production of, in air, [61]
• W
• Wave amplitude, definition of, [8]
• ——, causes of breaking, [29]
• ——, electric, nature of an, [185]
• —— frequency, [8]
• ——, gravitation, [40]
• —— group, velocity of a, [20]
• —— length, [7]
• —— lengths of various kinds of æther waves, [257]
• ——, longitudinal, [7]
• —— motion, [2]
• —— ——, definition of, [4]
• —— —— model, [5]
• —— ——, model for illustrating, [13], [14]
• —— ——, various kinds of, [4]
• —— produced in a canal, [33]
• ——, reflection of a, [55], [56]
• —— resistance, [68]
• Waves, [1]
• —— and ripples in the æther, [232]
• ——, conditions of, for interference of, [49], [50]
• ——, electric, [185]
• ——, interference of, [48]
• —— in the air, [103]
• —— made by canal-boats, experiments on, [101], [102]
• —— made by ships, [57], [58]
• —— on a snow surface, [31]
• —— on clouds, [30]
• —— produced by high-speed ships, [79]
• ——, refraction of, [52], [53]
• ——, sea, [2]
• ——, stationary, [155]
• —— train, [20]
• —— ——, velocity of, [20]
• ——, transverse, [7]
• —— velocity, a rule for determining, [9]
• Wind, influence of, upon distances at which sounds are heard, [120], [121], [122]
• Wireless telegraphy across the Atlantic, [280]
• —— ——, apparatus for, [267]
• —— ——, explanation of, [273]
• —— ——, Marconi’s system of, [269]
• —— ——, method of conducting, [274]
• —— ——, transmitter for, [271]
• —— ——, utility of, [281]
• Worthington, Professor, photographs of splash of drop, [16], [17]
• Y
• Yacht-design, object of, [96]
• Yachts entered for the America Cup race, pictures of, [94], [95]
• Young, Dr. Thomas, investigations of, on interference of light, [190]

THE END.

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Transcriber’s Note (continued)

Errors in punctuation and simple typos have been corrected without note. Variations in spelling, hyphenation, accents, etc., have been left as they appear in the original publication unless as stated in the following:

Page 56 – “sea-side” changed to “seaside” (At the seaside)