A History of
The British Army
BY
The Hon. J. W. FORTESCUE
FIRST PART—TO THE CLOSE OF THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR
VOL. II
Quæ caret ora cruore nostro
London
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1899
All rights reserved

[CONTENTS]

[BOOK VII]
[CHAPTER I]
PAGE
The Reduction of the Army[3]
Mischievous influence of Bolingbroke and Ormonde[3]
Death of Queen Anne; Return of Marlborough[4]
King George I.; the New Ministry[4]
The Jacobite Rebellion of 1715[5]
Increase of the Army; Ninth to Fourteenth Dragoons raised[6]
Chelsea Pensioners recalled; Forty-first Foot raised[6]
Sheriffmuir and Preston[7]
Reduction of the Army, 1717-1718[8]
War with Spain[8]
Invasion of Scotland; Action of Glenshiel[9]
Attack on Vigo[10]
Death of Marlborough[10]
His Funeral[11]
The Condition of England under George I.[14]
The Army the only force for Maintenance of Order[15]
The cry of No Standing Army[15]
The British Establishment Fixed by Walpole[17]
Attacks on the Army in Parliament[17]
Opposition to the Mutiny Act[18]
Parliament asks for the Articles of War[19]
Officers cashiered for Political Disobligations[20]
Omnipotence of the irresponsible Secretary-at-War[21]
Hostility of Civilians against Soldiers[24]
Discipline ruined by the Secretary-at-War's Supremacy[26]
[CHAPTER II]
King George's efforts to arrest Indiscipline and Peculation[29]
His dislike of Purchase[30]
General Apathy of Officers[31]
Bad Standard of Character among Recruits[32]
Desertion and Fraudulent Enlistment[32]
Other Scandals[34]
System of Imperial Defence[36]
The Colonies; "White Servants"[37]
Gradual necessity for Increasing the Regular Garrisons in the
Colonies[42]
Helplessness of the War Office in face of the problem[42]
Unpopularity of Garrison Service Abroad[45]
Technical Improvements in the Army[48]
Royal Regiment of Artillery formed[49]
Rise of the Forty-second Highlanders[49]
Contemporary Reforms in Prussia[51]
Their Evil Influence in England[51]
The Officers of the Past and of the Future[53]
[CHAPTER III]
Waning of Walpole's Popularity[55]
The Quarrel with Spain[55]
Popularity of a Spanish War[57]
An Expedition to the Spanish Main resolved on[58]
The Preparations; Cathcart and Wentworth[59]
Incredible Mismanagement of the War Office[60]
Death of Cathcart[62]
The British and American Contingents meet at Jamaica[62]
Decision to Attack Carthagena[63]
The Operations begun; Vernon and Wentworth[64]
The Attack on Fort St. Lazar[68]
Frightful Condition of the Troops[72]
The Enterprise against Carthagena abandoned[73]
Descent upon Cuba[74]
The Descent abandoned; continued Mortality among the Troops[75]
The Spanish War ended by Yellow Fever[76]
Anson's Voyage[77]
Wentworth's responsibility for the disasters of Carthagena[77]
The blame due also to the War Office and Ordnance Office[78]
Faction in Parliament the true secret of the catastrophe[79]
[CHAPTER IV]
Dispute over the Austrian Succession[80]
Aggression of Frederick the Great[81]
Ambitious Projects of France[81]
England sends aid to Queen Maria Theresa[81]
Army increased; Forty-third to Forty-eighth Regiments raised[82]
John, Earl of Stair[83]
His Advice and his Plans[84]
The Campaign of 1742[86]
Stair's Plans for the winter rejected[87]
The British Army marches to the Main[88]
Fresh Projects of Stair rejected[89]
He forms new Plans[90]
He disobeys Orders to prove their soundness[91]
Desperate Peril of the Allies owing to disregard of his counsel[92]
Battle of Dettingen[92]
Stair resigns the Command[102]
[CHAPTER V]
Insufficiency of the British Preparations for 1744[103]
Saxe's Operations[104]
Wade paralysed by the Dutch and Austrians[105]
Stair's Plan of Campaign[106]
Inactivity of Dutch and Austrians; Wade Resigns[107]
Ligonier's proposals for a great effort in 1745[108]
Cumberland appointed to the Command[109]
The French Position at Fontenoy[110]
Battle of Fontenoy[111]
Cumberland's False Movements after Fontenoy[121]
Extreme Peril of his situation[122]
Recall of the Army to England[123]
[CHAPTER VI]
Designs of Charles Stuart[124]
His Landing in Scotland[125]
General Cope marches northward[126]
He Retires by Sea; Advance of the Rebels[127]
The "Canter of Coltbrigg"[128]
Cope Lands at Dunbar; Action of Prestonpans[129]
Charles enters Edinburgh; the Castle holds out[131]
Preparations in England[132]
Charles invades England[133]
He out-manœuvres Cumberland and enters Derby[136]
He retreats northward and besieges Stirling[137]
Hawley appointed to Command in Scotland[138]
Action of Falkirk[139]
Cumberland assumes Command in Scotland[141]
He advances northward; Charles retreats[142]
Battle of Culloden[144]
Good service rendered by Cumberland[146]
[CHAPTER VII]
French Capture Antwerp; British base shifted[149]
Saxe's Plan of Campaign and Operations[150]
Battle of Roucoux[153]
Futile Expedition to L'Orient[156]
The Campaign of 1747[156]
Battle of Lauffeld[159]
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle[164]
[BOOK VIII]
[CHAPTER I]
The Mohammedan Conquest of India[167]
The Mahrattas[168]
European Voyages to India[168]
The English East India Company[169]
First British Troops sent to India[171]
The first Military Establishment in Bombay[171]
The French East India Company[172]
Settlements of the Rival Companies in 1701[173]
Skill of the French in handling natives[174]
Death of Aurungzebe; virtual Independence of the Deccan[175]
Joseph François Dupleix[175]
La Bourdonnais; Dumas[176]
Native Disputes in the Carnatic[176]
Dumas raised to rank of Nabob[178]
War between France and England declared[179]
Siege and Capture of Madras[180]
Quarrel of Dupleix and La Bourdonnais[181]
Paradis at St. Thomé[183]
French invest Fort St. David[185]
Stringer Lawrence at Cuddalore[187]
Boscawen arrives and besieges Pondicherry[188]
Misconduct of the Siege[189]
The Siege raised; Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle[190]
[CHAPTER II]
British Interference at Tanjore[192]
Dupleix's Schemes for French Predominance in the Deccan[193]
Bussy installed at Aurungabad[197]
Zenith of French Rule in India[197]
The British resolve to Oppose the French[198]
The Contest centres about Trichinopoly[198]
The British shut up in Trichinopoly[199]
Clive proposes a diversion against Arcot[200]
His Operations[200]
Action of Covrepauk[204]
Lawrence Marches to relieve Trichinopoly[209]
The French retire to Seringham[210]
Surprise of Clive's Force at Samiaveram[211]
Surrender of the French Force[214]
[CHAPTER III]
Intrigues of Dupleix; British Successes Neutralised[215]
Defeat of Major Kinnear[216]
Lawrence's Victory at Bahoor[217]
Clive at Chingleput and Covelong[218]
Contest for Trichinopoly renewed[221]
Perilous Situation of the British[223]
Lawrence's First Victory before Trichinopoly[224]
His Second Victory[226]
His Third Victory[230]
Dupleix's attempt to surprise Trichinopoly fails[233]
His Proposals for Peace rejected[233]
Lawrence's situation at Trichinopoly still critical[234]
Suspension of Arms; Recall of Dupleix[236]
[BOOK IX]
[CHAPTER I]
French Explorers in North America[241]
The English Settlements[243]
Predominance of Massachusetts in the North[244]
New York Captured by the British[245]
French Explorations in the West[246]
Their Design to confine the British to a strip of the Sea-board[246]
Governor Dongan; the Iroquois[248]
French and English Settlers and Military Systems[249]
English Regular Troops in America[251]
The War of 1689; Peril of New York[251]
Failure of the Colonial Counterstroke on Canada[252]
Massachusetts appeals to England for help[252]
War of the Spanish Succession; Colonial Operations[254]
Capture of Nova Scotia; British failure before Quebec[255]
The Building of Louisburg[256]
French Forts at Crown Point and Niagara[257]
Colonial Apathy[257]
War of the Austrian Succession; Colonists Capture Louisburg[257]
Projected Operations for 1746[259]
Neglect of America by Newcastle's Government[260]
[CHAPTER II]
Reduction of the Army at Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle[261]
Foundation of Halifax[262]
British and French on the Ohio[263]
Obstinacy of the Virginian Assembly[264]
Washington's Mission; Apathy of the Colonies[265]
Washington's First Skirmish with the French[266]
Continued Apathy of the Colonies[267]
General Braddock sent from England[268]
His difficulties and their Causes[270]
Boscawen's Action with French Ships; War inevitable[272]
Braddock's March to the Monongahela[273]
Dispositions of the French[274]
Action of the Monongahela[275]
Braddock and the School of Cumberland[278]
[CHAPTER III]
Monckton's Capture of Fort Beauséjour[282]
Johnson's Advance against Crown Point[283]
Shirley's failure against Niagara[284]
Close of the Campaign[285]
Feebleness of the English Administration[286]
New Treaties and New Ministers[287]
Fiftieth to Fifty-ninth Regiments raised[288]
The Sixtieth Regiment[289]
Ill faith of the Government towards Soldiers[290]
Germans imported to defend Britain[290]
The French besiege Minorca[291]
Fall of Minorca[294]
Rage of the Nation; Byng; Newcastle[295]
Lord Loudoun sent to Command in America[296]
Inadequacy of his Force[296]
Montcalm Captures Oswego[297]
Close of American Campaign of 1756[298]
Outbreak of the Seven Years' War[298]
Pitt made Secretary-of-State[299]
His Measures; Highland Regiments[300]
The Militia Bill[301]
Cumberland sent to Command in Hanover[303]
Dismissal of Pitt[303]
Restoration of Pitt[304]
Loudoun's Campaign of 1757[304]
Montcalm Captures Fort William Henry[305]
Defeat of Cumberland at Hastenbeck[307]
The Expedition against Rochefort[307]
[BOOK X]
[CHAPTER I]
Ligonier made Commander-in-Chief[313]
Preparations for 1758; Amherst[314]
The Plan of Campaign for America[315]
The Expedition against Louisburg[316]
The Siege opened[319]
Fall of Louisburg[321]
The Operations of General Abercromby[322]
Lord Howe; New Views as to Equipment of Troops[323]
Embarkation of Abercromby's Army[324]
The Skirmish by Lake Champlain; Death of Howe[326]
Montcalm's Plan of Defence[327]
Action of Ticonderoga[328]
Retreat of Abercromby[331]
Bradstreet's Capture of Fort Frontenac[332]
Forbes's Operations on the Ohio[333]
Defeat of Major Grant[335]
French evacuate Fort Duquêsne[336]
Burial of Braddock's dead[337]
[CHAPTER II]
The Allied Army in Germany[339]
Ferdinand of Brunswick[339]
Expedition to Cancalle Bay[340]
British Troops sent to Germany[341]
Expedition against Cherbourg[342]
The Reverse of St. Cast[344]
Observations on Raids on the French Coasts[345]
The Expedition to Senegal[346]
The Expedition to Martinique[347]
The Army leaves Martinique for Guadeloupe[349]
Sickness among the Troops[350]
Death of General Hopson[351]
Barrington resolves on Active Operations[351]
His Plan of Campaign[352]
Successes of Crump and Clavering[353]
Surrender of Guadeloupe[356]
[CHAPTER III]
Establishment of the Army for 1759[358]
Pitt's Designs against America; Wolfe[359]
Strength of Wolfe's Army[361]
The Defences of Quebec[362]
The British arrive before the City[363]
Wolfe's Difficulties[364]
His Abortive Attack[366]
He shifts Operations to west of the City[368]
Amherst's Designs against Canada[368]
Prideaux and Johnson at Niagara[369]
Fall of Niagara[370]
Amherst's Advance to Ticonderoga and Crown Point[371]
His Operations closed[371]
Discouragement of the British before Quebec[372]
Wolfe's Brigadiers suggest New Plans[373]
The Operations undertaken in consequence[373]
The British climb to the Heights of Abraham[375]
Wolfe's Order of Battle[377]
Distraction of Montcalm[378]
His Order of Battle[379]
Battle of Quebec[380]
Death of Wolfe[383]
Energetic Operations of Townsend[383]
Capitulation of Quebec[384]
General Survey of the Operations in Canada[385]
[CHAPTER IV]
Sufferings of the British in Quebec[389]
French Preparations for Recapture of Quebec[390]
Advance of Lévis[391]
Action of Sainte Foy[392]
The Siege of Quebec[394]
Relief of Quebec[395]
Amherst's Designs on Canada[395]
Advance of Murray and Haviland[397]
Advance of Amherst[398]
Surrender of Montreal[400]
Expedition against the Cherokee Indians[400]
Occupation of Canada[401]
Amherst[402]
[CHAPTER V]
India: Hollowness of the Truce of 1755[406]
It is infringed by both sides[407]
Bussy[408]
Surajah Dowlah[409]
His Advance against Calcutta; the Black Hole[410]
Madras sends aid to Bengal[411]
Clive surprised at Budge Budge[412]
Surajah Dowlah again Advances on Calcutta[413]
Clive surprises his Camp[414]
Alliance of Surajah Dowlah and the British[415]
Capture of Chandernagore[415]
Conspiracy against Surajah Dowlah[415]
Clive Advances on Moorshedabad[416]
Anxiety of his position; he Advances to Plassey[417]
Battle of Plassey[418]
Death of Surajah Dowlah; Meer Jaffier installed in his place[424]
[CHAPTER VI]
Southern India[426]
Arrival of French Reinforcements under Lally[428]
Admiral Pocock's First Action with d'Aché[429]
Lally besieges Fort St. David[430]
Fall of Fort St. David; Capture of Devicotah[431]
Lally's disastrous March to Tanjore[432]
Pocock's Second Action against d'Aché[434]
Lally's Preparations against Madras[435]
Counter-preparations of the British[435]
Bussy recalled from Hyderabad[436]
Lally Advances upon Madras[437]
Abortive Sortie of the British[438]
Lally's difficulties during the Siege[439]
The Siege raised[440]
Clive's counter-stroke against the Northern Sirkars[441]
Forde's Advance against Conflans[442]
Battle of Condore[442]
Forde delayed in his Advance on Masulipatam[445]
He lays Siege to the Fort[447]
His desperate Position[447]
Storm of Masulipatam[449]
The Fruits of the Victory[453]
[CHAPTER VII]
British Operations in the Carnatic[454]
Lally's difficulties with his Troops[455]
Alarm of Dutch Aggression in Bengal[456]
Third Engagement of Pocock and d'Aché[457]
Defeat of Brereton at Wandewash[457]
Lally turns to the Court of the Deccan[457]
His diversion in the South; British Operations in the Carnatic[458]
The Dutch in Bengal[459]
Forde defeats them at Chandernagore[460]
Battle of Badara[461]
Lally Advances upon Wandewash[462]
Coote follows him; the French position[463]
Coote's Manœuvres[463]
Battle of Wandewash[464]
Coote's Movements after the Victory[470]
Siege of Pondicherry[472]
Fall of Pondicherry[473]
[CHAPTER VIII]
The Establishment of the Army for 1759[475]
Fifteenth Hussars raised[476]
Purport of Ferdinand's Operations in Germany[477]
He opens the Campaign of 1759[480]
Movements of Contades and Broglie[481]
Critical position of Ferdinand[482]
Continued success of the French[483]
Ferdinand Occupies Bremen; Contades's position at Minden[484]
Ferdinand's Manœuvres before Minden[485]
Their success; Battle of Minden[487]
Sackville[496]
Recovery of Cassel and Minden[497]
Subsequent Operations[497]
Close of the Campaign[498]
[CHAPTER IX]
Increase of the Army for 1760[499]
Sixteenth and Seventeenth Lancers raised[500]
Thurot's Descent on Carrickfergus[501]
Reinforcements for Ferdinand[501]
Opening of the Campaign[502]
Imhoff's Disobedience mars Ferdinand's Plans[502]
Defeat of the Hereditary Prince at Sachsenhausen[503]
The Prince's Counter-stroke; Action of Emsdorff[504]
Broglie sends De Muy to cut off Ferdinand from Westphalia[507]
Action of Warburg; Defeat of De Muy[508]
Evacuation of Cassel by the Allies[512]
Embarrassing position of Ferdinand[513]
Ferdinand makes a Diversion against Wesel[514]
Action of Kloster Kampen; Defeat of the Allies[515]
The Hereditary Prince and British Troops[518]
Close of the Campaign[519]
[CHAPTER X]
Accession of King George III[520]
Increase of the Army[521]
The Expedition to Belleisle[521]
The War in Germany[522]
Ferdinand's Fruitless Winter March through Hesse[523]
Great Preparations and Designs of the French[524]
Supineness of Soubise[525]
The Campaign opens; Ferdinand's March round Soubise's rear[526]
Ferdinand's Position at Vellinghausen[527]
Action of Vellinghausen[528]
Ferdinand's skilful Manœuvres from July to November[531]
Close of the Campaign[533]
[CHAPTER XI]
Rise of Lord Bute to power[535]
Trouble with Spain; Pitt advocates War[536]
Resignation of Pitt; Bute compelled to Declare War[536]
The Expedition against Martinique[537]
Fall of Martinique, Grenada, St. Vincent and St. Lucia[541]
Expedition to Havanna[541]
Mortality among the Troops[543]
Expedition to Manilla[544]
The War in Portugal[545]
Burgoyne and the Sixteenth Light Dragoons[546]
Ferdinand's Last Campaign[547]
The Position of Wilhelmsthal[548]
Action of Wilhelmsthal[549]
The Race for Cassel[553]
Position of the opposing Armies in the Ohm[554]
Action of the Brückemühle[555]
Fall of Cassel; Conclusion of the War[557]
Ferdinand of Brunswick[557]
His Difficulties with the British Troops[558]
[CHAPTER XII]
Decay of the Army's Unpopularity[562]
Inefficiency of the War Office and Ordnance Office[563]
Defects in the Colonial Stations[564]
Reformers in the Army; Cumberland[566]
Pitt; the New School of Officer[568]
The Recruiting of the Army[572]
Depots and Drafts[576]
Recruiting in America[578]
Condition of the Private Soldier[579]
Nicknames; Bands; Medals[583]
Reforms in the Cavalry; Increase of Dragoons[584]
Light Dragoons[585]
Reforms in the Artillery[587]
Reforms in the Infantry[589]
German Models and British Experience[592]
APPENDIX A.[595]
APPENDIX B.[598]
INDEX[607]


[MAPS AND PLANS]