Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon

by Sir James Emerson Tennent

Looking at the little that has yet been done, compared with the vast and almost untried field which invites explorers, an assiduous collector may quadruple the species hitherto described. The minute shells especially may be said to be unknown; a vigilant examination of the corals and excrescences upon the spondyli and pearl-oysters would signally increase our knowledge of the Rissoæ, Chemnitziæ, and other perforating testacea, whilst the dredge from the deep water will astonish the amateur by the wholly new forms it can scarcely fail to display.

---

List of Ceylon Shells.

The arrangement here adopted is a modified Lamarckian one, very similar to that used by Reeve and Sowerby, and by Mr. HANLEY, in his Illustrated Catalogue of Recent Shells.[³⁸⁸¹]

• Aspergillum Javanum. Brug. Enc. Mét.
  • sparsum, Sowerby, Gen. Shells.[³⁸⁹¹]
  • clavatum, Chenu, lllust. Conch.
• Teredo nucivorus. Sp Skr. Nat. Sels.[³⁸⁹²]
• Solen truncatus. Wood, Gen. Couch.
  • linearis, Wood, Gen. Conch.
  • cultellus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • radiatus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Anatina subrostrata, Lam. Ani. s. Vert.
• Anatinella Nicobarica, Gm. Syst. Nat.
• Lutraria Egyptiaca, Chemn. Couch. Cab.
• Blainvillea vitrea, Chemn. Conch. Cab.[³⁸⁹³]
• Scrobicularia angulata. Chem. Con. Cab.[³⁸⁹⁴]
• Mactra complanata, Desh. Proc. Zl. Soc.[³⁸⁹⁵]
  • tumida, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • antiquata, Reeve (as of Spengl.), C. Icon.
  • cygnea, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • Corbiculoides, Deshayes, Pr. Zl. S. 1854.
• Mesodesma
  • Layardi, Deshayes, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1854.
  • striata, Chemn. Conch. Cab.[³⁸⁹⁶]
• Cras-atella rostrata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • sulcata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Amphidesma
  • duplicatum, Sowerby. Species Conch.
• Pandora Ceylanica, Sowerby, Couch. Mis.
• Galeomma Layardi. Desh. Pr. Zl. S. 1856.
• Kellia peculiaris, Adams, Pr. Zl. S. 1856.
• Petricola cultellus, Desh. Pr. Zl. S. 1853.
• Sangumoiaria rosea, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Psammobia rostrata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • orcidens, Gm. Systems Naturæ.
  • Skinneri, Reeve, Conch. Icon.[³⁸⁹⁷]
  • Layardi, Desh. P.Z. Soc. 1854.
  • lunulata, Desh. P.Z. Soc. 1854.
  • amethystus, Wood, Gen. Conch.[³⁹⁰¹]
  • rugosa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.[³⁹⁰²]
• Tellina virgata, Linn. Syst. Nat.[³⁹⁰³]
  • rugosa, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
  • ostracea, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • ala, Hanley, Thesaur. Conch. i.
  • inæqualis, Hanley, Thesaur. Conch. i.
  • Layardi, Deshayes, P.Z. Soc. 1854.
  • callosa, Deshayes, P.Z. Soc. 1854.
  • rubra, Deshayes, P.Z. Soc. 1854.
  • abbreviata, Deshayes, P.Z. Soc. 1854.
  • foliacea, Linn. Systema Naturæ.
  • lingua-felis, Linn. Systema Naturæ.
  • vulsella, Chemn. Conch. Cab.[³⁹⁰⁴]
• Lucina interrupta, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.[³⁹⁰⁵]
  • Layardi, Deshayes, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855.
• Donax scortum, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • cuneata, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • faba, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • spinosa, Gm. Syst. Nat.
  • paxillus, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
• Cyrena Ceylanica, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • Tennentii, Hanley, P.Z. Soc. 1858.
• Cytherea Erycina, Linn. Syst. Nat.[³⁹⁰⁶]
  • meretrix, Linn. Syst. Nat.[³⁹⁰⁷]
  • castanea, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • castrensis, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • casta, Gm. Syst. Nat.
  • costata, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • læta, Gm. Syst. Nat.
  • trimaculata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • Hebræa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • rugifera, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • scripta, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • gibbia, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • Meroe, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • testudinalis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • seminuda, Anton. Wiegm. A. Nat. 1837.[³⁹⁰⁸]
• Venus reticulata, Linn. Syst. Nat.[³⁹⁰⁹]
  • pinguis, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • recens, Philippi, Abbild. Neuer Conch.
  • thiara, Dillw. Descriptive Cat. Shells.
  • Malabarica, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • Bruguieri, Hanley, Recent Bivalves.
  • papilionacea, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • Indica, Sowerby, Thesaur. Conch. ii.
  • inflata, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.[³⁹⁰¹⁰]
  • Ceylonensis, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii.
  • literata, Linn. Systema Naturæ.
  • textrix, Chemn. Conch. Cab.[³⁹⁰¹¹]
• Cardium unedo, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • maculosum, Wood, Gen. Con.
  • leucostomum, Born, Tt. M. Cæs. Vind.
  • rugosum, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • biradiatum, Bruguiere, En. Méth. Vers.
  • attenuatum, Sowerby, Conch. Illust.
  • enode, Sowerby, Conch. Illust.
  • papyraceum, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • ringiculum, Sowerby, Conch. Illust.
  • subrugosum, Sowerby, Conch. Illust.
  • latum, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
  • Asiaticum, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
• Cardita variegata, Brug. Enc. Méth. Vers.
  • bicolor, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Arca rhombea, Born, Test. Mus.
  • vellicata, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • cruciata, Philippi, Ab. Neur Conch.
  • decussata, Reeve (as of Sowerby), C.I.[³⁹⁰¹²]
  • scapha, Meuschen, in Gronov. Zoo.
• Pectunculus nodosus, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • pectiniformis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Nucula mitralis, Hinds, Zool. voy. Sul.
  • Layardi, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
  • Mauritii (Hanley as of Hinds), Rec. Biv.
• Unio
  • corrugatus, Müller, Hist. Verm. Ter.[³⁹⁰¹³]
  • marginalis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Lithodomus
  • cinnamoneus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Mytilus viridis, Linn. Syst. Nat.[³⁹⁰¹⁴]
  • bilocularis, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Pinna inflata, Chamn. Conch. Cab.
  • cancellata, Mawe, Intr. Lin. Conch.
• Malleus vulgaris, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • albus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Meleagrina margaritifera, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • vexillum, Reeve, Conch. Icon.[³⁹⁰¹⁵]
• Avicula macroptera, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
• Lima squamosa, Linn. Anim. s. Vert.
• Pecten plica, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • radula, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • pleuronectes, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • pallium, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • senator, Gm. Syst. Nat.
  • histrionicus, Gm. Syst. Nat.
  • Indicus, Deshayes, Voyage Belanger.
  • Layardi, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
• Spondylus Layardi, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • candidus, Reeve (as of Lam.) C. Icon.
• Ostrea hyotis, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • glaucina, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • Mytiloides, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • cucullata? var., Born, Test. M. Vind.[³⁹⁰¹⁶]
• Vulsella
  • Pholadiformis, Reeve, C. Icn. (immat.)
• Placuna placenta, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Lingula anatina, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Hyalæa tridentata, For. Anim. Orient.[³⁹¹¹]
• Chiton, 2 species (Layard).
• Patella Reynaudii, Deshayes, Voy. Be.
  • testodinaria, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Emarginula fissurata, Ch. C. Cab.[³⁹¹²] Lam.
• Calyptræa (Crucibulum) violascens, Carpenter,
  • Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
• Dentalium
  • octogonum, Lam Anim. s. Vert.
  • aprinum. Linn Syst. Nat.
• Bulla soluta, Chemn Conch. Cab.[³⁹¹³]
  • vexillum, Chemn Conch. Cab.
  • Bruguieri, Adams, Thes. Conch.
  • elongata, Adams, Thes. Conch.
  • ampulla, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Lamellaria (as Marsenia Indica, Leach.
  • in Brit. Mus.) allied to L. Mauritiana,
  • if not it.
• Vaginula maculata, Templ. An. Nat.
• Lunax, 2 sp.
• Parmacella Tennentii, Templ.[³⁹¹⁴]
• Vitrina irradians, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic.
  • Edgariana, Ben. Ann. N.H. 1853 (xii.)
  • membranacea, Ben. A.N.H. 1853 (xii.)
• Helix hæmastoma, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • vittata, Müller, Vermium Terrestrium.
  • bistrialis, Beck, in Pfeiff. Symb. Helic.
  • Tranquebarica, Fabricius, in Pfeiff.
  • Monog. Helic.
  • Juliana, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834.
  • Waltoni, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842.
  • Skinneri. Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii.
  • corylus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii.
  • umbrina (Reeve, as of Pfeiff..), C. Ic. vii.
  • fallaciosa. Férussac, Hist. Mollus.
  • Rivolii, Deshayes. Enc. Méth. Vers. ii.
  • Charpentieri, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • erronea, Albers. Zeitschr. Mal. 18S3.
  • carneola, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • convexiuscula, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • gnoma, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • Chenui, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • semidecussata, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • phoenix, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • superba, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • Ceylanica, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • Gardnerii, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • coriaria, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • Layardi, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • concavospira, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • novella, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • verrucula, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • hyphasma, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • Emiliana, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • Woodiana, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • partita, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • biciliata, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • Isabellina, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc.
  • trifilosa, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
  • politissima, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Sc. 1854.
  • Thwaitesii, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
  • nepos, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855.
  • subopaca, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.
  • subconoidea, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. S. 18S4.
  • ceraria, Benson, An. Nat. H. 1853 (xii.)
  • vilipensa, Benson, An. N.H. 1853 (xii.)
  • perfucata, Benson, A.N.H. 1853 (xii.)
  • puteolus, Benson, An. N.H. 1853 (xii.)
  • mononema, Benson, A.N.H. 1853 (xii.)
  • marcida, Benson, An. N.H. 1853 (xii.)
  • galerus, Benson, A.N.H. 1856 (xviii.)
  • albizonata. Dohrn, Proc. Zoo. Soc. 1858.
  • Nictneri, Dohrn, MS.[³⁹¹⁵]
  • Grevillei, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
• Streptaxis Layardi, Pfeiff. Mon. Helic.
  • Cingalensis, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
• Pupa
  • muscerda, Benson, A.N.H. 1853 (xii.)
  • mimula, Benson, A.N.H. 1856 (xviii.)
  • Ceylanica, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
• Bulimus
  • trifasciatus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • pullus, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834.
  • gracilis, Hutton, Journ. Asiat. Soc. iii.
  • punctatus, Anton, Verzeichn. Conch.
  • Ceylanicus, Pfeiff. (?Blævis, iGray, in
  • Index Testaceologicus.)
  • adumbratus, Pfieff. Monog. Helic.
  • intermedius, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • proletarius, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • albizonatus. Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • Mavortius, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • luscoventris, Ben. A.N.H. 1856 (xviii.)
  • rufopictus, Ben. A.N.H. 1856 (xviii.)
  • panos, Benson, Ann. Nat. H. 1853 (xii.)
• Achatina nitens, Gray, Spicilegia Zool.
  • inornata, Pfeiff. Monog. Helic.
  • capillacea, Pfeiff Monog. Helic.
  • Ceylanica, Pfeiff Monog. Helic.
  • Punctogaliana. Pfeiff Monog. Helic.
  • pachycheila, Benson
  • veruina, Bens, A. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
  • parabilis, Bens, A.N. Hist. 1856 (xviii.)
• Succinea Ceylanica, Pfeiff Monog. Helic.
• Auricula
  • Ceylanica, Adams. Pr. Zool. Soc. 1854.[³⁹¹⁶]
  • Ceylanica, Petit, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842.[³⁹¹⁷]
  • Layardi, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.[³⁹¹⁸]
  • pellucens, Menke, Synopsis Moll.
• Pythia
  • Ceylanica, Pfeiff. Zeits. Malacoz. 1853.
  • ovata, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
• Truncatella
  • Ceylanica, Pfeiff Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
• Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) Ceylanicum,
  • Sowerby, Thes. Conch.
  • involvulum, Müller, Verm. Terrest.
  • Menkeanum, Philippi, Zeit. Mal. 1847.
  • punctatum, Gratel. A.L. Bordeaux (xi.)
  • loxostoma, Pfeiff. Monog. Pneumon.
  • alabastrum, Pfeiff. Monog. Pneumon.
  • Bairdii, Pfeiff. Monog. Pneumon.
  • Thwaitesii, Pfeiff. Monog. Pneumon.
  • annulatum, Trosch. in Pfeiff. M. Pneum.
  • parapsis, Bens. An. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
  • parma, Bens. An. Nat. His. 1856 (xviii.)
  • cratera, Bens. An. N. Hist. 1856 (xviii.)
• (Leptopoma) halophilum, Benson, Ann. Nat. Hist. (ser. 2 vii.) 1851.
  • orophilum, Bens. A.N.H. (ser. 2. xi.)
  • apicatum, Bens. A.N.H. 1856 (xviii.)
  • conulus, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
  • flammeum, Pfeiff. Monog. Pneumon.
  • semiclausum, Pfeiff. Monog. Pneumon.
  • poecilum, Pfeiff. Monog. Pneumon.
  • elatum, Pfeiff. Monog. Pneumon.
• Cyclostoma (Aulopoma).
  • Iteri, Guérin, Rev. Zool. 1847.
  • helicinum, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • Hoffmeisteri, Troschel, Zeit. Mat. 1847.
  • grande, Pfeiff. Monog. Pneumon.
  • spheroideum, Dohrn, Malak. Blätter.
  • (?) gradatum, Pfeiff. Monog. Pneumon.
• Cyclostoma (Pterocyclos).
  • Cingalense, Bens. A.N.H. (ser. 2. xi.)
  • Troscheli, Bens. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1851.
  • Cumingii, Pfeiff. Monog. Pneumon.
  • bifrons, Pfeiff. Monog. Pneumon.
• Cataulus Templemani, Pfeiff. Mon. Pneu.
  • eurytrema, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
  • marginatus, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.
  • duplicatus, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
  • aureus, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855.
  • Layardi, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
  • Austenianus Bens. A.N.H. 1853 (xii.)
  • Thwaitesii, Pfeiff. Proc. Zo. Soc. 1852.
  • Cumingii, Pfeiff. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
  • decorus, Bens. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853.
  • hæmastoma, Pfeiff. Proc. Zo. Soc. 1856.
• Planorbis
  • Coromandelianus, Fab. in Dorhn's MS.
  • Stelzeneri, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
  • elegantulus, Dohrn, Proc. Z. Soc. 1858.
• Limnæa
  • tigrina, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
  • pinguis, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
• Melania
  • tuberculata, Müller, Verm. Ter.[³⁹²¹]
  • spinulosa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • corrugata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • rudis, Lea, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
  • acanthica, Lea, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
  • Zeylanica, Lea, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
  • confusa, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
  • datura, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
  • Layardi, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
• Paludomus
  • abbreviatus, Reeve, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1852.
  • clavatus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
  • dilatatus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
  • globulosus, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • decussatus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
  • nigricans, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • constrictus, Reeve, Proc. Zo. Soc. 1852.
  • bicinctus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
  • phaslaninus, Reeve, Proc. Zo. Soc. 1852.
  • lævis, Layard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
  • palustris, Layard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
  • fulguratus, Dohrn, Proc. Zo. Soc. 1857.
  • nasutus, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
  • sphæricus, Dohrn, Proc. Zo. Soc. 1857.
  • solidus, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
  • distinguendus, Dohrn, Proc. Z.S. 1857.
  • Cumingianus, Dohrn, Proc. Z.S. 1857.
  • dromedarius, Dohrn, Proc. Z.S. 1857.
  • Skinneri, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
  • Swainsoni, Dohrn, Proc. Zo. Soc. 1857.
  • nodulosus, Dohrn, Proc. Zo. Soc. 1857.
• Paludomus (Tanalia).
  • loricatus, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • erinaceus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
  • æreus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
  • Layardi, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
  • undatus, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • Gardneri, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • Tennentii, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • Reevei, Layard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
  • violaceus, Layard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
  • similis, Layard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
  • funiculatus, Layard, Pr. Z. Soc. 1854.
• Paludomus (Philopotamis).
  • sulcatus, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • regalis, Layard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
  • Thwaitesii, Layard, P. Zool. Soc. 1854.
• Pirena atra, Linn. Systema Naturæ.
• Paludina melanostoma, Bens.
  • Ceylanica, Dohrn, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1857.
• Bythinia stenothyroides, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
  • modesta, Dohrn, MS.
  • inconspicua, Dohrn, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1857.
• Ampullaria Layardi, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • moesta, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • cinerea, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • Woodwardi, Dohrn, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1858.
  • Tischbeini, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
  • carinata, Swainson, Zool. Illus. ser. 2.
  • paludinoides, Cat. Cristofori & Jan.[³⁹²²]
  • Malabarica, Philippi, monog. Ampul.[³⁹²²]
  • Luzonica, Reeve, Conch. Icon.[³⁹²²]
  • Sumatrensis, Philippi, monog. Ampul.[³⁹²²]
• Navicella eximia, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • reticulata, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • Livesayi, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
  • squamata, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
  • depressa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Neritina
  • crepidularia, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • melanostoma, Trosch. W.A. Nat. 1837.
  • triserialis, Sowerby, Conch. Illustr.
  • Colombaria, Recluz, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1845.
  • Perottetiana, Recluz, Rev. Z. Cuv. 1841.
  • Ceylanensis, Recluz, Mag. Conch. 1851.
  • Layardi, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • rostrata, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • reticulata, Sowerby, Conch. Illustr.
• Nerita plicata, Linn. Systema Naturæ.
  • costata, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • plexa, Chemn. Conch. Cab.[³⁹²³]
• Natica aurantia, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • mammilla, Linn. Systema Naturæ.
  • picta, Reeve, (as of Recluz), C. Icon.
  • arachnoidea, Gm. Systema Naturæ.
  • lineata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • adusta, Ch. C. C. f. 1926-7, & Karsten.[³⁹³¹]
  • pellis-tigrina, Karsten, Mus. Lesk.[³⁹³²]
  • didyma, Bolten, Mus.[³⁹³³]
• Ianthina prolongata, Blainv., D.S.N. xxiv.
  • communis, Kr., (as of L. in part) S.A.M.
• Sigaretus, sp.[³⁹³⁴]
• Stomatella
  • calliostoma, Adams, Thesaur. Conch.
• Haliotis varia, Linn. Systema Naturæ.
  • striata, Martini (as of Linn.), C. Cab. i.
  • semistriata, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
• Tornatella solidula, Linn. Systema Nat.
• Pyramidella
  • maculosa, Lam., Anim. s. Vert.
• Eulima Martini, Adams, Thes. Conch, ii.
• Siliquaria
  • muricata, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
• Scalaria raricostata, Lam., Anim. s. Vert.
• Delphinula laciniata, Lam., Anim. s. Vert.
  • distorta, Linn., Syst. Nat.[³⁹³⁵]
• Solarium perdix, Hinds., Proc. Zool. Soc.
  • Layardi, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.[³⁹³⁶]
• Rotella vestiaria, Linn., Syst. Nat.
• Phorus pallidulus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. i.
• Trochus
  • elegantulus, Gray, Index Tes. Suppl.
  • Niloticus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Monodonta labio, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • canaliculata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Turbo versicolor, Gm. Syst. Nat.
  • princeps, Philippi.[³⁹³⁷]
• Planaxis undulatus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.[³⁹³⁸]
• Littorina angulifera, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • melanostoma, Gray, Zool., Beech. Voy.[³⁹³⁹]
• Chemnitzia
  • trilineata, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.
  • lirata, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.
• Phasianella
  • lineolata, Gray, Index Test. Suppl.
• Turritella
  • bacillum, Kiener, Coquilles Vivantes.
  • columnaris, Kiener, Coquilies Vivantes.
  • duplicata, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • attenuata, Reeve, Syst. Nat.
• Cerithium fluviatile, Potrez & Michaud, Galerie Douai.
• Layardi (Cerithidea), Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
  • palustre, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • aluco, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • asperula, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • telescopium, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • palustre obeliscus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • fasciatum, Brug., Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • rubus, Sower. (as of Mart.), Thes. C. ii.
  • Sowerbyi, Kiener, Coquilles Vivantes (teste Sir E. Tennent).
• Pleurotoma Indica, Deshayes, Voyage Belanger.
  • virgo, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Turbinella pyrum, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • rapa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (the Chank.)
  • cornigera, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • spirillus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Cancellaria
  • trigonostoma, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.[³⁹³¹⁰]
  • scalata, Sowerby, Thesaur. Conch.
  • articularis, Sowerby, Thesaur. Conch.
  • Littoriniformis, Sowerby, Thes. Conch.
  • contabulata, Sowerby, Thes. Conch.
• Fasciolaria
  • filamentosa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • trapezium, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Fusus longissimus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • colus, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulricæ.
  • toreuma, Deshayes, (as Mur. t. Martyn).[³⁹³¹¹]
  • laticostatus, Deshayes, Mag. Zool. 1831.
  • Blosvillei, Deshayes, E. Méth. Vers., ii.
• Pyrula rapa, Linn. Syst. Nat.[³⁹³¹²]
  • citrina, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • pugilina, Born, Test. Mus. Vind.[³⁹³¹³]
  • ficus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • ficoides, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Ranella crumena, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • spinosa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • rana, Linn. Syst. Nat.[³⁹³¹⁴]
  • margaritula, Deshayes, Voy. Belanger.
• Murex baustellum, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • adustus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • microphyllus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • anguliferus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • palmarosæ, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • ternispina, Kiener, (as of Lam.), Coquilles Vivantes.
  • tenuispina, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • ferrugo, Mawe, Index. Test. Suppl.[³⁹³¹⁵]
  • Reeveanus, Shuttleworth, (teste Cuming)
• Triton anus, Linn. Syst. Nat.[³⁹³¹⁶]
  • mulus, Dillwyn, Descript. Cat. Shells.
  • retusus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • pyrum, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • clavator, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • Ceylonensis, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc.
  • lotorium, Lam. (not Linn.), An. s. Vert.
  • lampas, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Pterocera lambis, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • millepeda, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Strombus canarium, Linn. Syst. Nat.[³⁹³¹⁷]
  • succinotus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • fasciatus, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
  • Sibbaldii, Sowerby, Thesaur. Conch. t.
  • lentiginosus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • marginatus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • Lamarckii, Sowerby, Thesaur. Conch.
• Cassis glauca, Linn. Syst. Nat.[³⁹⁴¹]
  • canaliculata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • Zeylanica, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • areola, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Ricinula albolabris, Blainv. Nouv. Ann. Mus. H. N. i.[³⁹⁴²]
  • horrida, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • morus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Purpura tiscella, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • Persica, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • hystrix, Lam. (not Linn.) An. s. Vert.
  • granatina, Deshayes, Voy. Belanger.
  • mancinella, Lam. (as of Linn.) An. s.V.
  • buto, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • carinitera, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Harpa conoldalis, Lam. Anim, s. Vert.
  • minor, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Dolium pomum, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • olearium, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • perdix, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • maculatum, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Nassa ornata, Kiener, Coq. Vivantes. [³⁹⁴³]
  • verrucosa, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • crenulata, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • olivacea, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • glans, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • arcularia, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • papillosa, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Phos virgatus, Hinds. Zool. Sul. Moll.
  • retecosus, Hinds, Zool. Sulphur, Moll.
  • senticosus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Buccinum melanostoma, Sowerby, App. to Tankerv. Cat.
  • erythrostoma, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • Proteus, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • rubiginosum, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
• Eburna spirata, Linn. Syst. Nat.[³⁹⁴⁴]
  • canaliculata, Schumacher, S.A. s. V.[³⁹⁴⁵]
  • Ceylanica, Bruguiere, En. Méth. Vers.
• Bullia vittata, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • lineolata, Sowerby, Tankerv. Cat.[³⁹⁴⁶]
  • Melanoides, Deshayes, Voy. Belan.
• Terebra chlorata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • muscaria, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • lævigata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834.
  • maculata, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • subulata, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • concinna, Deshayes, ed. Lam. A. s. V.
  • myurus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • tigrina, Gm. Syst. Nat.
  • cerithina, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Columbella flavida, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • fulgurans, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • mendicaria, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • scripta, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (Teste Jay).
• Mitra
  • episcopalis, Dillwyn, Des. Cat. Shells.
  • cardinalis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • crebrilirata, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
  • punctostriata, Adams, Proc. Zool. So. 1854.
  • insculpta, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
• Layardi, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.[³⁹⁴⁷]
• Voluta vexillum, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • Lapponica, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Melo Indicus, Gm. Syst. Nat.
• Marginella Sarda, Kiener, Coq. Vivantes.
• Ovulum ovum, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • verrucosum, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • pudicum, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
• Cypræa Argus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • Arabica, Linn. Syst Nat.
  • Mauritiana, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • hirundo, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • Lynx, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • asellus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • erosa, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • vitellus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • stolida, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • mappa, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • helvola, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • errones, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • cribraria, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • globulus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • clandestina, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • ocellata, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • caurica, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • tabescens, Soland. in Dillwyn Des. C. Sh.
  • gangrenosa, Soland. in Dillw. D.C. Sh.
  • interrupta, Gray, Zool. Journ. i.
  • lentiginosa, Gray, Zool. Journ. i.
  • pyriformis, Gray, Zool. Journ. i.
  • nivosa, Broderip, Zool. Journ. iii.
  • poraria, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • testudinaria, Linn. Syst. Nat.
• Terebellum
  • subulatum, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Ancillaria glabrata, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • candida, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Oliva Maura, Lam. Anim. s. Vert,
  • erythrostoma, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • gibbesa, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs.[³⁹⁴⁸]
  • nebulosa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • Macleayana, Duclos, Monogr. of Oliva.
  • episcopalis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • elegans, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • ispidula, Linn. Syst. Nat. (partly).[³⁹⁴⁹]
  • Zeilanica, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • undata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • irisans, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (teste Duclos).
• Conus miles, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • generalis, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • betulinus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • stercus-muscarum, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • Hebræus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • virgo, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • geographicus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • aulicus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • figutinus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • striatus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • senator, Linn. Syst. Nat.[³⁹⁴¹⁰]
  • literatus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • imperialis, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • textile, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • terebra, Born, Test. Must. Cæs. Vind.
  • tessellatus, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
  • augur, Bruguiere, Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • obesus, Bruguiere, Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • araneosus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • gubernator, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • monite, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • nimbosus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • eburneus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • vitulinus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • quercinus Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • lividus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • Omaria, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • Maldivus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • nocturnus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • Ceylonensis, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • arenatus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • Nicobaricus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • glans, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • Amadis, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • punctatus, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • minimus, Reeve. (as of Linn), C. Icon.
  • terminus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
  • lineatus, Chemn. Conch. Cab.
  • episcopus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • verriculum, Reeve. Conch. Cab.
  • zonatus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • rattus. Brug. En. Mth. V. (teste Chemn.)
  • pertusus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
  • Nussatella, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • lithoglyphus, Brug. En. Méth. Vers.
  • tulipa, Linn. Syst. Nat.
  • Ammiralis, var. Linn. teste Brug.
• Spirula Peronii, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
• Sepia Hieredda, Rang. M.Z., ser. i. p. 100.
• Sepioteuthis, Sp.
• Loligo, Sp.

A conclusion not unworthy of observation may be deduced from this catalogue; namely, that Ceylon was the unknown, and hence unacknowledged, source of almost every extra-European shell which has been described by Linnæus without a recorded habitat. This fact gives to Ceylon specimens an importance which can only be appreciated by collectors and the students of Mollusca.

2. RADIATA.

The eastern seas are profusely stocked with radiated animals, but it is to be regretted that they have as yet received but little attention from English naturalists. Recently, however, Dr. Kelaart has devoted himself to the investigation of some of the Singhalese species, and has published his discoveries in the Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Asiatic Society for 1856-8. Our information respecting the radiata on the confines of the island is, therefore, very scanty; with the exception of the genera[³⁹⁵¹] examined by him. Hence the notice of this extensive class of animals must be limited to indicating a few of those which exhibit striking peculiarities, or which admit of the most common observation.