CHAP.PAGE
I.Areas and Boundaries[1]
II.Mountains, Hills, and Plains[8]
III.Rivers[32]
IV.Geology and Mineral Resources[50]
V.Climate[64]
VI.Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees[71]
VII.Forests[86]
VIII.Beasts, Birds, Fishes, and Insects[90]
IX.The People: Numbers, Races, and Languages[96]
X.The People: Religions[114]
XI.The People: Education[122]
XII.Roads and Railways[127]
XIII.Canals[132]
XIV.Agriculture and Crops[142]
XV.Handicrafts and Manufactures[152]
XVI.Exports and Imports[159]
XVII.History: Pre-Muhammadan Period, 500 B.C.-1000 A.D.[160]
XVIII.History: Muhammadan Period, 1000 A.D.- 1764 A.D.[168]
XIX.History: Sikh Period, 1764 A.D.-1849 A.D.[181]
XX.History: British Period, 1849 A.D.-1913 A.D.[188]
XXI.Archaeology and Coins[200]
XXII.Administration: General[212]
XXIII.Administration: Local[217]
XXIV.Revenue and Expenditure[219]
XXV.Panjáb Districts and Delhi[224]
XXVI.The Panjáb Native States[271]
XXVII.The North-west Frontier Province[291]
XXVIII.Kashmír and Jammu[314]
XXIX.Cities[325]
XXX.Other Places of Note[347]
TABLES
I.Tribes of Panjáb including Native States and of N.W.F. Province[359]
II.Rainfall, Cultivation, Population, and Land Revenue[360]
III.Agricultural Diagrams[362]
IV.Crops[364]
V.Revenue and Expenditure of Panjáb[366]
Index[367]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE
1.Arms of Panjáb[1]
2.Orographical Map (Holdich's India)[9]
3.Nanga Parvat (Watson's Gazetteer of Hazára)[11]
4.Burzil Pass (Sir Aurel Stein)[13]
5.Rotang Pass (J. Coldstream)[15]
6.Mt Haramukh (Sir Aurel Stein)[16]
7.R. Jhelam in Kashmír—View towards Mohand Marg (Sir Aurel Stein)[18]
8.Near Náran in Kágan Glen, Hazára (Watson's Gazetteer of Hazára)[19]
9.Muztagh-Karakoram and Himalayan Ranges in Kashmír (Holdich's India)[21]
10.The Khaibar Road (Holdich's India)[23]
11.Panjáb Rivers (Holdich's India)[33]
12.The Indus at Attock (Sir Aurel Stein)[37]
13.Indus at Kafirkot, D.I. Khán dt. (Sir Aurel Stein)[38]
14.Fording the River at Lahore (E. B. Francis)[42]
15.Biás at Manálí (J. Coldstream)[44]
16.Rainfall of different Seasons (Blanford)[62], [63]
17.Average Barometric and Wind Chart for January (Blanford)[65]
18.Average Barometric and Wind Chart for July (Blanford)[66]
19.Banian or Bor trees (Sir Aurel Stein)[75]
20.Deodárs and Hill Temple (J. Coldstream)[80]
21.Firs in Himálaya (J. Coldstream)[82]
22.Chinárs (Sir Aurel Stein)[83]
23.Rhododendron campanulatum (J. Coldstream)[84]
24.Big Game in Ladákh[92]
25.Yáks (J. Coldstream)[93]
26.Black Buck[95]
27.Map showing density of population (Panjáb Census Report, 1911)[97]
28.Map showing increase and decrease of population (Panjáb Census Report, 1911)[98]
29.Map showing density of population in N.W.F. Province (N.W. Provinces Census Report, 1911)[99]
30.Map showing density of population in Kashmír (Kashmír Census Report, 1911)[100]
31.Jat Sikh Officers (Nand Rám)[103]
32.Blind Beggar (E. B. Francis)[107]
33.Dards (Sir Aurel Stein)[108]
34.Map showing races (from The People of India, by Sir Herbert Risley. With permission of W. Thacker and Co., London)[109]
35.Map showing distribution of languages (Panjáb Census Report, 1911)[111]
36.Map showing distribution of religions (Panjáb Census Report, 1911)[115]
37.Raghunáth Temple, Jammu[116]
38.Golden Temple, Amritsar (Mrs B. Roe)[117]
39.Mosque in Lahore City (E. B. Francis)[118]
40.God and Goddess, Chamba (H.H. the Rája of Chamba)[120]
41.A Kulu godling and his attendants (J. Coldstream)[121]
42.A School in the time preceding annexation[124]
43.Poplar lined road to Srínagar (Miss M. B. Douie)[128]
44.Map showing railways[129]
45.Map—Older Canals[134]
46.Map—Canals[137]
47.Map of Canals of Pesháwar district[141]
48.Persian Wheel Well and Ekka (Sir Aurel Stein)[143]
49.A drove of goats—Lahore (E. B. Francis)[144]
50.A steep bit of hill cultivation, Hazára (Watson's Gazetteer of Hazára)[146]
51.Preparing rice field in the Hills (J. Coldstream)[147]
52.Carved doorway (Sir Aurel Stein)[151]
53.Shoemaker's craft (Baden Powell Panjáb Manufactures)[153]
54.Carved windows (Sir Aurel Stein)[155]
55.Papier maché work of Kashmír (Baden Powell Panjáb Manufactures)[156]
56.The Potter[157]
57.Coin—obverse and reverse of Menander[163]
58.Mártand Temple (Miss Griffiths)[166]
59.Bába Nának and the Musician Mardána[174]
60.Guru Govind Singh[176]
61.Mahárája Ranjít Singh[182]
62.Mahárája Kharak Singh[185]
63.Nao Nihál Singh[185]
64.Mahárája Sher Singh[185]
65.Zamzama Gun (E. B. Francis)[187]
66.Sir John Lawrence (from picture in National Portrait Gallery)[189]
67.John Nicholson's Monument at Delhi (Lady Douie)[190]
68.Sir Robert Montgomery[191]
69.Panjáb Camels at Lahore (E. B. Francis)[193]
70.Sir Charles Aitchison (Bourne and Shepherd)[194]
71.Sir Denzil Ibbetson (Albert Jenkins)[198]
72.Sir Michael O'Dwyer (R. Rámlál Bhairulál and Son)[199]
73.Group of Chamba Temples (H.H. the Rája of Chamba)[201]
74.Payer Temple—Kashmír (Sir Aurel Stein)[202]
75.Reliquary (Government of India)[203]
76.Colonnade in Kuwwat ul Islám Mosque[204]
77.Kutb Minár (Miss M. B. Douie)[205]
78.Tomb of Emperor Tughlak Sháh (Miss M. B. Douie)[206]
79.Jama Masjid, Delhi[207]
80.Tomb of Humáyun (Miss M. B. Douie)[207]
81.Bádsháhí Mosque, Lahore (E. B. Francis)[208]
82.Coins[210]
83.Skeleton District Map of Panjáb[223]
84.Delhi Enclave[225]
85.Hissár district with portions of the Phulkian States etc.[226]
86.Rohtak district[228]
87.Gurgáon district[230]
88.Karnál district[231]
89.Ambála district with Kalsia[233]
90.Kángra district[235]
91.Biás at Manálí (J. Coldstream)[237]
92.Religious Fair in Kulu (J. Coldstream)[238]
93.Kulu Women (J. Coldstream)[239]
94.Hoshyárpur district[240]
95.Jalandhar district and Kapurthala[242]
96.Ludhiána district and adjoining Native States[243]
97.Ferozepore district and Farídkot[244]
98.Gurdáspur district[246]
99.Siálkot district[247]
100.Gujránwála district[248]
101.Amritsar district[250]
102.Lahore district[251]
103.Gujrát district[252]
104.Jhelam district[254]
105.Ráwalpindí district[255]
106.Shop in Murree Bazár (Lady Douie)[256]
107.Attock district[257]
108.Mianwálí district[259]
109.Sháhpur district[261]
110.Montgomery district[263]
111.Lyallpur district[264]
112.Jhang district[265]
113.Multán district[266]
114.Muzaffargarh district[268]
115.Dera Ghází Khán district[269]
116.Mahárája of Patiála (C. Vandyk)[272]
117.Mahárája of Jínd[277]
118.Mahárája Sir Hira Singh of Nábha (Bourne and Shepherd)[278]
119.Mahárája of Kapúrthala[279]
120.Rája of Farídkot (Julian Rust)[280]
121.Nawáb of Baháwalpur[281]
122.Native States of Chamba, Mandí, Suket, Biláspur[284]
123.Rája Surindar Bikram Parkásh of Sirmúr[285]
124.Rája of Chamba (F. Bremner)[287]
125.Bashahr (Sketch Map by H. W. Emerson)[289]
126.Sir Harold Deane (F. Bremner)[292]
127.North-west Frontier Province[293]
128.Dera Ismail Khán district[294]
129.Bannu district[295]
130.Kohát district[297]
131.Pesháwar district[298]
132.Hazára district[300]
133.Sir George Roos Keppel (Maull and Fox)[303]
134.Tribal Territory north of Pesháwar[304]
135.Tribal Territory to west of N.W.F. Province[308]
136.Khaibar Rifles[310]
137.North Wazíristán Militia and Border Post[313]
138.Mahárája of Kashmír[315]
139.Jammu and Kashmír[316]
140.Takht i Sulimán in Winter (Sir Aurel Stein)[318]
141.Ladákh Hills (Mrs Wynyard Brown)[320]
142.Zojilá Pass (Mrs Wynyard Brown)[322]
143.Delhi Mutiny Monument[327]
144.Kashmír Gate, Delhi[328]
145.Map of Delhi City[329]
146.Darbár Medal[334]
147.Street in Lahore (E. B. Francis)[336]
148.Sháhdara[338]
149.Trans-border traders in Pesháwar[343]
150.Mosque of Sháh Hamadán (F. Bremner)[345]
Map of territories of Mahárája of Jammu and Kashmír [at end of volume]
Map of Panjáb [at end of volume]

CHAPTER I

AREAS AND BOUNDARIES