[192]. Some writers treat jus in personam and jus ad rem as synonymous terms. It seems better, however, to use the latter in a narrower sense, as including merely one species, although the most important species, of jura in personam. Savigny, System, sect. 56, n. b.
[193]. Gaius, IV. 2.
[194]. A personal as opposed to a proprietary right is not to be confounded with a personal as opposed to a real right. It is a misfortune of our legal nomenclature that it is necessary to use the word personal in several different senses. The context, however, should in all cases be sufficient to indicate the particular signification intended. The more flexible language of the Germans enables them to distinguish between personliche Rechte (as opposed to dingliche Rechte or real rights) and Personenrechte (as opposed to Vermögensrechte or proprietary rights). See Dernburg, Pandekten, I. sect. 22, note 7.
[195]. Ahrens, sect. 55: Tous les biens, soit matériels en eux-mêmes, soit susceptibles d’être estimés en argent comme équivalent (par aestimatio et condemnatio pecuniaria) appartenant à une personne, forment son avoir ou son patrimoine.
Baudry-Lacantinerie, Des Biens, sect. 2. Le patrimoine est un ensemble de droits et de charges appréciables en argent.
Dernburg, Pandekten, I. sect. 22. Vermögen ist die Gesammtheit der geldwerthen Rechte einer Person.
Windscheid, I. sect. 42, note: Vermögensrechte sind die Rechte von wirthschaftlichem Werth.
See also to the same effect Savigny, System, sect. 56, and Puchta, Institutionen, II. sect. 193.
[196]. The words status and estate are in their origin the same. As to the process of their differentiation in legal meaning, see Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, II. pp. 10 and 78 (1st ed.). The other uses of the term property will be considered by us later, in chapter xx.
[197]. See Dicey, Conflict of Laws, p. 458, 2nd ed.