The Laurentian.
Last of all we have the widely distributed Laurentian system of Logan, the oldest known to geologists, and which with the Huronian constitutes the great Archæan group of formations of Dana and others. In its lowest part this consists entirely of the stratified granitic rock known as gneiss, inter-bedded in some places with dark-coloured crystalline rocks or schists. This may be a part of the first-formed crust of our globe, produced under conditions different from those of any later rocks, and incompatible with the existence of life. The upper part of the Laurentian system, however, known in Canada as the "Grenville Series," shows evidence of ordinary marine deposition in quiet waters, which may have been not unfavourable to the lower forms of marine life; and though its beds have been greatly changed by heat and pressure, we can still to some extent realize the conditions of a time of comparative quiescence intervening between the underlying Lower Laurentian and the succeeding Huronian. This part of the system still contains gneisses, bedded diorites, and other rocks which may have been volcanic; but it has also quartzites and quartzose gneisses which must have been sandstones or shales, thick limestones, beds of carbon now in the state of graphite or plumbago, and large beds of iron ore. Such rocks were in all succeeding formations produced under water and by accumulations of the remains of plants and the hard parts of animals, in strictly sedimentary beds, usually formed slowly and without mechanical disturbance. Hence we may infer that aquatic life at least existed in this early period, and as there must have been land and water, shallows and deep seas, there may have been scope for various kinds of living beings. The Grenville period is, however, separated from the succeeding Huronian by a great interval, occupied mainly by volcanic ejections and earth-movements; so that our Grenville series, if it contains organic remains, may be supposed to afford species differing from those of the Huronian, and to form a sort of oasis in the desert of the early pre-Cambrian world. We find that the limestones of this age actually contain remains supposed to be of animal origin. They were first found in Canada, which contains the largest and best exposed area of these rocks in the world, and were brought under the notice of geologists by the late Sir William E. Logan, the first director of the Geological Survey of that country.
In anticipation of details to be given later, the story of this discovery and its announcement may here be given in brief
As early as 1858, Sir William Logan had begun to suspect that certain laminated bodies found in the Laurentian limestones of the Grenville series might be of organic origin. The points which struck him were these: They differed from any known laminated concretions; they resembled the "Stromatoporæ" or layer-corals of the lower Palæozoic rocks next in succession to the Laurentian and Huronian; the forms were similar in all the specimens, while the mineralizing substances were different; they were found only in the limestone, and specially in one of the three great beds known in the formation, the upper limestone of the Grenville system. He exhibited specimens, and mentioned these probabilities at the meeting of the American Association in 1859. In 1862 it was suggested to Logan that the microscopic structure of some of the best preserved examples should be studied, and slices were accordingly prepared and submitted to the writer for examination. They revealed in the calcareous laminæ of the specimens complicated systems of canals or tubes filled with mineral matter, which appeared to be similar to those that Carpenter had recognised in the thickened parts of the shells of modern Foraminifera. This clew being followed, large numbers of slices of the supposed fossils and of the containing limestone and of similar limestones from other parts of the world were examined.
The writer also visited the localities of "Eozoon," and studied its mode of occurrence in situ. The facts ascertained were communicated to the Geological Society of London, the name "Eozoon Canadense" being proposed for the species. Its description was accompanied by a paper on the geological conditions by Logan, and one on the chemical conditions by Sterry Hunt, while supplementary notes were added by the late Dr. Carpenter and Professor T. Rupert Jones. Thus launched on the scientific world, "Eozoon" at once became a fertile subject of discussion, and volumes of more or less controversial literature have appeared respecting it. It still has its friends and opponents, and this may long continue, as so few scientific men are sufficiently acquainted on the one hand with the possibilities and conditions of the preservation of fossils in crystalline rocks, and on the other hand with the structures of modern "Protozoa." Thus, few are in a position to form an independent judgment, and "Eozoon" has met with some scepticism on the part both of biological and mineralogical specialists.
To aid us in forming an opinion, it will be necessary to consider the oldest known strata of the earth's crust, and the evidence which they afford of the condition of the world when they were deposited. As preliminary to this, we may look at the following table of pre-Cambrian formations in Canada.
SUCCESSION OF PRE-CAMBRIAN ROCKS IN
CANADA, AS UNDERSTOOD UP TO 1896.
(In descending order.)
| PALÆOZOIC. | Etcheminian in New Brunswick, Kewenian or Upper
Copper-bearing Series of Lake Superior, Signal Hill
Series of Newfoundland. Chuar, and Grand Cañon
rocks of Colorado, etc. Red and greenish Sandstones and Shales, Conglomerates, Igneous Outflows and Ash-rocks. Bivalve Crustacea, Mollusks, Worms, Sponges, Cystideans, Zoophytes, Protozoa, Cryptozoon. | |
| (Unconformity.) | ||
| EOZOIC. | Huronian, including Hastings of Ontario, Coldbrook and Coastal of New Brunswick, Algonkian (in part). Conglomerates, Hard Sandstones, Shales and Schists, Iron Ores, Coarse Limestones, Igneous Outflows, and Ash-rocks. Worms, Sponges, Zoophytes, and Protozoa (Cryptozoon or Eozoon). | |
| (Unconformity [?]) | ||
| EOZOIC. | Grenvillian or Upper Laurentian. Gneiss, Hornblendic and Micaceous Schists, Limestones, Quartzite, Iron Ores, Graphite. Eozoon, Archæozoon, Archæospherinæ, Archæophyton. | |
| (Unconformity.) | ||
| AZOIC | Archæan or Lower Laurentian. Gneiss, Hornblende Schists, with many igneous or igneo-aqueous intrusions. |
THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONTINENTS, AND
THEIR GENERAL TESTIMONY AS TO LIFE