The Development of Metaphysics in Persia / A Contribution to the History of Muslim Philosophy

by Sir Muhammad Iqbal

[65:2] Extracts from Ibn ‘Asākir (Mehren)—Travaux de la troisième session du Congrès International des Orientalistes—p. 261.

[65:3] Spitta: Zur Geschichte Abul-Ḥasan Al-Ash‘arī, pp. 42, 43. See also Ibn Khallikān (Gottingen 1839)—Al-Jubbā’ī, where the story of their controversy is given.

[66:1] Spitta: Vorwort, p. VII.

[67:1] Shahrastānī—ed. Cureton, p. 69.

[68:1] Martin Schreiner: Zur Geschichte des Ash‘aritenthums. (Huitième Congrès International des Orientalistes 1889, p. 82).

[69:1] Martin Schreiner: Zur Geschichte des Ash‘aritenthums. (Huitième Congrès International des Orientalistes II^me Partie 1893, p. 113).

[70:1] See Macdonald's admirable account of the Ash‘arite Metaphysics: Muslim Theology p. 201 sq. See also Maulānā Shiblī ‘Ilmal Kalām pp. 60, 72.

[71:1] "Lotze is an atomist, but he does not conceive the atoms themselves as material; for extension, like all other sensuous qualities is explained through the reciprocal action of atoms; they themselves, therefore, cannot possess this quality. Like life and like all empirical qualities, the sensuous fact of extension is due to the cooperation of points of force, which, in time, must be conceived as starting points of the inner workings of the Infinite Primal Being." Höffding Vol. II, p. 516.

[72:1] Shiblī ‘Ilmal-Kalām pp. 64, 72.

[72:2] Shahrastānī, ed. Cureton, p. 82.