The Close of the Middle Ages, 1272-1494, 3rd Ed.

by Sir Richard Lodge

R. Aragon.

S. Navarre.

Note.—Spanish Navarre was annexed to Spain by Ferdinand the Catholic in 1512. French Navarre was permanently united to France by an edict of Henry IV. in 1607.

T. Some European Connections of the House of Portugal.

INDEX

• Abul Hakam, [471].
• Acciaiuoli, Angelo, [299], [301], [302].
• Acre, siege of, [452];
  • fall of (1291), [55], [168], [456].
• Adolf of Nassau, King of the Romans, [11], [52];
  • relations with France, [12];
  • confirms the Swiss league, [129];
  • death, [13].
• —— Count of Holstein, [444];
  • Duke of Schleswig, [445];
  • offered Danish crown, [446];
  • death, [447].
• Adrianople, captured by the Turks, [502].
• Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini, [524];
  • at the Council of Basel, [234], [235], [239];
  • reconciles Frederick III. with the Papacy, [239]-241, [272], [405];
  • elected Pope as Pius II., [276].
• Agincourt, battle of, [329].
• Aiguillon, siege of, [75], [77].
• Ailly, Pierre d’, [194].
• Aladdin III., last Sultan of Iconium, [499].
• Albania, [501], [508], [511], [513].
• Albert I. of Hapsburg, [11], [12];
  • chosen King of the Romans, [13];
  • policy of, [14], [15];
  • action in Swabia, [129];
  • murdered, [16].
• —— II. of Austria, [111], [133], [134], [136].
• —— III. of Austria, [136];
  • shares Hapsburg territories with his brother Leopold, [137], [398].
• —— IV. of Austria, [398].
• —— V. of Austria (II. as King of the Romans), [397], [398], [239];
  • King of Hungary and Bohemia, [399];
  • elected in Germany, [400];
  • death, [401], [507].
• —— Achilles of Brandenburg, [406].
• —— the Bear, [3], [453].
• —— of Hohenzollern, last Grand-master of the Teutonic Order, [466].
• —— Duke of Mecklenburg, [436], [437], [441].
• Albert, son of above, King of Sweden, [436], [437], [442];
  • abdicates, [443].
• —— II. of Saxony, [3].
• —— III. of Saxony, [226].
• Alberti, Benedetto, [165], [166].
• Albizzi, the, [163], [164].
• —— Maso degli, [166], [289].
• —— Piero degli, [289].
• —— Rinaldo degli, [289], [292], [293], [294].
• Albornoz, Cardinal, [160], [161], [176], [177].
• Albret, house of, in Navarre, [487].
• Alexander V., [200], [201].
• —— VI., [281], [287];
  • bull of, [493].
• Alfonso III. of Aragon, [480], [481].
• —— V., [239];
  • King of Aragon and Alfonso I. of Naples, [269], [271], [272], [484], [525];
  • death of, [297], [484].
• —— II. of Naples, [257], [285], [287].
• —— X. of Castile, [6], [8], [48], [470].
• —— XI. of Castile, [470];
  • war with the Moors, [471].
• —— son of John II. of Castile, [476], [477].
• —— V. of Portugal, [477], [492].
• —— of Poitiers, [47].
• Algeciras, [471].
• Aljubarrota, battle of, [474], [491].
• Alsace, acquired by Charles the Bold, [377], [408];
  • recovered by Sigismund of Tyrol, [379], [380], [409].
• Altenburg, battle near, [16].
• Alvaro de Luna, Constable of Castile, [475], [476].
• Ammonizio in Florence, [163].
• Amurath I., [502];
  • killed, [503].
• —— II., [506];
  • his wars with Hungary, [507], [508].
• Anagni, outrage at, [29], [54];
  • papal election at, [186].
• Andrea del Sarto, [529].
• Andrew of Hungary, marries Joanna I. of Naples, [152];
  • murdered, [152], [153].
• Andronicus II., [497];
  • deposed, [498].
• —— III., [498], [499];
  • death of, [500].
• —— son of John V., [171], [503], [504].
• Angelico, Fra, [527].
• Angora, battle of, [505].
• Anjou, first house of, acquires Provence, [9], [24];
  • acquires Naples and Sicily, [24];
  • loses Sicily, [25], [48], [50], [479], [480];
  • acquires Hungary, [15], [16], [26], [123];
  • becomes extinct, [155], [271].
• —— second house of, acquires Provence, [154];
  • claims Naples, [154], [155], [260], [266], [269], [271], [275], [277], [278], [286];
  • its possessions and claims pass to French crown, [258], [279], [389].
• Anne of Beaujeu, [390], [391], [392].
• —— of Bohemia, [208].
• —— of Brittany, [391], [392].
• —— of Burgundy, marries Duke of Bedford, [336];
  • death of, [346].
• Antony, Duke of Brabant, [321], [322], [337];
  • killed at Agincourt, [329].
• Aquitaine, Duchy of, [45], [95].
• Aragon, constitution of, [478];
  • acquires Sicily, [25], [479];
  • loses Sicily, [26], [480];
  • acquires Sardinia, [480];
  • annexes the Balearic islands, [481];
  • recovers Sicily, [482];
  • falls to house of Trastamara, [483];
  • acquires and loses Naples, [484];
  • relations with Navarre, [484]-487;
  • united with Castile, [477], [487].
• Architecture, influence of the Renaissance on, [531], [532].
• Arezzo, annexed to Florence, [167].
• Arles, kingdom of, [12], [56], [78], [116], [184].
• Armagnac, Bernard of, [322], [330], [331], [351].
• Armagnacs, the, [323], [326]-332.
• ‘Armagnacs,’ the, in Switzerland, [408].
• Army, standing, in France, [352], [353], [354], [355].
• Arras, treaty of (1414), [327];
  • (1435), [347], [349], [359], [361];
  • (1482), [388], [416].
• Artevelde, Jacob van, [71], [72];
  • murder of, [74].
• —— Philip van, [317], [318].
• Artois, succession in, [67];
  • passes to Margaret of Flanders, [90];
  • acquired by house of Burgundy, [320];
  • ceded to Louis XI., [388];
  • surrendered by Charles VIII., [393], [417].
• Ascania, house of, [3], [10];
  • extinction in Brandenburg, [107], [110], [458];
  • extinction in Saxony, [226].
• Athens, duchy of, [498], [512].
• Auberoche, battle of, [74].
• Austria, under Ottokar, [3];
  • transferred to the Hapsburgs, [10], [127];
  • separated from the other Hapsburg territories, [137], [398];
  • succession of Ladislas Postumus, [409];
  • falls to Frederick III., [414];
  • reunion of territories, [409].
• Avesnes, house of, [14].
• Avignon, papal residence in, [4], [17], [30], [140], [155], [185], [458];
  • sold to Clement VI., [153];
  • quitted by the Popes, [122], [185];
  • Clement VII. returns to, [122], [186].
• Avila, Henry IV. deposed at, [477].
• Aybar, battle of, [485].
• Azof, Genoese in, [495], [513].
• Azores, the, [491], [493].
• Baden in Aargau, [138].
• Bagnolo, treaty of, [257], [284], [311].
• Bajazet I., [503], [504];
  • defeat at Angora and death, [505].
• —— II., [513].
• Baldwin, Archbishop of Trier, [17], [98].
• Balearic Islands, conquered by James I. of Aragon, [479];
  • annexed to Aragon, [481].
• Balliol, Edward, claims crown of Scotland, [68].
• —— John, King of Scotland, [51].
• Baltic, Danish preponderance in, [420], [428];
  • decline of, [431];
  • attempted restoration by Waldemar III., [433], [435], [437];
  • overthrown by Hanseatic League, [438], [439], [444];
  • trade in, [449];
  • diminished importance of, [450].
• Barbiano, Alberigo da, [151].
• Barcelona, treaty of, [392].
• Barnet, battle of, [373].
• Baroncelli, [160].
• Basel, Council of, [229]-242, [270], [272], [273].
• Baugé, battle of, [333].
• Bayonne, [96];
  • surrendered to France, [357].
• Beatific Vision, heresy of the, [101].
• Beaufort, Edmund, [357].
• —— Henry, Bishop of Winchester and Cardinal, [326], [342], [345], [346], [347], [355], [356];
  • at council of Constance, [220];
  • heads crusade against the Hussites, [227], [228].
• Beaujeu, Anne of, [390], [391], [392].
• Bedford, John, Duke of, [334], [336]-346;
  • quarrel with Burgundy, [346], [347];
  • death of, [348].
• Belgrade, [507], [514];
  • relief of, in 1456, [406], [412], [511].
• Bella, Giano della, [32].
• Bellini, Gentile, [529].
• —— Giovanni, [529].
• Beltran de la Cueva, [477].
• Benedict XI., [29], [54].
• —— XII., [99], [102], [106].
• —— XIII., [187], [217], [218], [221], [266].
• Bentivoglio, Giovanni, [180], [181].
• Bergamo, [144];
  • subject to Milan, [147];
  • acquired by Venice, [249], [251], [253].
• Bergen, German ‘factory’ in, [426].
• Berri, Charles, Duke of. See [Charles of Berri].
• Béthune, Robert of, [54].
• Bianchi, the, [22].
• Black Death, [79], [110], [153], [471].
• —— Prince, the, [69], [79], [80], [90];
  • gains battle of Poitiers, [81];
  • supports Peter the Cruel, [93], [473];
  • illness and ill-success, [94];
  • quits France, [95];
  • death, [96].
• Blanche of Bourbon, wife of Peter the Cruel, [472].
• —— of Navarre, [485].
• —— daughter of John II. of Aragon, [487].
• Blanchetaque, ford over the Somme, [76], [328].
• Blois, Charles of, [73];
  • death of, [92].
• Boccaccio, [523].
• Boccanegra, Simone, [169].
• Boguslav of Pomerania, [445].
• Bohemia, succession in, [15], [16];
  • acquired by John of Luxemburg, [18];
  • under Charles IV., [113];
  • disturbances under Wenzel, [192], [193];
  • Hussite movement in, [207]-210, [223];
  • crusades against, [224], [225], [227];
  • conclusion of compacts, [231];
  • accession of Sigismund, [232];
  • accession of Albert of Austria, [399], [401];
  • election of Ladislas Postumus, [410], [413];
  • election of George Podiebrad, [414];
  • war with Hungary, [415];
  • falls to house of Jagellon, [416], [417].
• Bologna, seized by Giovanni Visconti, [160], [175].
• —— recovered by Albornoz, [161].
• —— under Giovanni Bentivoglio, [180].
• —— subjected to Milan, [181].
• Bona of Savoy, [261], [262], [305].
• Boniface VIII., [13], [15], [22], [28];
  • quarrel with Philip IV. of France, [29], [54].
• —— IX., [187], [195], [244], [245], [265], [266].
• Bordeaux, trade of, [70];
  • rising in 1452, [357].
• Borgia, Alfonso, [274].
  • See [Calixtus III.]
• —— Cæsar, [259].
• —— Rodrigo, [275], [287] (Alexander VI.).
• Bosnia, [502];
  • wars with the Turks, [503];
  • annexed by Mohammed II., [511].
• Botticelli, Sandro, [528].
• Boucicault, Marshal, [244].
• Bourges, Pragmatic Sanction of, [237], [277], [363], [367].
• Brabant, duchy of, [119], [123], [321], [337], [339];
  • acquired by Philip the Good, [344].
• Braccio da Montone, [151], [267], [268];
  • death of, [269].
• Bramante, designs St. Peter’s, [531].
• Brandenburg, [3];
  • acquired by house of Wittelsbach, [107];
  • transferred to house of Luxemburg, [120], [123], [191], [201];
  • given to Frederick of Hohenzollern, [203], [216].
• Bremen, [422], [451];
  • expelled from Hanseatic League, [429];
  • restored, [432].
• Brescia, calls in John of Bohemia, [144], [146];
  • seized by Milan, [147];
  • battle of (1401), [151], [181], [196], [225];
  • acquired by Venice, [249], [251].
• Brienne, Walter de, [147], [148].
• Brittany, duchy of, [45];
  • Succession war in, [73], [92], [97];
  • united with French crown, [391], [392].
• Bruce, Robert, King of Scotland, [68].
• Bruges, centre of mediæval trade, [69], [422], [426].
• Brun, Rudolf, [131];
  • practically despot in Zürich, [132], [136];
  • death, [138].
• Brunellesco, Filippo, [531].
• Brünn, treaty of, [417].
• Brusa, in Asia Minor, [499].
• Buchan, Constable of France, [336], [337].
• Buonconvento, death of Henry VII. at, [42].
• Bureau, Gaspar, [352], [355].
• —— Jean, [352], [355].
• Burgundian party in France, [323], [324], [326], [348].
• Burgundy, county of, [12], [56].
  • See [Franche-Comté].
• —— duchy of, [45];
  • given to Philip the Bold, [90], [320];
  • annexed by Louis XI., [386], [388].
• —— old kingdom of, [12].
• Bussolari, Jacopo, [177].
• Cabochiens, the, [327].
• Cade, Jack, rising of, [357].
• Cagliari, naval battle off, [170].
• Calais, taken by Edward III., [77];
  • besieged by Philip the Good, [351].
• Calixtus III., [274], [275].
• Cambray, League of, [259].
• Campobasso, Count of, [385].
• Canale, Niccolo, [256].
• Canaries, the, [491].
• Cane, Facino, [179], [244].
• Cangrande della Scala, [141], [143].
• Cantacuzenos, John, [498]-502.
• —— Matthew, [502].
• Cape of Good Hope, [259], [492].
• —— Verde, [491].
• Capet, house of, [43], [44], [63], [65].
• Capistrano, Fra, [412].
• Caramania, princes of, [505], [512].
• Caravaggio, battle of, [252].
• Carinthia, [9];
  • united with Tyrol, [10];
  • acquired by Hapsburgs, [107].
• Carmagnola, Francesco, [247], [249], [291];
  • executed, [250].
• Carobert, King of Hungary, [15], [16], [26], [152].
• Carpaccio, Vittore, [529].
• Carrara, Francesco, [171], [174], [179], [180].
• —— —— the younger, [179], [183], [245].
• Casimir the Great of Poland, [458], [459].
• —— IV. of Poland, [415], [464], [465].
• Cassel, battle of (1328), [70].
• Castile, constitution of, [469];
  • disorders in, [470];
  • under Peter the Cruel, [93], [472]-474;
  • united with Aragon, [477], [487];
  • share in discovery, [492], [493].
• Castillon, battle of, [358].
• Castracani, Castruccio, Lord of Lucca, [31], [33], [105], [142], [143], [292].
• Castriot, George (Scanderbeg), [255], [256], [508], [513].
• Catalans, Grand Company of the, [497].
• Catalonia, [478];
  • rebels against John II., [486].
• Catasto, the, [291], [295], [296].
• Catharine, daughter of John of Gaunt, marries Henry III. of Castile, [475].
• —— of Navarre, marries Jean d’Albret, [487].
• Cauchon, Pierre, Bishop of Beauvais, [342], [344], [345].
• Celestine V., [28].
• Cellini, Benvenuto, [530].
• Cerda, Ferdinand de, [48].
• —— Infantes de, [48], [470].
• Cerdagne, ceded to France, [389], [486];
  • restored to Aragon, [392], [487].
• Cesarini, Cardinal, [228], [229], [230], [236].
• Cesena, Michael of, [100].
• Chambre des Comptes, [58].
• Champagne, acquired by France, [48], [65], [66];
  • offered by Bedford to Philip the Good, [343];
  • promised by Louis XI. to his brother Charles, [371].
• Chandos, John, [90], [92];
  • death, [94].
• Charles IV., King of Bohemia and Emperor, [108];
  • reign of, [109]-123;
  • character, [112];
  • government of Bohemia, [113];
  • policy in Italy, [114];
  • issues the Golden Bull, [117];
  • his motives, [118];
  • his territorial acquisitions, [119], [120];
  • importance of his rule in Germany, [184];
  • relations with Rienzi, [159];
  • visit to Lübeck, [187], [441];
  • death, [123].
• Charles IV., King of France, [65].
• —— V., King of France, regent for his father, [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88];
  • accession to the throne, [90];
  • government, [90], [91], [92];
  • renews the English war, [94], [473];
  • successes, [95], [96], [474];
  • death, [97], [315].
• —— VI. of France, [194];
  • reign of, [315]-333.
• —— VII., King of France, [260], [330], [332];
  • accession, [334];
  • reign, [334]-361;
  • reforms of, [352]-355;
  • death, [361].
• —— VIII., King of France, [264], [287], [313];
  • minority, [390], [391];
  • marries Anne of Brittany, [392];
  • sets out for Naples, [393].
• Charles the Bold of Burgundy, [364]-367;
  • wars with Liége, [368], [369];
  • quarrels with Louis XI., [370]-376;
  • changed policy of, [377];
  • acquisitions in Germany, [377];
  • seeks a crown, [378];
  • war with the Swiss, [379], [380], [384];
  • death of, [385].
• —— I. of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily and Count of Provence, [9], [24], [25], [479].
• —— II., King of Naples, [9], [15], [25], [26].
• —— III., King of Naples, [154], [190];
  • assassinated in Hungary, [155], [191].
• —— of Calabria, son of Robert of Naples, [142], [143].
• —— of Durazzo, [152], [153].
• —— (I.) of Maine, [279], [354], [356].
• —— (II.) of Maine, [279], [389].
• —— I. (the Bad) of Navarre, [79], [80], [93], [96], [484];
  • relations with Marcel, [85], [87], [88].
• —— II. of Navarre, [484], [485].
• —— of Berri, brother of Louis XI., [361];
  • joins League of Public Weal, [365];
  • acquires Normandy, [367];
  • loses it, [369];
  • receives Guienne, [371];
  • death of, [376].
• —— of Valois, brother of Philip IV., [17], [25], [26], [49], [50], [53], [62].
• —— of Viana, [485], [486], [487].
• Chatillon, Jacques de, [53].
• Chaucer, Geoffrey, [459], [523].
• Chiana, val di, [308].
• Chioggia, war of, [172], [173].
• Christian of Oliva, [454], [455].
• —— of Oldenburg, succeeds in Denmark and Norway, [446];
  • acquires Sweden, Schleswig and Holstein, [447];
  • loses Sweden, [448];
  • death, [448].
• —— II. of Denmark, [449].
• Christopher II., King of Denmark, [431], [432], [433].
• —— of Bavaria, [445];
  • King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, [446];
  • death, [446].
• Cibo, Franchescetto, [285].
• Cilly, Count of, [411];
  • death, [412].
• Cimabue, [526], [527].
• Cinque ports, the sailors of the, [51].
• Ciompi, the, [32];
  • rising of, [164].
• Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, [326], [333].
• Clarence, George, Duke of, [372], [373].
• Clement V., [30], [55], [457].
• —— VI., [99], [107], [110], [158], [159], [160].
• —— VII., schismatic pope at Avignon, [162], [186].
• —— VII., [285].
• Clementia of Hapsburg, [9], [15].
• —— of Hungary, second wife of Louis X., [63], [64].
• Clericis laicos, papal bull, [29], [52].
• Clisson, Olivier de, [97], [319].
• Coleone, Bartolommeo, [300], [301];
  • statue of, [530].
• Cologne, importance in German trade, [422];
  • rivalry with Lübeck and Hamburg, [427];
  • position in Hanseatic League, [432];
  • Hanse meeting at, [437], [439].
• Colonna, the family of, [28].
• —— Oddo, [220], [269].
  • See [Martin V.]
• —— Stefano, [157].
• Columbus, Christopher, [492].
• Commines, Philippe de, [23], [49], [308], [361], [362], [377], [403].
• Comminges, Count of, [377].
• Compactata, the, [231], [232], [410].
• Condottieri, foreign, [150];
  • native, [151].
• Conflans, treaty of, [367], [369].
• Conradin, [496];
  • execution of, [24].
• Conseil du roi, the, [58].
• Constance, Council of, [205], [206], [211]-220, [267].
• —— daughter of Manfred, marries Peter III. of Aragon, [24], [479].
• —— daughter of Peter IV. of Aragon, [481].
• —— of Castile, marries John of Gaunt, [474], [475].
• Constantine Palæologus, last of the Byzantine emperors, [509];
  • his heroic death, [510].
• Constantinople, recovered from the Latins by Michael Palæologus, [494];
  • first siege by the Turks, [505];
  • second siege, [506];
  • final siege and capture, [273], [509], [510];
  • treaty of, [256], [283], [308], [513].
• Copenhagen, captured by Hanse forces, [438].
• Cordova, [468].
• Cornaro, Catarina, [257], [258].
• Corsica, seized by the Genoese, [168].
• Cortes of Castile, [60], [469], [488];
  • of Aragon, [60], [478], [479].
• Cortona, annexed to Florence, [167], [289].
• Cossa, Baldassare, [201], [266], [267].
  • See [John XXIII.]
• Cour du roi, the, [44], [57], [58].
• Courland, duchy of, [466].
• Courtrai, battle of, [53].
• Cracow, University of, [209].
• Crecy, battle of, [76].
• Crema, [252].
• Cremona, [251], [259].
• Crevant, battle of, [337].
• Crimea, the, [168], [495], [513].
• Crusades, the, [55].
• Cyprus, [168];
  • acquired by Venice, [257].
• Dalmatia, [202], [204], [246].
• Dante, [22], [41], [42], [139], [522], [523], [527].
• Danzig, [458], [462], [465].
• Dauphiné, [12];
  • acquired by France, [78];
  • Louis XI. in, [354], [357], [359].
• David II., King of Scotland, [68], [77].
• Denmark, relations with Germany, [410];
  • war with the Hanseatic League, [433]-438;
  • united with Sweden and Norway, [443];
  • with Schleswig and Holstein, [447];
  • separated from Sweden, [448], [449].
• Diaz, Bartholomew, [259], [492].
• Diesbach, Nicolas von, [380].
• Dinant, [368];
  • taken by Charles the Bold, [369].
• Discoveries at end of fifteenth century, [259], [491]-3.
• Ditmarsh, peasants of, [448].
• Döffingen, battle of, [189].
• Donatello, [530].
• Doria, Luciano, [172].
• —— Paganino, [170].
• —— Pietro, [172].
• Douglas, Earl of, and Count of Touraine, [336], [337].
• Duccio, Sienese painter, [527].
• Dunois, bastard son of Louis of Orleans, [342], [352], [354], [365].
• Dupplin Moor, battle of, [68].
• Durazzo, house of, [152], [153], [191], [195].
• Dushan, Stephen, King of Servia, [501].
• Easterlings or Osterlings, [428].
• Écorcheurs, the, [351].
• Education, stimulated by the Renaissance, [533].
• Edward I., King of England, [29], [60];
  • wars with France, [51], [52].
• —— II., King of England, [52];
  • marries Isabella of France, [53];
  • deposed, [65].
• —— III., King of England, [65], [66], [67], [69], [111];
  • war in Scotland, [68];
  • allied with the Flemings, [71];
  • relations with Lewis the Bavarian, [72], [75];
  • claims the French crown, [71];
  • war in France, [71]-78, [80], [81], [88], [89], [94], [95];
  • death, [96].
• —— IV., King of England, [365], [370], [372], [373], [375], [386];
  • invades France, [381], [382];
  • death of, [388].
• Eger, peace of, [190], [192].
• Eleanor, daughter of Peter IV. of Aragon, [483].
• —— of Navarre, marries Gaston de Foix, [487].
• Electors, the seven, [7], [98], [108];
  • as regulated by the Golden Bull, [116], [117].
• Elizabeth, widow of Lewis the Great, [190], [191].
• Elna, fortress of, [49].
• Elsa, val d’, [308].
• Epila, battle of, [482].
• Ercole d’Este, [283], [301], [308].
• Eric Glipping, King of Denmark, [446].
• —— Menved, King of Denmark, [430], [431], [446].
• —— of Pomerania, [443];
  • succeeds to the Scandinavian kingdoms, [444];
  • deposed, [445].
• Ernest of Styria, [398].
• Ertogrul, Turkish leader, [499].
• Esthonia, [453], [458], [465], [466].
• Étaples, treaty of, [392].
• Eudes IV., Duke of Burgundy, [63], [64], [65];
  • death of, [79].
• Eugenius IV., [229], [270]-272, [508];
  • quarrel with Council of Basel, [230], [231], [233], [234], [235], [236];
  • deposed, [238];
  • triumphs over the Council, [239]-241.
• Evreux, Louis, Count of, [49].
• —— Philip, Count of, marries Jeanne of Navarre, [66].
• Execrabilis, papal bull, [277], [407].
• Falier, Marin, [169], [171].
• Falköping, battle of, [443].
• Fastolf, Sir John, [340].
• Felix V., anti-Pope, [238], [239], [242].
• Ferdinand I. of Aragon, [475], [483].
• —— II. (the Catholic) of Aragon, [477], [485], [487], [488], [489].
• —— IV. of Castile, [470].
• —— de Cerda, [48], [470].
• Ferrante I., King of Naples, [260], [282], [283], [285]-287, [307], [309].
• Ferrara, war with Venice, [257], [283], [311];
  • Council of, [236], [272].
• Ficino, Marsilio, [525].
• Filelfo, Francesco, [523].
• Filioque controversy, [236], [503].
• Flanders, county of, [45], [90];
  • at war with Philip IV., [53], [54], [62];
  • commerce of, [69], [320];
  • allied with Edward III., [71];
  • Philip van Artevelde and war with France, [317], [318];
  • acquired by Dukes of Burgundy, [320];
  • relations with Louis XI., [387].
• Flor, Roger de, [497].
• Florence, [141], [150];
  • constitution of, [31]-35, [148], [149], [165], [166], [296], [297], [303], [310];
  • offers lordship to Charles of Calabria, [142];
  • fails to get Lucca, [146], [147];
  • Walter de Brienne in, [148];
  • parties in, [163], [164];
  • oligarchical government from 1382 to 1435, [166], [167], [288]-293;
  • wars with Milan, [179], [180], [181], [248], [249], [291], [292];
  • under Medicean rule, [293]-314;
  • Council of, [236];
  • cathedral of, [531];
  • importance in history of art, [527], [528], [530].
• Foix, house of, in Navarre, [487].
• Forli, [282], [309].
• Foscari, Francesco, [248], [249], [252];
  • deposition and death, [254].
• —— Jacopo, [253].
• Fougères, attack upon, [357].
• Franche-Comté, [12], [56], [64], [79], [90];
  • acquired by Valois Dukes of Burgundy, [320];
  • attacked by the Swiss, [380];
  • annexed by Louis XI., [387], [388];
  • surrendered by Charles VIII., [393], [417].
• Francis I. of Brittany, [357].
• —— II. of Brittany, [363], [366], [369];
  • death, [391].
• Franciscans, their quarrel with John XXII., [101], [103].
• Frankfort, Diet of, [187].
• Fraticelli, the, [101], [159].
• Frederick III., Burggraf of Nuremberg, [8], [10], [16].
• —— I. of Brandenburg, [216], [395].
  • See [Hohenzollern, Frederick of].
• —— II. of Brandenburg, [465].
• —— (the Handsome) of Hapsburg, elected King of the Romans, [98];
  • captured by his rival, [99];
  • death, [105].
• —— of Tyrol, [395], [398];
  • opposes Sigismund at Constance, [212], [213], [215], [216], [219].
• —— III., Emperor, [239], [402], [404]-411, [464];
  • relations with the Papacy and Council of Basel, [240], [241];
  • joint ruler in Styria, [398];
  • character, [403];
  • acquires Austria, [414];
  • relations with Charles the Bold, [378], [380], [416];
  • last years, [417];
  • death, [418].
• —— I. of Sicily, [26], [482], [497].
• —— II. of Sicily, [482].
• Friuli, [246].
• Froissart, [49], [69].
• Gabelle, the, [61];
  • upon salt, [82], [91].
• Galata, [168], [495].
• Gallipoli, seized by the Turks, [502].
• Gama, Vasco da, [259], [492].
• Gaston de Foix, [487].
• Gavre, battle of, [359].
• Genappe, [359], [361].
• Genoa, [35];
  • rivalry with Venice, [167]-173, [255], [502];
  • factions in, [169];
  • relations with France, [180], [247], [260], [263];
  • relations with Milan, [175], [176], [247], [260], [262], [263];
  • relations with Greek empire, [495], [502], [509];
  • loss of Kaffa and Azof, [513].
• Gerhard, Count of Holstein, [444].
• Gerona, siege of, [49], [486].
• Gerson, Jean, [194], [218], [323].
• Ghent, [69], [70], [71].
• Ghiara d’Adda, [252], [259].
• Ghiberti, Lorenzo, [530].
• Ghirlandaio, Domenico, [528].
• Giac, Pierre de, [338].
• Giano della Bella, [32].
• Gibraltar, [471].
• Giorgione, [529].
• Giotto, [527], [528].
• Girona, fortress of, [49].
• Glarus, [133];
  • leagued with the Swiss, [134], [135], [136], [138].
• Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, [337], [338].
• Golden Bull, the, [116]-118, [187].
• Göllheim, battle of, [13].
• Gonfalonier of justice, [33].
• Görlitz, John of, [123], [193].
• Gothland, island of, [425], [433].
• Granada, kingdom of, [468], [471];
  • conquest of, [490].
• Grand Company of the Catalans, [497].
• Grandella, battle of, [24].
• Granson, [380], [385];
  • battle of, [261], [384].
• Gregory IX., grants Prussia to Teutonic knights, [455].
• ——X., [9], [24], [27], [48].
• ——XI., [122], [162], [182], [185].
• ——XII., [187];
  • negotiations with Benedict XIII., [197], [198];
  • deposed at Pisa, [200];
  • relations with Ladislas of Naples, [204], [266], [267].
• Guelfs and Ghibellines in Italy, [22], [31], [39], [40], [139], [140], [141], [143], [144], [145].
• Guesclin, Bertrand du, [90], [92], [93], [94], [473];
  • death, [97].
• Guienne, lost by the English, [357];
  • ceded to Charles of Berri, [372];
  • recovered by French crown, [376].
• Guinea Coast, [491].
• Guinigi, Paolo, [180], [244].
• Gunther of Schwartzburg, [111].
• Guy, Count of Flanders, [53], [54].
• Guzman, Eleanor de, [471], [472].
• Hagenbach, Peter of, [377], [379], [380].
• Hainault, united with Holland and Zealand, [14];
  • acquired by house of Wittelsbach, [75], [108], [320];
  • acquired by house of Burgundy, [321], [337], [339].
• Hakon, King of Norway, [434], [438];
  • marries Margaret of Denmark, [435], [436], [442];
  • death, [442].
• Halidon Hill, battle of, [68].
• Hallam, Robert, Bishop of Salisbury, [220].
• Hamburg, [422], [451];
  • allied with Lübeck, [427], [428];
  • supports Holstein against Denmark, [444].
• Hans, or John, King of Denmark and Norway, [447], [448].
• Hansa, meaning of word, [423], [424];
  • Hansa Alamanniæ, [428].
• Hanseatic League, [5], [19], [183], [420];
  • origin of, [429];
  • war with Denmark, [121], [433]-438;
  • zenith of its power, [439];
  • decline of, [449]-451.
• Hapsburg, house of, [4], [16], [19], [98], [119];
  • in Swabia, [126];
  • acquires Austria, [10], [127];
  • acquires Carinthia, [107];
  • acquires Tyrol, [120];
  • partition of territories, [137], [398];
  • acquires Hungary and Bohemia, [399], [401], [410];
  • hold on imperial crown, [400];
  • loses Hungary and Bohemia, [413],414;
  • acquires the Netherlands, [388], [389], [416];
  • reunion of territories, [404], [409], [417].
• Hawkwood, John, [151], [167], [179];
  • death of, [180].
• Hedwig, Queen of Poland, marries Jagello of Lithuania, [190], [191], [459].
• Helsingborg, siege of, [434], [438].
• Henry VII., Emperor, [17], [18], [129], [457];
  • in Italy, [39]-42;
  • death, [42], [98].
• —— of Trastamara (Henry II.), [472];
  • claims crown of Castile, [93], [473];
  • gains it, [94], [474].
• —— III. of Castile, [475].
• —— IV. (the Impotent) of Castile, [476], [477].
• —— IV., King of England, [323], [324], [26], [459].
• —— V., King of England, [218], [327]-333.
• —— VI. of England, [334].
• —— VII., King of England, [391], [392].
• —— Duke of Lower Bavaria, [3].
• —— Duke of Carinthia and Count of Tyrol, [15];
  • King of Bohemia, [16];
  • deposed, [18];
  • death, [106].
• —— Count of Holstein, [444], [445].
• —— of Mecklenburg, marries Ingeborg of Denmark, [436], [442].
• —— the Navigator, [491], [492].
• —— of Wettin, Margrave of Meissen, [3].
• Hermandad, in Castile, [470], [471].
• Hermann von Salza, [454].
• Hermanstadt, [507].
• Herrings, battle of the, [340].
• Hesse, Lewis of, [402].
• Hohenstaufen, house of, [2], [400].
• Hohenzollern, Frederick of, [202], [203], [213], [214], [222], [395], [399], [400], [402];
  • receives Brandenburg (1415), [215];
  • attempted reforms in Germany, [226], [227], [228];
  • death, [403].
• —— house of, [4], [400];
  • acquires Brandenburg, [215].
• Holland, [14];
  • acquired by house of Wittelsbach, [75], [108], [320];
  • acquired by dukes of Burgundy, [321], [337], [339].
• Holstein, relations with Denmark, [430], [434], [435], [438];
  • united with Schleswig, [442], [444], [445];
  • acquired by Christian of Oldenburg and made a duchy, [447].
• Honorius IV., [28].
• Humanism, [524], [532].
• Humbert, the last Dauphin of Vienne, [78].
• Hungary, succession in, [15];
  • passes to house of Anjou, [15], [26];
  • acquired by Sigismund, [191];
  • accession of Albert of Austria, [399];
  • accession of Ladislas of Poland, [409], [507];
  • accession of Ladislas Postumus, [410];
  • election of Mathias Corvinus, [414];
  • falls to house of Jagellon, [417], [465].
• Hunyadi, John, [410], [411], [507], [508];
  • relieves Belgrade, [412], [511];
  • death, [412], [511].
• —— Ladislas, [412], [413].
• Hus, John, [207], [209], [210];
  • goes to Constance, [211];
  • imprisoned, [214];
  • trial, [216];
  • executed, [217].
• Husinec, Nicolas of, [223], [225].
• Iconium, Turkish sultans of, [495], [498], [499].
• India, trade with, [491].
• Indies, the West, [492].
• Ingeborg, daughter of Waldemar III., [442], [443].
• Innocent VI., [117], [160], [161].
• —— VII., [187].
• Interregnum, the Great, [6].
• Isabel of Bavaria, wife of Charles VI. of France, [321], [330], [332].
• Isabella of Castile, [476], [477], [487], [488], [489].
• —— of France, wife of Edward II., [53], [65].
• —— of Portugal, wife of John II. of Castile, [476].
• Italy, [20];
  • causes of disunion in, [21]-23.
• Jacqueline of Hainault, [337], [339].
• Jacques Cœur, [352];
  • fall of, [358].
• Jacquetta of Luxemburg, [346].
• Jagello, [191], [192], [459].
  • See [Ladislas V.] of Poland.
• Jagellon house in Poland, [183], [191], [208], [225], [410], [459], [466];
  • acquires Bohemia, [415], [416], [465];
  • acquires Hungary, [417], [466].
• James I. (the Conqueror) of Aragon, [479].
• —— II. of Aragon, [25], [26], [480].
• —— III. of Aragon, [480].
• Janissaries, formation of the, [500].
• Janow, Mathias of, [207].
• Jeanne, heiress of Champagne and Navarre, wife of Philip IV. of France, [48], [49], [53].
• —— daughter of Louis X., [63];
  • excluded from the succession in France, [64];
  • Queen of Navarre, [66];
  • death, [79].
• —— Countess of Blois, [73], [77].
• —— Darc, [334], [340]-345.
• Jerome of Prag, [208], [217].
• Jews, expelled from Spain, [489].
• Joanna I., Queen of Naples, [152], [153], [154], [186].
• —— II., Queen of Naples, [155], [267].
• —— of Portugal, wife of Henry IV. of Castile, [477].
• —— ‘la Beltraneja,’ [477], [492].
• —— Henriquez, second wife of John II. of Aragon, [485], [486].
• Jobst of Moravia, [123];
  • receives Brandenburg from Sigismund, [191], [193];
  • candidate for empire, [201], [202];
  • death, [203].
• John XXII., [99], [145];
  • his heresy, [101];
  • death, [102].
• —— XXIII., elected Pope, [201];
  • quarrel with Naples, [204], [211], [267], [268];
  • summons Council of Constance, [205];
  • conduct at Constance, [213]-215;
  • deposed, [216], [217];
  • death, [221].
• —— I. of Aragon, [482], [483].
• —— II. of Aragon, [484], [485], [486], [487].
• —— King of Bohemia, [18], [75], [98], [107], [112];
  • his expedition to Italy, [144], [145], [146];
  • crusade in Prussia, [459];
  • death of, [76], [108].
• —— III., Duke of Brittany, death of, [73].
• —— the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, [321]-332;
  • murder of, [332], [338].
• —— of Calabria, [260], [299], [486];
  • joins League of the Public Weal, [365], [367].
• John I. of Castile, [474], [475].
• —— II. of Castile, [475], [476].
• —— or Hans, King of Denmark and Norway, [447], [448].
• —— I., posthumous son of Louis X., [64].
• —— II., King of France, [79]-90;
  • captured at Poitiers, [81];
  • death of, [89].
• —— of Gaunt, [95];
  • relations with Castile, [474].
• —— V., Greek Emperor, [171], [234], [236], [500], [501], [502], [503];
  • death of, [504].
• —— VI., Greek Emperor, [236], [506], [509].
• —— Cantacuzenos, [498], [499], [500];
  • crowned Emperor, [501];
  • abdicates, [502].
• —— Palæologus, nephew and colleague of Manuel II., [504], [505].
• —— of Hapsburg assassinates his uncle, Albert I., [16].
• —— I. of Portugal, [474], [491].
• —— II. of Portugal, [492].
• —— of Procida, [24].
• John Henry, Margrave of Moravia, [107].
• Joinville, [49].
• Julius II., [281], [287].
• Justiciar of Aragon, the, [478], [479].
• Kaffa, in the Crimea, [168], [170], [495], [513].
• Kalisch, treaty of, [458].
• Kalmar, union of, [183], [443], [444], [445], [446], [447], [449], [460].
• Karl Knudson, [445];
  • King in Sweden, [446];
  • deposed, [447], [448].
• Katharine of France marries Henry V., [332].
• Ketteler, Gotthard, [466].
• Kniprode, Winzig von, [458], [459].
• Königsberg, [456], [462], [464].
• Korybut, [225].
• Kossova, battle of, [503];
  • second battle of, [508].
• Kremsier, Milecz of, [207].
• Kroja, [256].
• Kulm, [454], [455].
• Kulmerland, [454], [455].
• Ladislas, King of Naples, [155], [195], [196], [197], [199], [204], [211], [245], [246], [266], [289];
  • death of, [205], [267].
• —— Postumus, [360], [409];
  • succeeds in Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary, [410];
  • released from guardianship, [411];
  • death, [413].
• Ladislas V. of Poland (see [Jagello]), [191], [225], [459], [460].
• —— VI. of Poland, King of Hungary, [409], [507];
  • killed at Varna, [410], [508].
• —— King of Bohemia and Hungary, [465].
• —— King of Bohemia, [416];
  • King of Hungary, [407].
• Lahnstein, imperial election at, [195].
• Lampugnani, Andrea, [261].
• Lancaster, Henry of, [74], [77].
• Lausanne, interview at, [9].
• Lecoq, Robert, Bishop of Laon, [83].
• Leghorn. See [Livorno].
• Leipzig, University of, [210].
• Leo X., [285];
  • furthers the Renaissance, [522].
• Leopold of Hapsburg, son of Albert I., [129].
• —— —— son of Albert II., [136], [213];
  • shares the Hapsburg territories with Albert III., [137], [398];
  • killed at Sempach, [138], [189], [398].
• Lesbos, taken by the Turks, [512].
• Levant, trade in, [167], [168], [256], [492].
• Lewis the Bavarian, [98];
  • quarrel with the Papacy, [90]-103;
  • causes of failure, [103];
  • his visit to Italy, [104], [105];
  • his policy of territorial aggrandisement, [75], [106], [107];
  • confirms the Swiss League, [130];
  • death, [108], [110].
• —— of Brandenburg, son of Lewis the Bavarian, [107], [108];
  • death, [120].
• —— the Roman, brother and successor of above, [120].
• —— the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, [121], [123], [459];
  • expedition to Naples, [152], [153];
  • war with Venice, [171];
  • death, [190], [459].
• —— II., Count of Flanders, [70], [76], [77].
• —— de Mâle, Count of Flanders, [77], [78];
  • death of, [320].
• —— II., Count Palatine and Duke of Upper Bavaria, [3], [8], [10].
• —— Elector Palatine, [213].
• —— of Taranto, [152], [153].
• Liége, attacked by Charles the Bold, [368], [369], [370], [371].
• Limoges, massacre at, [95].
• Lipan, battle of, [232].
• Lippi, Filippo, [528].
• —— Filippino, [528].
• Lithuania, [421], [453], [458];
  • united with Poland, [191], [459], [460].
• Livonia, [421], [453];
  • Order of the Sword in, [454], [465], [466].
• Livorno, annexed to Florence, [167], [289].
• Lodi, treaty of, [253], [298].
• London, German hansa in, [426], [427].
• Loredano, Antonio, [256].
• Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, [527], [528].
• Loria, Roger di, [49].
• Lorraine, succession in, [345];
  • seized by Charles the Bold, [383], [385].
• Louis IX. of France, death of, [46].
• —— X. of France, [44], [62];
  • death of, [63].
• —— XI., King of France, [261];
  • as Dauphin, [354], [358], [359], [360];
  • accession, [361];
  • character and policy, [362];
  • reign, [361]-390.
• —— XII., King of France, [258], [259], [264], [391].
• —— I. of Anjou, Count of Provence and titular King of Naples, [154], [190], [317].
• —— II. of Anjou, [155], [195], [198], [266], [269], [326], [330].
• —— III. of Anjou, [269], [335];
  • claim to Aragon, [483];
  • death, [271].
• —— de Mâle, Count of Flanders, [316], [318], [320].
  • See [Lewis de Mâle].
• —— Duke of Orleans, brother of Charles VI., [319], [321];
  • assassination of, [198], [218], [322].
• Lübeck, [6], [183], [422], [423];
  • alliance with Hamburg, [427], [428];
  • leadership in Hanseatic League, [439];
  • visit of Charles IV. to, [187], [441];
  • retains independence, [451].
• Lucca, under Castruccio Castracani, [142], [143];
  • under John of Bohemia, [145];
  • disputed between Florence and Verona, [146], [147];
  • seized by the Pisans, [147].
• Luna, Peter de (Benedict XIII.), [187], [194], [197].
• Luther, Martin, [525].
• Luxemburg, duchy of, [17], [123];
  • acquired by Philip the Good, [339], [359], [538].
• —— house of, [4], [16], [17], [19], [112], [119], [123], [184], [185], [192], [195], [201];
  • gains Bohemia, [18];
  • gains Brandenburg, [120];
  • gains Hungary, [190]-192;
  • extinction of male line, [397];
  • extinction of, [414].
• Luxemburg, John of, captor of Jeanne Darc, [344].
• Luzern joins the Swiss Confederation, [130], [131].
• Lyons, [12];
  • seized by Philip IV. of France, [18], [56].
• Macalo, battle of, [249], [250].
• Madeira, [491].
• Magnus, King of Sweden, [431], [432], [433], [434], [435];
  • deposed, [436].
• Maillotins, the, [317], [318].
• Mainz, Pragmatic Sanction of, [237].
• Majorca, kingdom of, [481], [482].
• Malatesta, Carlo, [249].
• —— Pandolfo, [291].
• Mantegna, Andrea, [528].
• Mantua, Congress of, [277].
• Manuel II., Greek Emperor, [504], [505], [506].
• Marcel, Etienne, [82]-88.
• Marchfeld, battle of the, [10].
• Margaret of Anjou, [278];
  • marries Henry VI. of England, [356];
  • reconciled with Warwick, [372];
  • defeated at Tewkesbury, [373].
• —— of Artois, daughter of Philip V., [67], [90].
• —— of Burgundy, first wife of Louis X., [63].
• —— heiress of Flanders, Artois, and Franche-Comté, [320], [541].
• —— daughter of Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy, betrothed to Dauphin, [388];
  • repudiated by Charles VIII., [392], [417].
• —— Maultasch, [106];
  • Countess of Tyrol, [107];
  • death of her son, [119].
• —— daughter of Waldemar III., marries Hakon of Norway, [435], [436], [442];
  • arranges Union of Kalmar, [443];
  • war with Holstein and death, [444].
• —— daughter of Christian I., marries James III. of Scotland, [448].
• —— of York, marries Charles the Bold, [370].
• Maria of Hungary, marries Sigismund, [190], [191], [192].
• Marienburg, [457], [461], [464].
• Marienwerder, [455].
• Marigny, Enguerrand de, [62].
• Marin Falier, [169].
• Marmousets, the, [318], [321].
• Marsiglio of Padua, [100];
  • death, [105].
• Marsilio Carrara, [143], [147].
• Martin IV., [28].
• —— V., election of, [220];
  • returns to Rome, [221], [267]-269;
  • publishes crusade against the Hussites, [224];
  • summons Council of Siena, [228];
  • death, [229], [270].
• —— I. of Aragon, [482], [483].
• —— the Younger of Aragon, [482], [483].
• Mary of Aragon, wife of John II. of Castile, [476].
• —— of Burgundy, [386], [387];
  • marries Maximilian, [388];
  • death, [388].
• —— of Sicily, marries Martin the Younger of Aragon, [482].
• Masaccio, [528].
• Masovia, Konrad of, [454], [455].
• Mastino della Scala, [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [169].
• Mathias Corvinus, [277], [279];
  • elected King of Hungary, [414];
  • relations with Bohemia, [415];
  • war with Austria, [416];
  • death, [417].
• Matthew Cantacuzenos, [502].
• Maximilian I., [466];
  • marries Mary of Burgundy, [388], [416];
  • elected King of the Romans, [417].
• Medici, Cosimo de’, [290], [292];
  • exiled, [293];
  • recalled, [294];
  • rule in Florence, [295]-299;
  • patronage of literature, [524].
• —— Giovanni de’, [290], [291], [292].
• —— Lorenzo de’, the Magnificent, [282];
  • rule in Florence, [302]-312;
  • relations with Innocent VIII., [285];
  • his poems, [524];
  • death, [263], [286], [312].
• —— Maddalena de’, [285].
• —— Piero (I.) de’, [299]-302.
• —— —— (II.) de’, [263], [313];
  • flight from Florence, [314].
• —— Salvestro de’, [164], [165], [290].
• —— Vieri de’, [166], [290].
• Meinhard, Count of Tyrol and Duke of Carinthia, [10].
• —— son of Margaret Maultasch, [119];
  • death, [120].
• Meloria, battle of, [31], [168].
• Mercenary troops in Italy, [149]-151;
  • in France, [94], [333], [351], [352].
• Michael VIII. (Palæologus), [494], [496].
• —— Angelo, [528], [529], [530].
• —— of Cesena, [100].
• Mocenigo, Tommaso, [248], [249].
• Mohammed I., [505], [506].
• —— II., [255], [256], [273], [279], [406], [411], [412], [508], [509];
  • takes Constantinople, [510];
  • conquers the Balkan provinces, [511];
  • conquers Greece, [511]-513;
  • death, [283], [513].
• Molai, Jacques de, [56].
• Moldau, the, [113].
• Mons-en-Puelle, battle of, [54].
• Montefeltro, Federigo da, [307].
• Montereau, [332], [338].
• Montesecco, [305], [307].
• Montfort, John de, claims Brittany, [73], [74].
• —— —— son of above, John IV. of Brittany, [74], [92], [96].
• Montiel, battle of, [94], [474].
• Mont-lhéri, battle of, [366].
• Morat, [380], [384];
  • battle of, [385].
• Moravia, [107], [123];
  • annexed to Bohemia, [204].
• Morea, [495], [511];
  • conquered by the Turks, [256], [512];
  • Venetian possessions in, [495], [512], [513].
• Moreale, Fra, [151].
• Morgarten, battle of, [130].
• Mühldorf, battle of, [99].
• Murad. See [Amurath].
• Murcia, annexed to Castile, [468], [469], [470], [479].
• Näfels, battle of, [138].
• Najara, battle of, [93], [94], [473].
• Namur, acquired by Philip the Good, [339].
• Naples, [23];
  • acquired by first house of Anjou, [24];
  • under Joanna I., [152]-154;
  • claimed by second house of Anjou, [154], [155], [266], [267], [269], [271], [275], [277], [278], [542];
  • acquired by Alfonso V. of Aragon, [271];
  • passes to Ferrante, [275];
  • rising against Ferrante, [285], [286], [312];
  • claimed by Charles VIII., [279], [287], [313], [392].
• Narbonne, conference at, [218].
• Nassau, John of, Archbishop of Mainz, [212], [213], [215].
• Navarre, united with France, [48], [65], [484];
  • severed from France on accession of Valois line, [66], [484];
  • united with Aragon, [485];
  • independent after death of John II., [487];
  • split into Spanish and French Navarre, [487], [550].
• Navarrette, battle of, [93], [473].
• Negropont, [168];
  • taken by the Turks, [256], [513].
• Neri, the, [22].
• Neroni, Diotisalvi, [299], [301], [302].
• Netherlands, the, acquired by Valois, Dukes of Burgundy, [320], [321], [339], [359].
• Neumark, the, [465].
• Neuss, besieged by Charles the Bold, [379], [381], [416].
• Nevill’s Cross, battle of, [77].
• Neville, Anne, marries Prince of Wales, [372].
• —— Isabel, marries Duke of Clarence, [372].
• Nicæa, [494], [498];
  • taken by the Turks, [499].
• Niccolo da Pisano, [530].
• Nicolas, son of John of Calabria, [278];
  • death, [378].
• —— III., [24], [27].
• —— IV., [28].
• —— V., [272], [273], [274], [522], [524].
• Nicopolis, battle of, [193], [202], [322], [403], [504].
• Nissa, [507].
• Northampton, treaty of, [68].
• Novgorod, German ‘factory’ at, [425], [429].
• Novigrad, [191].
• Ockham, William of, [100].
• Olaf, King of Denmark and Norway, [442];
  • death, [443].
• Oleggio, Giovanni d’, [177].
• Olgiati, Girolamo, [261], [262].
• Oliva, Christian of, [454], [455].
• Orcagna, Andrea, [527].
• Orchan, [499];
  • his government, [500];
  • death, [502].
• Ordinances of Justice in Florence, [32].
• Orkneys transferred from Denmark to Scotland, [448].
• Orleans, siege of, [340], [341];
  • states-general of, [352].
• —— Charles, Duke of, [326], [329], [335];
  • release of, [346].
• —— Louis, Duke of, [321], [322];
  • assassination of, [198], [218], [322].
• —— —— Duke of, afterwards Louis XII., [258], [259], [264], [390], [391].
• Orsini, the house of, [28], [156], [270], [313].
• —— Clarice, [302], [313].
• Orvieto, cathedral of, [531].
• Osterlings or Easterlings, [428].
• Othman, [499].
• Otranto, occupied by the Turks, [283], [285], [310], [513].
• Otto of Brandenburg, cedes the electorate to Charles IV., [120].
• —— IV., Count of Burgundy, [56].
• Ottokar, King of Bohemia, [3], [8];
  • crusade in Prussia, [456];
  • war with Rudolf I., [9], [10];
  • death, [10].
• Ottoman Turks, origin of, [499];
  • their conquests in Europe, [502], [503], [504], [507], [508];
  • they capture Constantinople, [510];
  • further conquests, [511], [512], [513], [514].
• Padilla, Maria de, [472], [473].
• Padua, subjected to Milan, [179];
  • revolt of, [180];
  • seized by Venice, [245].
• Palermo, rising at, [25].
• Palladio, architect, [531].
• Papal States, [26], [27].
• Paris, University of, [194], [197], [201], [209].
• Parliament, the model (1295), [60].
• —— of Paris, the, [59].
• —— the Florentine, [33].
• Patay, battle of, [341].
• Paul II., [280], [415].
• Pavia, Council at, [228].
• Pazzi, conspiracy of the, [262], [282], [305]-307.
• —— Francesco, [305], [306].
• —— Jacopo, [305], [306].
• Pecquigni, treaty of, [382].
• Pelekanon, battle of, [499].
• Peniscola, [221].
• Pera, suburb of Constantinople, [168], [178], [495].
• Péronne, interview at, [370];
  • treaty of, [371].
• Perpignan, [198];
  • death of Philip III. at, [49].
• Perugino, Pietro, [528].
• Peter III., King of Aragon and Sicily, [24], [25], [48], [479], [480], [481].
• —— IV., King of Aragon, [481], [482].
• —— I. (the Cruel) of Castile, [93], [94], [472]-474.
• Petit, Jean, [218], [323].
• Petrarch, [114], [523].
• Pfahlbürger, [18], [117], [188].
• Philadelphia, [499], [504].
• Philip de Rouvre, Duke and Count of Burgundy, [79], [320];
  • death of, [89].
• —— I. (the Bold) of Burgundy, [81], [90], [315], [317], [319], [320], [321], [324];
  • death of, [322].
• —— II. (the Good) of Burgundy, [332], [333], [336], [349], [359], [361], [364], [405];
  • quarrel with Gloucester, [337];
  • acquisitions in the Netherlands, [339], [360];
  • hands over Jeanne Darc, [344];
  • rupture with Bedford, [346];
  • makes treaty of Arras, [347]-348;
  • death of, [369].
• —— III., King of France, [46]-49;
  • acquires marquisate of Provence, [47];
  • Champagne and Navarre, [48];
  • wars in Spain, [48], [49].
• —— IV., King of France, [14], [16], [19];
  • reign, [49]-62;
  • quarrel with Boniface VIII., [29], [54];
  • wars with England, [53]-55;
  • war in Flanders, [53], [54];
  • suppresses the Templars, [55];
  • administrative reforms, [56]-61;
  • annexes Lyons, [18], [56];
  • death, [62].
• —— V., King of France, marries heiress of Franche-Comté, [56];
  • accession of, [64];
  • death, [65].
• —— VI. of France, [106];
  • accession to the throne, [65], [66];
  • reign, [66]-79;
  • war with Flanders, [70];
  • war with England, [72]-77;
  • annexes Dauphiné, [78].
• Philippa, daughter of John of Gaunt, [474], [475].
• Platina, [280].
• Plauen, Henry of, [463].
• Piccinino, Jacopo, [278], [285], [309].
• —— Niccolo, [249], [251], [292].
• Piccolomini, Æneas Sylvius, [234], [235], [239]-241, [272], [276], [405], [524].
  • See [Pius II.]
• Pisa, decline of, [31];
  • supports Ghibellines, [141];
  • loses her maritime importance, [168];
  • Council of, [198], [199], [200], [210], [211];
  • subjected to Milan, [180];
  • subjected to Florence, [167], [244].
• Pisani, Niccolo, [170], [171].
• —— Vettor, [172].
• Pistoia, annexed to Florence, [167].
• Pitti, Luca, [297], [299], [301].
• Pius II., [255], [276]-280, [415].
  • See [Piccolomini], [Æneas Sylvius].
• Podiebrad, George, [401], [410], [413];
  • King of Bohemia, [414];
  • war with Hungary, [415];
  • death, [416].
• Poggio Bracciolini, [523], [524].
• —— Imperiale, [308].
• Poitiers, battle of, [81].
• Poland, [183], [190], [455], [467];
  • united with Lithuania, [191], [192], [459];
  • wars with the Teutonic Knights, [458], [460], [464], [465].
• Politiano, [524].
• Pomerania, [209], [453], [455].
• Pomerellen, [458].
• Porcaro, Stefano, [273].
• Portolungo, battle of, [171].
• Porto Santo, [491].
• Portugal, [468], [490];
  • its share in geographical discovery, [491], [492], [493].
• Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, [237], [355], [363], [406].
• Prague, University of, [113];
  • disputes between the Bohemians and the other nations, [209];
  • exodus of Germans from, [210];
  • four articles of, [223], [231];
  • death of Ladislas Postumus at, [413].
• Praguerie, the, [46], [353], [354].
• Premyslides, dynasty of, in Bohemia, [15]
• Privilege of union in Aragon, [481];
  • revoked, [482].
• Procida, John of, [24].
• Prokop, son of John Henry of Moravia, [123].
• —— Hussite leader, [225], [227], [228];
  • attends Council of Basel, [231];
  • killed, [232].
• Provence, [12];
  • marquisate of, [47], [56];
  • county of, [9], [47];
  • acquired by first house of Anjou, [24];
  • acquired by second house of Anjou, [154];
  • united with France, [279].
• Prussia, [55], [209], [453], [454];
  • conquered by Teutonic Knights, [455], [456], [457];
  • divided into east and west, [465].
• Prussian League, [463], [464].
• Public Weal, war of the, [46], [365]-367.
• Puritanism, [532].
• Raphael, [528], [529].
• Reichstädte, [5].
• Renaissance, the, [20], [518], [519];
  • prominence of Italy in, [520];
  • Papal patronage of, [521];
  • in literature, [522]-525;
  • in art, [525]-532;
  • its relation with the Reformation, [532];
  • stimulates education, [533].
• Réné le Bon, [260], [271], [354], [378], [486];
  • claims Lorraine, [345], [346];
  • relations with Charles the Bold, [383], [389];
  • death of, [389].
• —— of Lorraine, [279], [286], [312], [378], [381], [385];
  • claims Provence, [391].
• Rense, meeting of electors at, [102], [106], [117].
• Reuchlin, [525].
• Reutlingen, battle of, [121].
• Rheims, coronation of Charles VII. at, [341].
• Rhodes, held by Knights of St. John, [55], [457], [495], [512].
• Riario, Girolamo, [281], [282], [283], [304], [305].
• —— Piero, [281].
• —— Raffaelle, [306].
• Ricci, the, [164].
• Richard of Cornwall, [6];
  • death of, [7].
• —— II., King of England, [208], [323], [325].
• Richemont, Arthur of, [329], [336];
  • Constable of France, [338], [339], [346], [347], [350], [352].
• Rienzi, Cola di, [156]-161.
• Riga, Bishop of, [454].
• Ritterschaft, in Germany, [5].
• Robbia, Luca della, [530].
• Robert, Count of Artois, [53].
• —— of Artois, grandson of above, [67].
• —— King of Naples, [26], [42], [99], [140], [141], [153].
• —— I., King of Scotland, [68].
• Rocca Secca, battle of, [204], [266].
• Roosebek, battle of, [318].
• Rosenberg, Ulrich von, [410].
• Roussillon, ceded to France, [389], [486];
  • restored to Aragon, [392], [487].
• Rovere, Giovanni della, [281].
• —— Giuliano della, [281] (Pope Julius II.).
• —— Lionardo della, [281].
• Rovigo, [257];
  • polesina of, [311].
• Rudolf III. of Hapsburg, chosen King of the Romans (Rudolf I.), [8];
  • relations with Papacy, [9], [24], [26];
  • war with Ottokar, [9], [10];
  • action in Swabia, [126], [127];
  • death, [11].
• —— IV. of Hapsburg, [120], [136];
  • activity in Swabia and death, [137].
• Rupert III., Elector Palatine and King of the Romans, [151], [181], [195], [196];
  • death, [201].
• Russia, [467].
• Sachsenhausen, imperial election at, [98].
• St. Jacob, battle of, [408].
• St. John, Knights of, [55], [56], [453];
  • occupy Rhodes, [457], [495], [512].
• St. Pol, Count of, Constable of France, [365], [367], [373], [374], [375];
  • capture and death, [382], [383].
• St. Maur des Fossés, treaty of, [367].
• St. Tron, battle of, [369].
• Salado, battle of the, [471].
• Salic Law, the so-called, [64], [73].
• Salviati, Francesco, [305], [306], [307].
• Salza, Hermann von, [454].
• Sancho IV. of Castile, [48], [470].
• Santa Hermandad, [488].
• Sapienza, battle of, [171].
• Sardinia, [168], [170];
  • acquired by King of Aragon, [480].
• Sarto, Andrea del, [529].
• Sarzana, [309], [312].
• Savelli, the family of, [28].
• Savonarola, attitude towards art, [532].
• Savoy, [12];
  • relations with Charles the Bold, [380], [384], [385].
• Scali, Giorgio, [165].
• Scaligers, their rule in Verona, [141], [143], [147].
• Scanderbeg, [255], [256], [508], [513].
• Scarampo, [272].
• Schaffhausen, [215].
• Schauenburg, house of, in Holstein, [444], [445], [446].
• Schleswig, united with Holstein, [442], [444], [445];
  • acquired by Christian I. of Denmark, [447].
• Schwartzburg, Gunther of, [111].
• Schwiz, canton of Swiss League, [126], [127], [407].
• Scutari in Albania, [256], [308].
• Selim I. conquers Egypt, [514].
• Semendria, siege of, [401], [507].
• Sempach, battle of, [138], [189].
• Senlis, treaty of, [393].
• Servia, under Stephen Dushan, [501];
  • attacked by the Turks, [503], [507], [508];
  • made a Turkish province, [511].
• Seville, [468].
• Sforza, Ascanio, [287].
• —— Attendolo, [151], [267], [268];
  • death of, [269].
• —— Caterina, [282].
• —— Francesco, [249], [250], [251], [292];
  • Duke of Milan, [252], [253], [259], [298];
  • relations with France, [260], [365];
  • death of, [261], [300].
• —— Galeazzo Maria, [261], [282], [300], [305];
  • relations with Burgundy, [380], [384].
• —— Gian Galeazzo, [262], [263], [264].
• —— Ippolita, [260].
• —— Ludovico, il Moro, [262], [263], [264], [286], [392].
• Shetland Islands, transferred to Scotland, [448].
• Sicilian Vespers, [25], [48], [140], [479], [496].
• Sicily, [23];
  • acquired by Charles I. of Anjou, [24];
  • transferred to house of Aragon, [25], [26], [48], [50], [140], [479], [480];
  • united with Aragonese crown, [26], [482], [484].
• Siena, [18], [31], [244];
  • Council at, [228];
  • cathedral of, [531].
• Sigismund, second son of Charles IV., [121];
  • inherits Brandenburg, [123];
  • acquires Hungary, [190]-192, [201];
  • pawns Brandenburg to Jobst, [193];
  • fights at Nicopolis, [193], [504];
  • elected King of the Romans, [202], [203], [204];
  • forces Pope to summon Council of Constance, [205];
  • gives safe-conduct to Hus, [211];
  • action at the Council, [212]-220;
  • succeeds in Bohemia, [224], [232];
  • death, [239].
• —— of Tyrol, [398], [408];
  • relations with Charles the Bold, [377], [378], [379], [409].
• Signorelli, Luca, [528].
• Silesia, [209].
• Simonetta, Francesco, [261], [262].
• Sirk, Jacob von, Archbishop of Trier, [240], [241], [405].
• Sixtus IV., [257], [281]-284;
  • quarrel with Florence, [304]-310;
  • establishes Inquisition in Spain, [489].
• Skaania, province of, [433], [438];
  • fishing stations in, [428], [450].
• Slavs in Northern Germany, [288], [420];
  • subjected to German rule, [421], [453], [456];
  • revolt against German influences, [208], [209], [210], [225], [228], [460], [465].
• Sluys, naval battle off, [72].
• Soderini, Niccolo, [299], [300], [301], [302].
• —— Tommaso, [302], [304].
• Somme Towns, the, ceded to Burgundy, [348];
  • recovered by Louis XI., [364];
  • restored, [367];
  • again recovered, [386], [388].
• Soncino, battle of, [250].
• Sorel, Agnes, [347], [354], [358].
• Sound, channel of the, [428], [437], [438], [439].
• States-General, origin of the, [59], [60];
  • meeting at Orleans (1439), [352];
  • meeting at Tours (1484), [390], [391].
• Stephen, duke of Bavaria, [109], [120].
• Stephen Dushan, King of Servia, [501].
• Stralsund, treaty of, [121], [438], [439], [441].
• Strozzi, Tommaso, [165].
• Sture, Sten, [448].
• —— Sten the Younger, [449].
• —— Svante, [448].
• Suffolk, William, Duke of, [356].
• Suleiman, son of Orchan, [502].
• Swabia, duchy of, [2], [8], [125], [126];
  • Hapsburg possessions in, [137], [213], [377], [379], [398], [407], [409].
• Swabian League, [137], [138], [184], [187], [188], [189].
• Swiss Confederation, [19], [183], [189];
  • rise of, [124]-138;
  • at war with Frederick III., [408];
  • at war with Charles the Bold, [379], [380], [384], [385], [409].
• Sword, Order of the, [454];
  • united with Teutonic Order, [453];
  • recovers independence, [465];
  • dissolved, [466].
• Szegedin, treaty of, [507], [508].
• Taborites, extreme Hussites, [224];
  • their defeat at Lipan, [232].
• Tagliacozzo, battle of, [24].
• Taille, the, made a royal tax, [353].
• Tannegui du Châtel, [331], [332], [338].
• Tannenberg, battle of, [396], [460].
• Tarifa, [471].
• Tauss, battle of, [228].
• Templars, the, [452];
  • suppression of, [50], [55], [56], [456].
• Teutonic Order, [19], [55], [183], [191], [208];
  • foundation of, [452];
  • conquers Prussia, [455], [456];
  • transferred to Prussia, [457];
  • at the zenith of its power, [458];
  • war with Poland, [460];
  • decline of, [461]-466.
• Tewkesbury, battle of, [373].
• Thessalonica, [503], [505];
  • conquered by the Turks, [507].
• Thorn, [455], [462];
  • first peace of (1411), [461];
  • second peace of (1466), [465].
• Tiepolo, Bajamonte, [39].
• Timour, the Tartar leader, [193], [505].
• Tintoretto, [529].
• Titian, [526], [529].
• Tordesillas, treaty of, [493].
• Torquemada, [489].
• Torre, Guido della, [36], [40], [41].
• —— Martino della, [35].
• Tours, States-General at, [390].
• Trastamara, Henry of, [93], [94], [472], [473].
• —— House of, acquires crown of Castile, [474];
  • acquires crown of Aragon, [483].
• Trebizond, Empire of, [495], [513].
• Tremouille, George de la, [339], [340], [346], [347].
• Treviso, [143], [245];
  • subjected to Venice, [147], [171];
  • lost by Venice, [174];
  • recovered, [179].
• Trivulzio, Gian Jacopo, [308].
• Troyes, treaty of, [332], [333].
• Turin, peace of, [174].
• Tyler, Wat, [316].
• Tyrol, county of, [10], [15];
  • passes to Margaret Maultasch, [107], [108];
  • acquired by Hapsburgs, [120].
• Unterwalden, [126], [127].
• Urban V., [122], [161], [162], [185], [503].
• —— VI., election of, [122], [162], [185], [186].
• Urgel, house of, [481], [482], [483].
• Uri, [126];
  • united with Schwiz and Unterwalden, [127].
• Uzzano, Niccolo da, [289], [290], [292].
• Valencia, [478];
  • annexed to Aragon, [480].
• Valla, Lorenzo, [524], [525].
• Valois, house of, [45];
  • accession in France, [65], [66];
  • dukes of Burgundy, [90], [184], [320], [321].
• Varna, battle of, [410], [508].
• Vaudemont, Antony of, [345].
• —— Frederick of, [346].
• —— Réné of, [378].
• Venaissin, the, [30], [47].
• Venice, constitution of, [36]-39;
  • policy of, [140], [247], [248];
  • rivalry with Genoa, [168]-173, [255];
  • relations with Greek Empire, [255], [495], [502], [509];
  • acquisitions on the mainland, [245], [249], [258], [259];
  • war with the Turks, [255], [256], [512], [513];
  • war with Ferrara, [251], [283], [284], [311];
  • decline of, [259].
• Verdun, treaty of, [43].
• Verme, Jacopo del, [167], [179], [181].
• Verneuil, battle of, [337].
• Verona, [20], [143], [147];
  • annexed to Milan, [179];
  • acquired by Venice, [245].
• Verrocchio, Andrea, [530].
• Viana, Charles of, [485], [486], [487].
• Vicenza, [143], [179];
  • acquired by Venice, [245].
• Vienne, Dauphins of, [78].
• —— Jean de, [77].
• Vinci, Leonardo da, [529].
• Visconti, Azzo, [143], [145], [174], [175].
• —— Bernabo, [161], [175], [176], [177].
• —— Carlo, [261].
• —— Caterina, [243], [245].
• —— Filippo Maria, [243], [271];
  • character, [246];
  • restores duchy of Milan, [247];
  • quarrel with Eugenius IV., [231], [239];
  • war with Florence, [249];
  • war with Venice, [249], [270];
  • death, [251].
• —— Galeazzo, [142], [143].
• —— Gian Galeazzo, [167], [174], [176];
  • obtains sole rule in Milan, [177];
  • his aggressions, [178], [179], [180];
  • made Duke of Milan, [194];
  • death, [181], [196], [287].
• —— Gian Maria, [243];
  • death, [244].
• —— Giovanni, Archbishop and Lord of Milan, [170], [174], [175].
• —— Lucchino, [175].
• —— Matteo, [36], [40], [140];
  • imperial vicar in Milan, [41].
• —— Matteo II., [175].
• —— Otto, Archbishop of Milan, [36].
• —— Stefano, [174], [175].
• —— Valentina, marries Louis of Orleans, [178], [252], [321], [325].
• —— Virida, [176], [252].
• Vistula, valley of the, [453], [455], [465].
• Vitalien-Bruder, [443].
• Vitelleschi, Cardinal, [272].
• Waldemar of Brandenburg, death of, [107];
  • the false, [110], [111].
• Waldemar III., King of Denmark, [121], [420], [433];
  • wars with the Hanse towns, [183], [434]-438;
  • death, [442].
• Waldhäuser, Konrad, [207].
• Wallachia, [507];
  • annexed by the Turks, [511].
• Warwick, Earl of, the King-maker, [365], [372], [373].
• Welf, house of, [3].
• Wendish towns, [426], [431], [432], [435].
• Wenzel II., King of Bohemia, [9], [10];
  • death, [15].
• —— III. of Bohemia, [15].
• —— brother of Charles IV., [123];
  • marries Duchess of Brabant and Limburg, [119].
• —— eldest son of Charles IV., [112], [137], [187], [188];
  • elected King of the Romans, [121];
  • King of Bohemia, [123];
  • opposition in Germany, [192];
  • troubles in Bohemia, [192]-193;
  • visit to France, [194];
  • declared deposed, [195];
  • death of, [224].
• Wettin, house of, [3];
  • obtains Saxony, [226].
• —— Frederick of, [16].
• Wisby, [425], [427], [429], [432];
  • captured by Waldemar III., [433].
• Wittelsbach, house of, [3], [118];
  • divided into two branches, [115];
  • acquisitions of, under Lewis the Bavarian, [75], [107], [108];
  • opposition to Wenzel, [192].
• Woodville, Elizabeth, [365], [374].
• Wordingborg, treaty of, [436].
• Würtemberg, [187].
• —— Eberhard of, [189].
• Wyclif, John, [207], [208].
• Yolande of Aragon, wife of Louis II. of Anjou and mother-in-law of Charles VII. of France, [335], [336], [338], [341], [483].
• —— daughter of Réné le Bon, [278], [346].
• —— sister of Louis XI., [380], [384].
• York, Richard, Duke of, [357].
• Zagonara, battle of, [291].
• Zeno, Carlo, [172], [173].
• Ziska, John, [223], [225], [460].
• Zug, a Swiss canton, [134], [135], [136], [138], [189].
• Zürich, [131], [134], [136], [138];
  • joins the Swiss League, [132];
  • war with the other cantons, [407], [408].

France.