[106a] Ben Jonson pointedly noticed the artifice inherent in the metrical principles of the sonnet when he told Drummond of Hawthornden that ‘he cursed Petrarch for redacting verses to sonnets which he said were like that tyrant’s bed, where some who were too short were racked, others too long cut short.’ (Jonson’s Conversation, p. 4).
[106b] See p. 121 infra.
[107a] They were first printed by Dr. Grosart for the Chetham Society in 1873 in his edition of ‘the Dr. Farmer MS.,’ a sixteenth and seventeenth century commonplace book preserved in the Chetham Library at Manchester, pt. i. pp. 76-81. Dr. Grosart also included the poems in his edition of Sir John Davies’s Works, 1876, ii. 53-62.
[107b] Davies’s Sonnet viii. is printed in Appendix IX.
[107c] See p. 127 infra.
[108] Romeo and Juliet, II. iv. 41-4.
[110] Mr. Fleay in his Biographical Chronicle of the English Stage, ii. 226 seq., gives a striking list of parallels between Shakespeare’s and Drayton’s sonnets which any reader of the two collections in conjunction could easily increase. Mr. Wyndham in his valuable edition of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, p. 255, argues that Drayton was the plagiarist of Shakespeare, chiefly on bibliographical grounds, which he does not state quite accurately. One hundred sonnets belonging to Drayton’s Idea series are extant, but they were not all published by him at one time. Fifty-three were alone included in his first and only separate edition of 1594; six more appeared in a reprint of Idea appended to the Heroical Epistles in 1599; twenty-four of these were gradually dropped and thirty-four new ones substituted in reissues appended to volumes of his writings issued respectively in 1600, 1602, 1603, and 1605. To the collection thus re-formed a further addition of twelve sonnets and a withdrawal of some twelve old sonnets were made in the final edition of Drayton’s works in 1619. There the sonnets number sixty-three. Mr. Wyndham insists that Drayton’s latest published sonnets have alone an obvious resemblance to Shakespeare’s sonnets, and that they all more or less reflect Shakespeare’s sonnets as printed by Thorpe in 1609. But the whole of Drayton’s century of sonnets except twelve were in print long before 1609, and it could easily be shown that the earliest fifty-three published in 1594 supply as close parallels with Shakespeare’s sonnets as any of the forty-seven published subsequently. Internal evidence suggests that all but one or two of Drayton’s sonnets were written by him in 1594, in the full tide of the sonnetteering craze. Almost all were doubtless in circulation in manuscript then, although only fifty-three were published in 1594. Shakespeare would have had ready means of access to Drayton’s manuscript collection. Mr. Collier reprinted all the sonnets that Drayton published between 1594 and 1619 in his edition of Drayton’s poems for the Roxburghe Club, 1856. Other editions of Drayton’s sonnets of this and the last century reprint exclusively the collection of sixty-three appended to the edition of his works in 1619.
[111] Almost all sixteenth-century sonnets on spring in the absence of the poet’s love (cf. Shakespeare’s Sonnets xcviii., xcix.) are variations on the sentiment and phraseology of Petrarch’s well-known sonnet xlii., ‘In morte di M. Laura,’ beginning:
Zefiro torna e ‘l bel tempo rimena,
E i fiori e l’erbe, sua dolce famiglia,
E garrir Progne e pianger Filomena,
E primavera candida e vermiglia.
Ridono i prati, e ‘l ciel si rasserena;
Giove s’allegra di mirar sua figlia;
L’aria e l’acqua e la terra è d’amor piena;
Ogni animal d’amar si riconsiglia,
Ma per me, lasso, tornano i più gravi
Sospiri, che del cor profondo tragge, &c.
See a translation by William Drummond of Hawthornden in Sonnets, pt. ii. No. ix. Similar sonnets and odes on April, spring, and summer abound in French and English (cf. Becq de Fouquiere’s Œuvres choisies de J.-A. de Baïf, passim, and Œuvres choisies des Contemporains de Ronsard, p. 108 (by Remy Belleau), p. 129 (by Amadis Jamyn) et passim). For descriptions of night and sleep see especially Ronsard’s Amours (livre i. clxxxvi., livre ii. xxii.; Odes, livre iv. No. iv., and his Odes Retranchées in Œuvres, edited by Blanchemain, ii. 392-4.) Cf. Barnes’s Parthenophe and Parthenophil, lxxxiii. cv.