Pári, or rice in the husk, is generally calculated by the amat, and in some districts by the sáng'ga. When the pári is reaped, which is invariably done by snapping or cutting each separate straw a few inches below the husk, the sheaf or bundle as it accumulates is laid in the left hand, between the thumb and middle finger: the quantity which can be thus held is termed sa agem, which is therefore equivalent to a handful. Three of these make a pochong, a quantity which can be clasped between the two hands. The sheaf is then bound. Afterwards, when the grain and straw are dry, two of these pochongs are bound together in one larger bundle, which is termed gedeng. Four gedengs make one bawon, and five gedengs one sang'ga: three bawon make one wuwa, and two wuwa one amat; the gedeng is sometimes four, five, and even sometimes nine katis.
In the Semárang districts alone, the amat varied from 200 to 600 katis in weight. In the western and Sunda districts pari is measured by the chain, of which there are the common and the mountain chain, the one being equal to 4,000 lbs. Dutch, the other about 1,000 katis. The kati, however, is the usual measure.
Land measure is by the natives regulated in general by the bawat, a measure of length, formed of the staff stick of the payong, or umbrella, which the Bópati, or native chief of a province, receives on his investiture. The length of this stick, when drawn from the umbrella, is termed a changkal, and is from nine to twelve feet. The principal divisions of land are into the bahu and jung. Four of the former make a jung; but these not only differ in size according to the length of changkal, but the situation of the land and the nature of the soil; the jungs of rich land, and in the vicinity of the principal towns, being much smaller than the poor lands situated at a distance. The endless varieties of these measurements it would be tedious to detail. One jung in the Semarang districts is equal to three others, to five, to six, seven, and even so many as ten, in other parts. From this perplexing inequality of measurement arose formerly, in many instances, the comparative disproportion of the cultivator's contributions to the state, as each jung of every size was assessed with the payment of a fixed contingent. In many instances the jung was rather to be considered the measure, not so much of the land as of its produce.
The advantage of reducing these vague and uncertain measures to some fixed standard, had in some degree attracted the attention of the Dutch government, during the administration of Marshal Daendels, who directed that the lands in several districts should be measured according to an average jung of two thousand square rods or changkals of twelve feet Dutch. This measurement being generally known as the government jung, although it had only been very partially introduced in one or two districts, was made the standard in the recent agricultural survey of the country; and although it was not deemed advisable to introduce at the moment an entire change in the local usages of each district, the public officers were directed to refer to it on all occasions; and in the statistical and other returns, the local measurement of the place has accordingly been invariably reduced to this standard. The government jung of two thousand square changkals of twelve feet English, is equal to 674⁄121 English acres; and the government amat, by which the produce is weighed, being fixed at two thousand katís, is equal to two pikuls, or 266⅔ lbs. English.
In reducing the coins circulating in Java into English money, in the course of this work, the Spanish dollar has been considered as equal to five shillings English, and the rupee to half a crown. In the local currency of Java, ten copper doits make one wang (a small silver coin), and twelve wangs one rupee.
The following Table shews the current value of the different Coins circulating in Java:
| 4 | doits | make | 8 | stiver. |
| 10 | doits or 2 stivers and a half | 1 | dubbeltje. | |
| 30 | ditto or 7 stivers and a half | 1 | schelling. | |
| 60 | ditto or 15 stivers | Half a Batavian, Surat, or Arcot rupee. | ||
| 63 | ditto or 15 stivers and three quarters | Half a sicca rupee. | ||
| 120 | ditto or 30 stivers | 1 | Batavian, Surat, or Arcot rupee. | |
| 126 | ditto or 31 stivers and a half | 1 | sicca rupee. | |
| 132 | ditto or 33 ditto | Half a Spanish dollar. | ||
| 160 | ditto or 40 ditto | Half a ducatoon. | ||
| 190 | ditto or 48 ditto | 1 | rix dollar. | |
| 240 | ditto or 60 ditto | 1 | American or Austrian dollar. | |
| 264 | ditto or 66 ditto | 1 | Spanish dollar. | |
| 312 | ditto or 78 ditto | 1 | old ducatoon. | |
| 320 | ditto or 80 ditto | 1 | new ducatoon. | |
| 528 | ditto or 132 ditto, equal to 2¾ rix dollars | 1 | gold ducat. | |
| 960 | ditto or 240 ditto, equal to 5 rix dollars | Half a gold rupee. | ||
| 1920 | ditto or 480 ditto | 1 | gold rupee. | |
| 10 | Spanish dollars | 1 | American gold eagle. | |
| 16 | ditto ditto | 1 | doubloon. | |
| N. B. The Java gold rupee is equal to sixteen Java silver rupees; the gold ducat fluctuates in value, but circulates in general for silver rupees. | ||||
THE END.
PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON,
ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, LONDON.
THE FOLLOWING WORK,