| English or Latin. | Malay. | Sanskrit. | Other Languages. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Michelia champaka | champaka | champaka (dedicated by the Hindus to Krishna; one of Kamadeva’s arrows is tipped with it) | J. and S. champaka; Mak. champaga. |
| Jonesia asoka | ângsôka | açoka (sacred to Mahadeva, and held in the highest veneration by the Hindus) | J. angsoka and soka. |
| Mesua ferrea | nâgasârî (Rigg supposes the Malay plant to be Acacia pedunculata; Marsden, Acacia aurea). | nâgakesara (“The delicious odour of its blossoms justly gives them a place in the quiver of Kamadeva.” —Sir William Jones) | |
| Jasminum sambac (jasmine) | malâtî | mâlatî (Jasminum grandiflorum[27]) | J. malati; S. melati. |
| Arabian jasmine (Nyctanthes?) | melor | mâdhura (cf. malura, Cratæva religiosa) | J. menur; Kw. menur, silver. |
| Ocymum basilicum (holy basil) | sulasi | tulasî (sacred to Krishna) | J. selasih and telasih; S. selasi; Mak. tolasi; Tag. solasi. |
| Uvaria odorata (or cananga) | kenânga | kânana[28] (a forest) | J. kenonga; Mak. and Bu. kananga. |
| Santalum album, sandal-wood | chandâna | chandana (“Perpetually mentioned in the most ancient books of the Hindus as flourishing on the mountains of Malaya”— Sir Wm. Jones) | J. and S. chendana; Tag. and Bis. sandana. |
| Plumieria acutifolia | kambôja | kâmboja (a kind of mimosa) | S. kamboja. |
| Nelumbium speciosum, lotus. | saroja | saroja | J. saroja. |
| Vitex trifoliata | lagundi [29] | nirgandhi (“Which Bontius calls lagondi.” —Sir Wm. Jones). -Gandhi is used in the latter part of a compound word with same meaning that gandha has: “smell,” “odour” | J. legundi; Bat. gundi. |
| Alpinia galanga, or Curcuma reclinata | gâdamâla | gandha, smell; mâlâ, a garland | |
| Justicia gandarusa | gandarusa | gandha, smell; rusa (Malay), a deer(?) | S. gandarusa |
| Hibiscus abelmoschus | gandapûra | gandha, smell; pura, calix of a flower | Mak. gandapura |
| Hedichium coronarium | gandasûlî | gandha, smell | S. gandasoli. |
| Liquidambar altingiana | rasamala | surasa, sweet, elegant; mâlâ, a garland | |
| Carthamus tinctorius, safflower | kasumba | kusumbha | J., S., Mak., and D. kasumba; Tag. kasubha; Bis. kasobha. |
| Crocus sativus, saffron | kumkumâ | kuṃkuma | J. kamkuma; Mak. kuma. |
| Alyxia stellata; an odoriferous root used in medicine | pûlasâri | phul (Hind.), flower; sari (Javanese), from kesara (Sansk.), a flower | |
| Tectonia grandis, teak | jâtî | jâti (synonymous with malati), Jasminum grandiflorum | J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu., and D. jati. |
| Pterocarpus indicus | ângsâna | asana (Terminalia alata tomentosa) | J. and S. angsana. |
| Borassus flabelliformis | lontar | tâla | J. and S. lontar; Bat. otal; Mak. tala; Bu. ta; Tag. tual. |
| Eugenia jambu, roseapple | jambû | jambu | J., S., Mak., and D. jambu; Bu. jampu; Tag. dambo; Bat. jambu-jambu, fringe; Bu. jambo-jambo, fringe, plume. |
| Mangifera indica, mango | mampelam | from Telugu, mampalam; Sansk. mahâphala, “great fruit” | J. pelem; S. ampelem. |
| Spondias myrobolan (or mangifera) | âmra | âmra (the mango, Mangifera indica); âmrâta (Spondias mangifera) | |
| Punica granatum, pomegranate | dalîma | dâḍima and dâlima | |
| Zizyphus jujuba | bidâra | vidara | J. widara; S. bidara. |
| Cucurbita lagenaria, gourd, pumpkin | lâbû | alâbu | S. labu; Bat. tabu-tabu; Malg. tawu. |
| Tricosanthes laciniosa | patôla | paṭola | |
| Cassia fistula | biraksa | vṛiksha (a tree) | |
| Emblica officinalis | malâka | âmalaka (Emblic myrobalan) | S. malaka; Bat. malakah. |
Pâlas, palâsa, and palâsang are Malay names for trees of different kinds, not one of which corresponds botanically with the Sanskrit palâça (Butea frondosa, a tree which is held by Hindus to be peculiarly venerable and holy). The preceding list affords several illustrations of a similar misuse of terms. To it might be added several words borrowed from other Indian languages, such as nânas, pine-apple (Hind. ananas), bilimbing (Tamul bilimbi), &c., &c.[30]
Marsden has remarked on the number of Sanskrit words expressive of the feelings and emotions of the human mind which occur in Malay, and Arabic also furnishes several. Either their synonymous native terms have been lost, or the Malays, at the period of Indian influence, had not reached that stage of civilisation when man commences to analyse and name the emotions he experiences and sees experienced by others. Good and bad qualities, in the same way and for the same reason, seem often to bear Sanskrit appellations. The following list does not profess to be complete:—
| English. | Malay. | Sanskrit. | Other Languages. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pleasure, to be pleased | sûka | sukha | J., S., and D. suka |
| Joy, rejoiced | suka-chita | sukha-chit (chit = thought, the heart) | |
| Sorrow, grief | dûka | duhkha (pain) | J. and S. duka. |
| Do. | duka-chita | duhkha-chit | duhkha-chit |
| Care, anxiety, concern | chinta | chintâ (thought) | J. chipta; S. chinta; Mak. chita; D. and Tag. sinta. |
| Passionately in love | berâhî | virahin (suffering separation) | J. birahi. |
| Angry | murka | mûrkha (stupidity) | J. murka, greedy, dissatisfied. |
| Hope | âsa | âçâ | Tag. asa. |
| Love | âsmâra | smara | J. and S. asmara. |
| Avarice, covetousness | lôba | lobha | Kw. loba, voluptuous, luxurious; S. loba, abundant. |
| Wisdom, understanding | bûdî | buddhi | J. and S. budi. |
| Stupid, foolish | bôdoh | abodha | J. and S. bodo. |
| Wise, learned | pandei | paṇḍita | J., S., and Bat. pandé. |
| Lazy | malas | alasa | |
| Charity, benevolence | dermâ | dharma | J. and S. derma; Bat. dorma, means of gaining affection. |
| Generous | dermâwan | dharmavant | |
| Fidelity | setîa | satya | J. satya and secha; S. sacha. |
| Faithful, loyal | setîâwan | satyavant | |
| Thought, to think | sangka | çaṅka | |
| To suspect, conjecture | tarka | tarka (doubt, reason) | J. and S. tarka and terka. |
| Blame | chelâ | chhala (fraud) | J. chela; Mak. challa. |
| Misfortune, vile, base | chelâka | chhalaka (deceiving, a deceiver) | J. and S. chelaka; Mak. chilaka; D. chalaka. |
| Sin, crime | dôsa | dush (to sin) | J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. dosa. |
| False, untrue | dusta | dushta | |
| Merit meritorious actions | pahâla | phala (fruit, produce, result) | Kw. pahala, fruit, merit. |
| Happiness, good fortune | bahagîa | bhâgya (lot, fate) | J. bagya; S. bagia; Bat. badiya. |
| Use, value, quality | guna | guṇa (quality) | J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. guna. |
Inter-tribal warfare is usually characteristic of savage tribes, and an ample vocabulary of words connected with fighting and the art of war may be looked for in a language like Malay. But though the native terms are numerous, many have also been furnished by Sanskrit, among which may be instanced the following:—
| English. | Malay. | Sanskrit. | Other Languages. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Army | bâla, bâlatantrâ | bala (an army), tantra (series, offspring) | J. and S. bala. |
| Fort | kôta | kûṭa | J. kuta; Bat. kuta; S., Mak., D., Tag., and Bis. kota. |
| Bastion, redoubt | mâlawâti [31] | balavatî (strong, powerful)? | |
| Weapon, arm | senjâta | sajjâ (armour), sajjatâ, readiness | Kw. and Mak. sanjata; Bat. sonjata; D. sandata. |
| Bow | pânah | vâṇa (an arrow) | J., S., and D. panah; Mak. pana; Tag. and Bis. pana, arrow. |
| Dagger | kris | kṛit (to cut, to kill) | J. and S. keris and kris; Bat. horis; Mak. kurisi; Tag. and Bis. kalis. |
| Discus | chakra | chakra | |
| Club | gada | gadâ | J. gada. |
| Cross-bow | gandî | gâṇḍiva | J. gandewa. |
| Pike | sanggamâra | saṃgrâma (war, battle) | |
| Knife | churîka | chhurikâ | Kw. churika, a kris. |
| Enemy | satrû | çatru | J. and S. satru. |
| Battlefield | râna | raṇa (battle) | Kw. and S. rana. |
| Victory | jaya | jaya | J. and S. jaya. |
Among the Malays the titles of royalty and nobility, and many of the terms in use for the paraphernalia of the court, are Sanskrit. Logan supposes the native Malayan institutions to have been of a “mixed patriarchal and oligarchical” form.[32] Crawfurd was not satisfied that the terms alluded to proved that Hinduism had exercised much influence on Malayan government;[33] but when to these is added a long catalogue of words connected with law, justice, and administration, it will probably be apparent that Indian influence has played an important part in moulding the institutions of the Malays. The following are some of the principal titles, &c., in use about the court of a Malay Raja:—
| English. | Malay. | Sanskrit. | Other Languages. |
|---|---|---|---|
| King | râja | râj | J., S., and Bat. raja. |
| Maharaja (a title not confined to royalty, but used also by Malay chiefs) | mahârâja | mahârâja (a king, sovereign) | |
| Adiraja (a title) | âdirâja | âdhirâja (the first or primeval king, epithet of Manu and of a son of Kuru) | |
| King (reigning monarch) | baginda | bhâgya (merit, happiness) | J. bagenda; S. baginda. |
| Paduka (a title of respect used in addressing persons of rank) | paduka[34] | pâduka (a shoe) | J. and S. paduka. |
| Duli (a title used in addressing royalty) | dûli[34] | dhuli (dust) | J. duli; Bat. daholi. |
| Queen | permeisûrî | parameçvarî (a title of Durga, wife of Çiva) | J. prameswari; S. permasuri. |
| Prince | putrâ | putra (a son) | J. and S. putra. |
| Princess | putrî | putrî (a daughter) | J. and S. putri. |
| Minister | mantrî | mantrin (councillor) | J. mantri; Mak. mantari; S. mantri, a minor official. |
| Chief minister | pardana-mantri | pradhâna | |
| Councillor | paramantri | para (highest) | |
| Officer of the household | sîda-sîda | siddha (priest, learned man) | |
| Warrior, royal escort | hulubâlang | bala (army) | J. and Bat. hulubalang. |
| Sage, royal adviser | pandîta | paṇḍita | J. and S. pandita. |
| Laksamana (one of the officers of state) | laksamâna | Lakshmaṇa (the son of Daçaratha by Sumitrâ) | J. and S. laksmana. |
| Treasurer | bandahâra | bhâṇḍâgâra (treasure) | Mak. bandara; J. bendara, master; S. bandaran; custom-house. |
| Throne | singgahasana | siṃhâsana | Kw. and S. singasana. |
| Palace | astana | sthâna (place, whence the Persian astana, a threshold, a fakir’s residence) | |
| Crown | makôta | mukuṭa | J. and S. makuta; Mak. makota. |
| Royal insignia | upachara | upachâra (service) | J. upachara. |
| Title of a chief who is of noble blood on one side only | magat | mâgadha (the son of a Vaiçya by a Kshatriya woman) | |
| Officer (hero) | punggâwa | puṅgava (a bull; as latter part of compound words, “excellent,” e.g., nara-puṅgava, an excellent warrior) | J., S., and Mak. punggawa. |
The incidents of Asiatic government have caused the introduction into the Malay language of such terms as the following, among others:—
| English. | Malay. | Sanskrit. | Other Languages. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Country | negrî | nagara and nagarî | J. and S. nagara. |
| District | dêsa | diçâ | J., and S., Bat., and D. desa; Mak. dessa. |
| Tax | ûpatî | utpatti | J. and S. upeti. |
| Hall, court | bâlei | valaya (an enclosure) | S. balé; D. balai, open building; J. balé, bench; Bat. balé, hut on a king’s tomb. |
| Examine, inquire | preḳsa | parîkshâ | J. priksa; Mak. paressa; D. pariksa and riksa. |
| Cause, suit | bichara | vichâra (consideration, discussion) | Mak. and D. bichara; J. wichara; S. pichara. |
| Witness | saḳsi | sâkshin | J., S., D., Tag., and Bis. saksi. |
| Crime | dosa | dush (to sin) | J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. dosa. |
| Insult, trespass | ângkâra | ahaṃkâra (pride) | Kw. angkara. |
| Injustice, oppression | ânyâya | anyâya | J. aniaya. |
| Inheritance | pusâka | push (to possess) | J., S., and Mak. pusaka. |
| Action, negotiation | sanggêta | saṃketa (appointment, convention) | |
| Proof | biti | vitti (probability) | |
| Cause, matter in dispute | âchâra | âchara (conduct) | |
| Punishment | siḳsa | çikshâ (learning) | J. and S. siksa; Mak. sessa. |
| Fine | denda | daṇḍa | J. and S. denda; Bat. dangdang; D. danda. |
| Prison | panjâra | panjara (a cage) | J. and S. kunjara; Mak. panjara; Bat. binjara; a trap; D. jara and panjara, punished. |
| Punishment (of a disgraceful kind inflicted on women) | druma | druh (to hurt) | |
| Slave | sahâya | sahâya (companion) | |
| Free, liberated | mardahîka | mṛidh (to pardon?) | J. and S. mardika; Bat. mardaekoh; Mak., Bu., and D. maradeka; Tag. mahadlika |
| Executioner | palabâya | para (exceeding) bhaya (fear) |