[1.] Klinkert, Eenige ophelderingen omtrent de Maleische Spreekwoorden en spreekwijzen.
[2.] Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, 56.
[3.] “It is difficult to eradicate the belief that the forms in which we think are identical with the thought itself; and it is only linguistic science that enables us to see that many of the forms of grammar which we imagine necessary and universal are, after all, but accidental and restricted in use. The cases of Latin and Greek do not exist in the majority of languages; the Polynesian dialects have no true verbs; and the Esquimaux gets on well enough without ‘the parts of speech’ that figure so largely in our own grammars.” —Sayce, Introduction to the Science of Language, ii. 328.
[4.] In Perak kalmarin means “formerly.” Pĕtang is “yesterday.”
[5.] Arabic wa, and, b‘adahu, afterwards—often used by a pleonasm with kemdian, afterwards; wab‘adahu kemdian deri-pada itu, and after that.
[6.] This is a Kedah word. Mah! is used in the same sense in Perak.
[7.] Col. Yule, Journ. Anthropol. Inst. Feb. 1880. This peculiarity in the Indo-Chinese languages has attracted much attention among ethnologists. See Peschel, Races of Man, 117; Tylor, Early History of Mankind, 208; Bunsen’s Universal History, i. 409.