A Manual of the Malay language / With an Introductory Sketch of the Sanskrit Element in Malay

by Sir William Edward Maxwell

On the Words Sudah and Habis.

Substantives.

a lock, kunchi. a key, anak kunchi. accounts, kira-kira. skill, ka-pandei-an. anger, ka-marah-an. small-pox, ka-tumboh-an. loss, rugi. disease, penyakit.

an egg, tĕlor. an axe, kapak. the foot, kaki. cold (in the head), sardi. dagger, kris, kris. rocks, reef, karang. a fine, denda. blemish, chachat.

Verbs.

to lock, kunchi-kan. to try, attempt, choba. to expend, bĕlanja. to be silent, diam. to break, pechah. to stab, tikam. to beat, pukul. to be destroyed, binasa.

to burn, bakar; burnt, ter-bakar. to be angry, marah. to loose, lepas; loosed ter-lepas. to disobey, bantah. to cheat, tipu. to be damaged, rosak. to rob, samun. to bite (as a snake), pagut.

Adjectives.

guilty, salah. black, hitam. slow, lambat.

rotten, busuk. severe, tĕrok. fit, suitable, probable, harus.

Adverbs.

quickly, lăkas.

slowly, perlahan.

Sudah is classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to serve as a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It is translateable, according to the context, by the words and phrases, has, had; has, have, and had been, or become; done, finished, completed, &c.