BLUE & WHITE NILE GAUGES
FLOOD OF 1904.

Lith. Sur. Dep. Cairo.

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In this reach the Nile has a maximum range of 81⁄2 metres and an ordinary range of 7 metres.

Twenty-four kilometres downstream of the Atbara junction is Berber, and 45 kilometres downstream of Berber is the beginning of the 5th cataract, which has a length of 160 kilometres and a drop of 55 metres with three principal rapids, the Solimania, Baggâra and Mograt. The village of Abu Hamed is situated at the foot of this Cataract. Between Abu Hamed and Dongola is the 4th Cataract, which begins at a point 97 kilometres downstream of Abu Hamed, and has a length of 110 kilometres with a drop of 49 metres. In this series of rapids are the Um Dâras and Guerendid. Between the 4th and 3rd Cataracts is a reach of 313 kilometres on a slope 1⁄12000. On this reach is the town of Dongola. The 3rd Cataract has a length of 72 kilometres and a drop of 11 metres with the Hannek and Kaibâr rapids, surveyed and levelled by De Gottberg in 1857. Upstream of the Hannek rapid, on the left bank of the Nile, is the termination of the long depression in the deserts which goes by the name of the Wady-el-Kab and is considered by many as lower than the Nile valley. Between the 3rd and 2nd Cataracts is an ordinary reach of 118 kilometres. West of this part of the Nile are the Selima Wells and according to some travellers an old abandoned course of the Nile slightly above the present high level of the river. This waterless river is said to terminate in the Oasis of Berys which is separated from the Khargeh Oasis by a limestone ridge.

The 2nd Cataract, known as the “Batn-el-Haggar” or “Belly of Stone,” has a length of 200 kilometres and a drop of 66 metres with the rapids of Amâra, Dal, Semna and Abka. At Semna are the rocks where Lepsius discovered the Nile gauges cut by one of the Pharaohs some 4,000 years ago. The Nile flood recorded there is 8 metres higher than any flood of to-day. As the Nile at Semna could be very easily barred by a dam, it struck me when I was there in 1892 that probably King Amenemhat (of Lake Mœris fame) had tried to bar the river with a dam in the hope of creating a reservoir. At Wady Halfa, near the foot of the 2nd Cataract, a masonry gauge divided into metres has been erected and read since 1877. Its accidental zero is R. L. 116.69 and the mean low-water level, or true zero, is R. L. 117.89. Between the 1st and 2nd Cataracts, the Nile has a length of 345 kilometres and a slope of 1⁄12500. The mean width of the river is 500 metres, and the mean depths in flood and summer are 9 and 2 metres. The velocity in summer falls to 50 centimetres per second and rises to 2 metres per second in flood. The river in this reach is generally within sandstone, and the greater part is provided with gigantic spurs on both banks. These spurs perform the double work of collecting soil on the sides in flood and training the river in summer. They were probably put up by the great Rameses 3,000 years ago, as some of the most massive of them have evidently been constructed to turn the river on a curve out of its natural channel on to the opposite side in order to secure deep water in front of Rameses’ temple of Jerf Husain (“Jerf” means steep, scoured bank). The spurs have been constructed with care, and as the courses of roughly-dressed stone can be examined at fairly low water (I have never seen them at absolutely low water) it is evident that there has been no great degradation of the bed during the last 2,000 or 3,000 years. The first, or Assuân Cataract, has a drop of 5 metres on a length of 5 kilometres.

From Khartoum to Assuân, on a total length of 1809 kilometres, there are 565 kilometres of so-called cataracts with a total drop of 192 metres, and 1,244 kilometres of ordinary channel with a total drop of 103 metres.

At the head of the 1st Cataract is the Assuân dam, regulated on for the first time in October 1902. It has 140 openings of 2 metres × 7 metres and 40 openings of 2 metres × 31⁄2 metres.

At the foot of the 1st Cataract, opposite the town of Assuân, on the Island of Elephantine, has stood a Nile gauge from very ancient times. An officer belonging to the Roman garrison in the time of the Emperor Severus marked an extraordinarily high flood on the gauge. The maximum flood-mark at the time of the visit of Napoleon’s French savants was however 2.11 metres higher than the above. As the middle of Severus’ reign was A.D. 200, and the visit of French savants A. D. 1800, they concluded that the bed and banks of the Nile had risen 2.11 metres in 1600 years or 0.132 metres per 100 years. The new gauge divided into cubits and twenty-fourths was erected in 1869 and has been recorded daily since then (a cubit = 54 centimetres). The accidental zero of the gauge is R. L. 84.16. The mean low-water level or true zero is R. L. 85.00.