ORCHIS LATIFOLIA. L.
The Marsh Orchis. L’Orchis à Feuilles Larges. Breitblättriges Knabenkraut.
The Lady’s Slipper
(CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS)
This is one of the most striking plants of the Swiss flora, and while nowhere common is pretty widely distributed in the limestone districts of the Alps. It is a plant of some size, perhaps 12 to 24 inches in height, and grows in stony woods from the lower mountain region up to 6500 feet. One to three large yellow flowers are borne by each plant. Their method of fertilisation is of exceptional interest. Close to the attachment of the yellow slipper-shaped petal to the rest of the flower is a projection bearing on each side a stigmatic surface below and a mass of pollen above. The large yellow petal is smooth inside and has overhanging edges, rather like those of the familiar beetle-trap that is used for catching cockroaches, and as we shall see in a moment it acts in a similar manner. There is no honey in the flower, and it is not quite clear what the small bees that have been seen visiting it go there for. But at any rate when they once get in they have the greatest possible difficulty in getting out again, and only succeed in doing so by climbing up the attached side of the flower where the edges are not overhanging, that is on either side of the central projection. In doing this they are sure to brush first against the stigmatic surface, leaving behind some of the pollen they may chance to have sticking to them, and then against the viscid mass of pollen, some of which is sure to become attached to them. This process has been actually observed by Dr Herman Müller in the Alps.
The Lady’s Slipper Orchid is found also in the Jura, Tyrol, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, in certain parts of Central and Southern Germany, and even in the North of England. It is everywhere rather rare, but specially so in this country. It flowers in May and June, and is sure to be easily recognised, for there is no other plant in the least like it.
No doubt such names as the Lady’s Slipper, Lady’s Mantle, and Lady’s-Tresses refer to the dedication of the plant to the Virgin in mediæval times. The French name, “Sabot de Vénus,” refers to a very different personage. A comparison between the English, French, German, and the scientific names, for the last of which Linneus is responsible, is a good example of the way in which the goddess Venus and the Virgin Mary were often confounded with one another in the early days.
Plate XXXVII.
CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS. L.