Anterior view of the bones forming the ankle-joint.
1. Lower end of the tibia; 2. production of the tibia, forming
the inner ankle; 3. lower end of the fibula, forming the
outer ankle; 4. upper part of the astragalus: these three
bones form the ankle-joint; 5 5 5, other bones of the tarsus;
6 6 6 6 6 metatarsal bones.
Posterior view of the bones forming the ankle-joint.
1. Lower end of the tibia; 2. lower end of the fibula; 3. internal
malleolus or ankle; 4. external malleolus or ankle;
5. one of the tarsal bones, called the astragalus, with which
the tibia and fibula are articulated; 6. the os calcis or heel.
193. The patella, or knee-pan (fig. XC. 5), is a light but strong bone, of the figure of the heart as painted on playing-cards, placed at the fore part of the joint of the knee, and attached by a strong ligament to the tibia, the motions of which it follows (fig. XC. 5). It is lodged, when the knee is extended, in a cavity formed for it in the femur (fig. XC.); when bent, in a cavity formed for it at the fore part of the knee (fig. XC. 5).
194. The foot consists of the tarsus, metatarsus, and toes.
195. The tarsus, or instep, is composed of seven strong, irregular-shaped bones, disposed like those of the carpus, in a double row (fig. XCII. 4, 5). The arrangement of the tarsal bones is such as to form an arch, the convexity of which above, constitutes the upper surface of the instep (fig. XCII. 4, 5): in the concavity below are lodged the muscles, vessels, and nerves that belong to the sole.
196. The metatarsus consists of five bones, which are placed parallel to each other (fig. XCII. 6), and which extend between the tarsus and the proper bones of the toes (fig. XCII. 6). Their extremities, especially next the tarsus, are large, in order that they may form secure articulations with the tarsal bones (fig. XCII. 6). Their bodies are arched upwards (fig. XCII. 6), slightly concave below, and terminate forwards in small, neat, round heads, which receive the first bones of the toes, and with which they form joints, admitting of a much greater degree of rotation than is ever actually exercised, in consequence of the practice of wearing shoes. The natural, free, wide-spreading form of the toes, and the consequent security with which they grasp the ground, is greatly impaired by this custom. Taken together, the bones of the metatarsus form a second arch corresponding to that of the tarsus (fig. XCVIII. 2).
197. Each toe consists of three distinct bones, called, like those of the fingers, phalanges (fig. XCVIII.), but the great toe, like the thumb, has only two (fig. XCVIII.). That extremity of the first phalanges which is next the metatarsal bones is hollowed into a socket for the head of the metatarsal bones.