A History of North American Birds; Land Birds; Vol. 3 of 3

by Spencer Fullerton Baird; T. M. Brewer; Robert Ridgway

Haliaetus albicilla (Linn.

).
GRAY SEA-EAGLE.

Aquila albicilla, Briss. Orn. I, 427, 1760.—Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. I, 345, 1811.—Benick. Isis, 1824, pp. 878, 892.—Swains. Classif. B. II, 207, 1837.—Kuhl. Beiträg. Zool. pt. i, p. 76 (anat.), 1820.—Tyzenhauz, Rev. Zoöl. 1848, p. 235.—Bailly, Orn. Sav. I, 110, 1853.—S. Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 53, 1842. Vultur albicilla, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 123, 1766. Falco albicilla, Penn. Brit. Zoöl. p. 61, pl. A, 1812; ed. 8vo, 1812, I, 209, pl. xviii.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 253, 1789.—Lath. Ind. Orn. I, 9, 1790; Syn. I, 33, 1781; Supp. I, 11, 1802; Gen. Hist. I, 46 A, 1821.—Odmann, Nov. Act. Soc. Ups, IV, 225.—Shaw, Zoöl. VII, 79, 1812.—Temm. Man. Orn. pt. i, 49; pt. iii, 26, 1820; Tab. Méth. p. 3, 1836.—Kittl. Kupf. Vög. pl. ii, f. 2, 1832.—Brunn. Orn. Bor. p. 3, 1764.—Faber, Prod. Island, Orn. p. 1, 1822.—Naum. Nat. Vög. Deutschl. ed. nov. I, 224, pls. xii, xiii, xiv, 1822; Nachtr. p. 330, pl. ix, f. 17.—Frisch, Vög. Deutschl. pl. lxix, 70, 1739. Haliaëtus albicilla, Cuv. Reg. Anim. (ed. 1), I, 315, 1817; (ed. 2), I, 336, 1829.—Benn. Gard. Zoöl. Soc. II, 33, 1831.—Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur. 1826.—Less. Man. Orn. I, 85, 1828.—Vig. Raffl. Life, p. 648. Selby, Brit. Orn. I, 18, pl. iii, iii^x, 1833.—Gould, B. Eur. pl. x, 1837.—Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 3, 1838; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 19, 1842; Consp. Av. p. 15, 1850; Rev. et Mag. Zoöl. p. 531, 1854.—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. I, p. 111, 1854.—Gray, Gen. B. p. 3; ed. 2, p. 4; fol. sp. 1, pl. vii, fig. 8.—Brehm. Vög. Deutschl. I, 14, pl. iii, f. 1, 1831.—Cass. Birds N. Am. 43, 1858.—Sclat. Pr. Z. S. 1863, 257 (found in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia—this disproven!).—Elliot, Birds N. A. I. Haliaëtus albicilla, Gray, Hand List, I, 16, 1869. Aquila ossifraga, Briss. Orn. I, p. 437 (Juv.), 1760.—Kuhl, Beiträg. Zoöl. pt. i, p. 60, pl. iv, figs. 1, 3, 3; pl. v, f. 1. Falco ossifragus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 124, 1766.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 255, 1789.—Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 12, 1790; Syn. I, 30, 1781; Supp. I, 9, 1802; Gen. Hist. I, 48 (Juv.), 1821.—Daud. Tr. Orn. II, 64, 1800.—Shaw, Zoöl. VII, pl. xviii, 1809.—Raffl. Linn. Tr. VIII, 277 (var.). Aquila leucocephala, Meyer, Taschenb

. Deutsch. Vögelk. p. 16, 1810. Falco melanotus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 254, 1789. Falco albicaudus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 258, 1789. Falco hinularius, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 15, 1790; Syn. I, 39, sp. 16, 1781; Gen. Hist. I, 47 B, 1821.—Shaw, Zoöl. VII, 80, 1809. Falco pygargus, Daud. Tr. Orn. II, 62, 1800. Falco albicilla borealis, Faber, Isis, 1827, p. 56; Prod. Island, Orn. p. 1, 1822. Haliætus nisus, Savig. Descr. Egyp. pt. i, 86, 1809.—Vieill. Faun. Franç. p. 10, pl. v, figs. 1, 2.—Degl. Mém. Soc. Sc. Lille, 1831, p. 213.—Less. Tr. Orn. p. 40, pl. viii, fig. 2, 1831.—Roux, Orn. Prod. I, 16, pl. ix, x, 1825.

Sp. Char. Adult male (56,034, Europe; Schlüter Collection). Plumage almost continuously umber-brown, becoming black on the primaries; on the head and neck approaching pale grayish-brown. Tail (but not the coverts) white, much mottled with dusky at base; shafts of the quills white. Wing-formula, 3–2=4–5–6, 1. Wing, 23.00; tail, 11.50; culmen, 2.20; depth of bill, 1.45; cere, above, .85; tarsus, 3.30; middle toe, 2.50; outer, 2.00; inner, 1.70; posterior, 1.40. Bill and feet yellow.

Young. Head and neck blackish-brown, feathers whitish beneath the surface, the long pencillate feathers of the nape tipped inconspicuously with the same; prevailing color of the upper surface isabella-color (much more reddish than in corresponding age of leucocephalus) each feather with a terminal triangular spot of blackish-brown; tertials more whitish. Secondaries rich dark brown; primaries deep black, their shafts dark brown. Tail brownish-black much spotted with isabella-color, or soiled creamy-white, this occupying most of the inner webs. Breast soiled white, each feather with a conspicuous broad medial stripe of brownish-black; abdomen more fulvous; tibiæ nearly uniform dark brown. Rump nearly uniform vinaceous-fulvous. Bill black. Feet yellow.

Male (56,037, North Europe; Schlütter Coll.). Wing, 26.00; tail, 12.50; culmen, 2.20.

Female (56,039, North of Europe; Schlütter Coll.). Wing, 28.00; tail, 16.00; culmen, 2.45; depth of bill, 1.55; cere above, .70; tarsus, 3.65; middle toe, 3.50.