The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and Technology

by Stanley Isaac Levy

[675] Abstr. Chem. Soc. 1913, 104, ii. 627.

The volumetric methods for the estimation of larger quantities require complete reduction to the trivalent condition. This is best effected by means of zinc and hydrochloric acid, or, where potassium permanganate is to be used, by zinc and sulphuric acid. Precautions must be taken to ensure that reduction is complete; an apparatus suitable for rapid estimations has recently been described by Shimer and Shimer.[676] Where potassium permanganate is employed (Pisani’s method), the iron must be estimated separately by means of a standard solution of titanium trichloride. Knecht and Hibbert[677] titrate directly, after reduction, with a standard solution of a ferric salt, using potassium thiocyanate as indicator; here no correction has to be applied for iron originally present in the solution. The same advantage attaches also to the method of titration by means of methylene blue,[678] a dye reduced to the colourless leuco-base by salts of trivalent titanium, but not affected by ferrous salts.

[676] J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 1912, 31, 955.

[677] Ber. 1903, 36, 1549.

[678] See Hibbert, J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 1909, 28, 190.

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INDEX

• Absorption Spectra, [148]
• Acetate process, [304]
• Acetylacetone derivatives, [135]
• Actinium, [100]
• Aenigmatite, [8], [55]
• Aeschynite, [8], [65]
• Aldebaranium, [205]
• Allanite, [8], [36], [39], [91]
• Alshedite, [54]
• Alvite, [8], [59]
• Anatase, [8], [78]
• Ancylite, [8], [81]
• Anderbergite, [8], [49]
• Annerödite, [9], [61]
• Arc spectra, [151]
• Arfvedsonite, [9], [51]
• Arizonite, [9], [59]
• Arrhenite, [9], [70]
• Astrophyllite, [9], [55]
• Auer mantles, history of, [270]
• Auerbachite, [9], [31]
• Auerlite, [9], [51]
• Baddeleyite, [10], [75]
• Bagrationite, [10], [45]
• Bastnäsite, [10], [81]
• Beckelite, [10], [51]
• Benitoite, [10], [55]
• Beryl, [102]
• Blomstrandine, [10], [68]
• Blomstrandite, [10], [71]
• Bodenite, [11], [42], [45]
• Bragite, [63]
• Brasilite, [76]
• Britholite, [11], [51]
• Bröggerite, [11], [73]
• Brookite, [11], [79]
• Bucklandite, [42]
• Calciothorite, [11], [49]
• Calcite, [2], [38]
• Cappelenite, [11], [51]
• Carbides of rare earth group, [120]
• Carbonates of rare earth group, [130]
• Caryocerite, [12], [51]
• Cassiopeium, [205]
• Cassiterite, [3], [45], [46], [77]
• Castelnaudite, [12], [88]
• Cataplejite, [12], [51]
• Cathode luminescence, [151]
• Celtium, [207]
• Ceria, [111], [117], [118], [161]
• Ceric compounds, [160]
• Cerite, [1], [30]
• Cerium, atomic weight of, [164]
• compounds, applications of, [317]
• detection of, [165]
• estimation of, [166]
• group, history of, [168]
• separation of, [169]
• intermediate oxide of, [162]
• metallic, [115]
• nitrate, extraction from monazite of, [284]
• separation of, [156]
• Cerous compounds, [158]
• Chalcolamprite, [12], [70]
• Chardonnet process, [302]
• Chlorides of rare earth group, [121]
• Chromates of rare earth group, [129]
• Churchite, [12], [80]
• Clamond mantles, [268]
• Cleveite, [13], [73]
• Cordylite, [13], [80]
• Cossyrite, [13]
• Cryptolite, [84]
• Cuprammonium process, [303]
• Crytolite, [13], [49]
• Davidite, [13], [59]
• Delorenzite, [13], [56]
• Derbylite, [13], [59]
• Drummond light, [267]
• Dysanalyte, [14], [71]
• Dysprosium, [199]
• history of, [195]
• separation of, [196]
• Edwardsite, [84]
• Elpidite, [14], [45]
• Endeiolite, [14], [70]
• Equivalent weight determination, [153]
• Erbium, atomic weight of, [202]
• detection of, [203]
• group, [199]
• history of, [194], [201]
• salts of, [202]
• separation of, [196]
• Erdmannite, [14], [45]
• Eremite, [84]
• Erikite, [14], [51]
• Ethylsulphates of rare earth group, [127]
• Eucolyte, [14], [50]
• Eucolyte-Titanite, [54]
• Eucrasite, [15], [49]
• Eudialite, [15], [50]
• Europium, atomic weight of, [188]
• compounds of, [188]
• history of, [185]
• Euxenite, [15], [66], [68]
• Eytlandite, [60]
• Fahnehjelm mantles, [269]
• Fergusonite, [15], [38], [63], [90]
• Ferrocyanides of rare earth group, [123]
• Ferro-titanium, [326]
• Florencite, [15], [51]
• Fluocerite, [15], [89]
• Fluorides of rare earth group, [120]
• Fluorspar, [2], [89], [102]
• Formates of rare earth group, [133]
• Freyalite, [16], [49]
• Gadolinite, [1], [16], [33], [91]
• Gadolinium, atomic weight of, [190]
• compounds of, [190]
• detection of, [191]
• history of, [184], [189]
• Geikielite, [16], [59]
• Gorceixite, [16], [88]
• Greenovite, [54]
• Gröthite, [26], [54]
• Guarinite, [16], [51]
• Gummite, [73]
• Hainite, [16], [70]
• Halogen oxy-salts of rare earth group, [123]
• Harmatite, [10], [81]
• Helium ratio, [104], [106]
• Hellandite, [16], [42]
• Hiortdahlite, [17], [51]
• Hjelmite, [17], [64]
• Holmium, compounds of, [201]
• history of, [195]
• separation of, [196]
• Homilite, [17], [51]
• Hussakite, [17], [87]
• Hydrides of rare earth groups, [116]
• Hydrotitanite, [17], [59]
• Hydroxides of rare earth groups, [116]
• Illuminating power of gas, [266]
• of mantles, [294]
• Ilmenite, [17], [57], [90]
• Ilmenorutile, [17], [71]
• Johnstrupite, [17], [55]
• Kainosite, [18], [45]
• Karyocerite, [12]
• Kataplejite, [12], [51]
• Keilhauite, [18], [52]
• Kischtimite, [18], [81]
• Knopite, [18], [59]
• Kochelite, [18], [64]
• Koppite, [18], [64]
• Lanthanite, [18], [79]
• Lanthanum, atomic weight of, [173]
• compounds of, [172]
• detection of, [173]
• metallic, [115], [171]
• separation of, [170]
• Lavenite, [19], [51]
• Lead, [105], [107]
• Lederite, [54]
• Leucosphenite, [19], [55]
• Leucoxene, [55]
• Lewisite, [19], [59]
• Lighting devices, [315]
• Ligurite, [54]
• Loranskite, [19], [64]
• Lorenzenite, [19], [55]
• Lutecium, [205]
• Mackintoshite, [19], [79]
• Magnetic susceptibility, [152]
• Malacone, [19], [49]
• Mauzeliite, [20], [59]
• Melanocerite, [20], [51]
• Menaccannite, [57]
• Mengite, [84]
• Mesothorium, [252], [276]
• Metals of rare earth group, [114]
• Michaelsonite, [14]
• Microlite, [20], [64]
• Misch metal, [115], [315]
• Molengraafite, [20], [55]
• Monazite, [4], [20], [82]
• sands, [83], [90]
• technical treatment of, [276]
• Mosandrite, [20], [55]
• Muromontite, [20], [42], [45]
• Naegite, [31], [45], [49]
• Narsarsukite, [21], [55]
• Neodymium, atomic weight of, [179]
• detection of, [180]
• metallic, [115], [177]
• oxides, [177]
• salts, [178]
• Neoytterbium, [206]
• Neptunite, [21], [55]
• Nernst lamp, [320]
• Nitrates of rare earth group, [128]
• Nitrides of rare earth group, [116]
• Nivenite, [21], [73]
• Nohlite, [21], [64]
• Octahedrite, [8], [78]
• Oerstedite, [21], [49]
• Oisanite, [78]
• Orangite, [21], [45]
• Organic salts of rare earth group, [133]
• Orthite, [8], [39]
• Oxalates of rare earth group, [131]
• Oxides of rare earth group, [115], [117]
• Parisite, [21], [80]
• Pauly process, [303]
• Perovskite, [14], [22], [59]
• Peroxides of rare earth group, [117]
• Pertitanates, [235]
• Phosphates of rare earth group, [129]
• Phthalates of rare earth group, [134]
• Picroilmenite, [16], [59]
• Pictite, [54]
• Pilbarite, [22], [49]
• Pitchblende, [22], [72]
• Platinocyanides of rare earth group, 123
• Platinum mantles, [268]
• Plumboniobite, [22], [62]
• Polonium, [99]
• Polycrase, [22], [66]
• Praseodymium—
• atomic weight of, [175]
• compounds of, [174]
• detection of, [176]
• history of, [168]
• metallic, [115], [174]
• separation of, [170]
• Priorite, [22], [66]
• Pseudobrookite, [22], [59]
• Pyrochlore, [23], [71]
• Pyromorphite, [101]
• Pyrophanite, [23], [59]
• Pyrophoric alloys, [314]
• Radioactivity, [99]
• Radiothorium, [74], [99], [253]
• Ramie, mantles of, [291]
• Rare earth mixtures, examination of, [147]
• Rare earths—
• extraction of, from minerals, [147]
• and periodic classification, [135]
• Retzian, [23], [88]
• Rhabdophane, [23], [88]
• Rhönite, [23], [55]
• Rinkite, [23], [55]
• Risörite, [23], [38], [69], [102]
• Rogersite, [24], [64]
• Rosenbuschite, [24], [55]
• Rowlandite, [24], [55]
• Rutile, [24], [45], [77], [90]
• Samarium, atomic weight of, [182]
• detection of, [183]
• history of, [168]
• metallic, [115], [181]
• salts of, [182]
• separation of, [171]
• Samarskite, [24], [38], [60], [91]
• Scandium, atomic weight of, [217]
• chemical relations of, [214]
• compounds of, [215]
• detection of, [218]
• history of, [194], [213]
• occurrence of, [3]
• separation of, [186]
• Schorlomite, [24], [55]
• Scovillite, [23], [88]
• Selenates of rare earth group, [128]
• Selenites of rare earth group, [128]
• Semelene, [54]
• Senaite, [24], [59]
• Silicofluorides of rare earth group, [121]
• Sipylite, [24], [39], [63]
• Spark spectra, [150]
• Sphene, [26], [52], [90], [107]
• Steenstrupine, [25], [51]
• Strüverite, [25], [71]
• Sulphates of rare earth group, [124]
• Sulphides of rare earth group, [119]
• Sulphites of rare earth group, [127]
• Synchisite, [81]
• Tachyaphaltite, [25], [49]
• Tautolite, [42]
• Tengerite, [25], [81]
• Terbium, atomic weight of, [192]
• detection of, [193]
• group, chemical relations of, [185]
• history of, [184]
• separation of, [186]
• history of, [184], [191]
• salts of, [192]
• Thalénite, [25], [43], [102]
• Thiosulphates of rare earth group, [127]
• Thorianite, [25], [73], [107], [251]
• Thorite, [25], [45], [108], [251]
• Thorium, atomic weight of, [262]
• chemical relations of, [251]
• compounds of, [254]
• detection of, [263]
• estimation of, [285]
• extraction of, [251], [275], [283]
• group relations of, [220]
• metallic, [253]
• radiochemistry of, [252]
• separation of, [277]
• sulphate purification of, [279]
• Thorogummite, [26], [49]
• Thortveitite, [26], [44]
• Thulium, history of, [194], [203]
• individuality of, [204]
• salts of, [204]
• separation of, [196]
• Titanates, [234]
• Titaniferous ironstone, [57]
• Titanite, [26], [52], [90]
• Titanium, atomic weight of, [236]
• compounds for fixation of nitrogen, [337]
• compounds of, in dyeing, [333]
• compounds of divalent, [225]
• compounds of trivalent, [226]
• compounds of tetravalent, [230]
• cyanonitride, [224]
• detection of, [236]
• electrodes, [331]
• estimation of, [338]
• group relations of, [219]
• metallic, [223]
• occurrence and extraction of, [222]
• olivine, [26], [55]
• steels, [329]
• uses of, in metallurgy, [327], [330]
• Tritomite, [26], [51]
• Tscheffkinite, [26], [55]
• Tungsten, [1], [31]
• Turnerite, [83]
• Tyrite, [63]
• Tysonite, [26], [89]
• Uhligite, [27], [59]
• Uraninite, [29], [52]
• Uranosphærite, [73]
• Urano-tantalite, [60]
• Vasite, [42]
• Vietenghfiote, [27], [64]
• Viscose process, [304]
• Warwickite, [27], [59]
• Weibyite, [27], [81]
• Wiikite, [27], [70]
• Wöhlerite, [28], [70]
• Wolframite, [2], [214]
• Xenotime, [28], [45], [86], [90], [207]
• Ytterbia, [1], [206]
• Ytterbite, [1], [33]
• Ytterbium, atomic weight of, [206]
• detection of, [207]
• history of, [194], [205]
• salts of, [206]
• separation of, [196], [205]
• Yttria, [1], [35], [111], [209]
• Yttrialite, [28], [34], [45]
• Yttrium, atomic weight of, [211]
• detection of, [212]
• group, history of, [194]
• separation of, [195]
• history of, [194], [208]
• salts of, [210]
• separation of, [196], [205]
• Yttrocerite, [28], [88]
• Ythrocrasite, [28], [56]
• Ythrofluirite, [28], [89]
• Yttrofluorite, [28], [89]
• Yttrogarnet, [28], [45]
• Yttrogummite, [28], [49]
• Yttroilmenite, [60]
• Yttrotantalite, [29], [62]
• Yttrotitanite, [18], [52]
• Zircon, [29], [38], [45], [47], [90], [107]
• Zirconia, uses of, [323]
• Zirconium, atomic weight of, [249]
• compounds of, [249]
• detection of, [242]
• estimation of, [250]
• extraction of, [239]
• group, relations of, [219], [240]
• history of, [238]
• industrial applications of, [321]
• Zirkelite, [29], [79]

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