The Rare Earths: Their Occurrence, Chemistry, and Technology

by Stanley Isaac Levy

S. I. LEVY.

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CONTENTS

PART I OCCURRENCE OF THE RARE EARTHS
CHAPTER		PAGE
I.	The Nature of the Minerals and their Mode of Occurrence		[1]
II.	The Silicates		[30]
	(a)	Silicates of Yttrium and Cerium Metals—Cerite; Gadolinite, Glowing of Minerals; Allanite, Hellandite,Thalénite and Thortveitite; etc.
	(b)	Silicates of Thorium and Zirconium—Thorite, Zircon, Naegite; etc.
	(c)	Mixed Silicates—Eudialyte, Beckelite; etc.
III.	The Titano-silicates and Titanates		[52]
	(a)	Titano-silicates—Yttrotitanite, Titanite; etc.
	(b)	Titanates—Yttrocrasite, Delorenzite, Ilmenite; etc.
IV.	The Tantalo-Columbates		[60]
	(a)	Containing no Titanium Dioxide—Samarskite (Annerödite), Plumboniobite, Yttrotantalite, Fergusonite,Sipylite; etc.
	(b)	Containing Titanium Dioxide—Æschynite; the isodimorphous series Euxenite, Polycrase, Blomstrandine,Priorite; Risörite, Wiikite; etc.
V.	The Oxides and Carbonates		[72]
	(a)	Oxides—Uraninite, Thorianite, Baddeleyite; Rutile, Anatase and Brookite; etc.
	(b)	Carbonates—Lanthanite; Parisite (Synchisite), Cordylite; etc.
VI.	The Phosphates and Halides		[82]
	(a)	Phosphates—Monazite, Xenotime (Hussakite); etc.
	(b)	Halides—Yttrocerite, Yttrofluorite; etc.
VII.	The Monazite Sands		[90]
VIII.	Radioactivity of the Minerals		[99]
PART II THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS
IX.	General Properties of the Cerium and Yttrium Groups		[111]
X.	General Methods of Separation		[142]
XI.	The Cerium Group—Cerium		[156]
XII.	The Cerium Group (continued)—Lanthanum, Praseodymium, Neodymium, andSamarium		[168]
XIII.	The Terbium Group		[184]
XIV.	The Erbium and Ytterbium Groups—Yttrium and Scandium		[194]
XV.	The Group IVa Elements—Titanium		[219]
XVI.	The Group IVa Elements (continued)—Zirconium and Thorium		[238]
PART III THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE ELEMENTS
XVII.	The Incandescent Mantle Industry—Historical and General Introduction		[265]
XVIII.	The Chemical Treatment of Monazite		[275]
XIX.	The Manufacture of Mantles from Cotton and Ramie		[291]
XX.	Artificial Silk—its Production and Use in the Mantle Industry		[301]
XXI.	Other Technological Uses of the Cerium and Yttrium Elements, Zirconium andThorium		[313]
XXII.	The Industrial Applications of Titanium and its Compounds		[325]
	Index		[342]

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TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED IN THE REFERENCES

Abstr. Chem. Soc.	Abstracts in Journal of the Chemical Society.
Amer. Chem. J.	American Chemical Journal.
Amer. J. Sci.	American Journal of Science.
Annalen	Justus Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie.
Ann. Chim. Phys.	Annales de Chimie et de Physique.
Astrophys. J.	Astrophysical Journal.
Ber.	Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft.
Berz. Jahres.	Berzelius’ Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Chemie und Mineralogie.
Bull. Imp. Inst.	Bulletin of the Imperial Institute.
Bull. Soc. chim.	Bulletin de la Société chimique de France.
Bull. Soc. franc. Min.	Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie.
Bull. Soc. franc. Photog.	Bulletin de la Société française de Photographie.
Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey	Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey.
Cass. Mag.	Cassier’s Magazine.
Centr. Min.	Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie.
Chem. Eng.	Chemical Engineer.
Chem. Ind.	Chemische Industrie.
Chem. News	Chemical News.
Chem. Zeitg.	Chemiker Zeitung.
Chem. Zentr.	Chemisches Zentralblatt.
Compt. rend.	Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences.
Dingl. Polyt. J.	Dingler’s Polytechnisches Journal.
D. R. P.	Deutsche Reichspatentschrift.
E.	English Patent Specification.
Elect. chem. Ind.	Electrochemical Industry (since 1904, Electrochemical and Metallurgical Industry).
F.	Brevet d’Invention de la République Française.
J. Amer. Chem. Soc.	Journal of the American Chemical Society.
J. Gasbel.	Journal für Gasbeleuchtung.
J. Gaslighting	Journal of Gaslighting.
J. Ind. Eng. Chem.	Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.
J. pr. Chem.	Journal für practische Chemie.
J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc.	Journal of the Physical and Chemical Society of Russia.
J. Soc. Chem. Ind.	Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.
Met. Chem. Eng.	Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering.
Min. Mag.	Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society.
Monats.	Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Theile anderer Wissenschaften.
Phil. Mag.	Philosophical Magazine.
Phil. Trans.	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.
Pogg. Ann.	Poggendorff’s Annalen der Physik und Chemie.
Proc. Amer. Acad.	Proceedings of the American Academy.
Proc. Chem. Soc.	Proceedings of the Chemical Society.
Proc. Roy. Soc.	Proceedings of the Royal Society.
Prog. Age	Progressive Age (now Gas Age).
Publ. Astrophys. Observ. Potsdam	Publikationen des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums zu Potsdam.
Schweigg.	J. Schweigger’s Journal für Chemie und Physik.
Sitzungsber. kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien	Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlich Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien.
Sitzungsber. königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	Sitzungsberichte der königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.
Stahl Eisen	Stahl und Eisen.
Trans. Amer. El. chem. Soc.	Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society.
Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng.	Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.
Trans. Chem. Soc.	Transactions of the Chemical Society.
Tsch. Min. Mitt.	Tschermak’s Mineralogische Mittheilungen.
U. S. Geol. Survey	United States Geological Survey—Mineral Resources of the United States.
U. S. P.	United States Patent Specification.
Zeitsch. anal. Chem.	Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie.
Zeitsch. angew. Chem.	Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie.
Zeitsch. anorg. Chem.	Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie.
Zeitsch. Elektrochem.	Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie.
Zeitsch. Kryst. Min.	Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie.
Zeitsch. physikal. Chem.	Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, Stöchiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre.
Zeitsch. pr. Geol.	Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie.
Zeitsch. wiss. Photochem.	Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, Photophysik und Photochemie.

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INTRODUCTION
By Sir William Crookes, O.M., F.E.S.