[1] "On peut s'assurer de l'innocuité de ce premier temps de l'expérience en examinant l'animal, qui n'est nullement troublé, qui marche et mange comme de coutume. En comptant le chiffre du pouls, on trouve quelquefois une légère accéleration, surtout dans les premiers instants; mais les mouvements du cœur sont toujours réguliers, et donnent, à l'auscultation, des bruits d'un caractère normal." (Marey, loc. cit. p. 63.)
[2] Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion, by William Beaumont, M.D.; Edinburgh, 1838.
[3] Reynolds' System of Medicine, vol. v., art. "Diabetes Mellitus."
[4] "An Account of the Bones of Animals being changed to a Red Colour by Aliment only," by John Belchier, F.R.S., Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 1735-36. There is a letter from Sir Hans Sloane, then President of the Royal Society, to M. Geoffroy, member of the French Academy:—"M. Belchier, chirurgien, membre de cette Société, dînant un jour chez un Teinturier qui travaille en Toiles peintes, remarqua que dans un Porc frais qu'on avoit servi sur table, et dont la chair étoit de bon goût, les os étoient rouges. Il demanda la cause d'un effet si singulier, et on lui dit que ces sortes de Teinturiers se servoient de la racine de Rubia Tinctorum, ou garence, pour fixer les couleurs déjà imprimées sur les Toiles de coton, qu'on appelle en Angleterre callicoes." This passage of dye into the bones of animals had been noted so far back as 1573, by Antoine Mizald, a doctor in Paris—Erythrodanum, vulgo rubia tinctorum, ossa pecudum rubenti et sandycino colore imbuit.
[5] From an address on Galen, given by Sir Victor Horsley before the Medical Society of the Middlesex Hospital. See Middlesex Hospital Journal, May 1899.
[6] This paper includes an Experimental Enquiry into the Action of these Muscles, giving an account of an experiment on the eye.
[7] When Flourens died, Claude Bernard was appointed to his place in the French Academy; and, in the Discours de Reception (May 27, 1869), said, "It is twenty-two years since the discovery of anæsthesia by ether came to us from the New World, and spread rapidly over Europe. M. Flourens was the first man who showed that chloroform is more active than ether."
[8] A full account of this discovery, and of its relation to the experiments of Brown Séquard, Waller, and Budge, is given by Sir Michael Foster in his life of Claude Bernard; and the question of priority between Bernard and Brown Séquard need not be considered here, for the experimental method was the only way open to either of them. For an account of the work done, before Bernard, in this field of physiology, see Prof. Stirling's admirable and learned monograph, Some Apostles of Physiology (Waterlow & Sons, London, 1902), p. 104.
[9] For an account of Willis' work on the nervous system, see Sir Victor Horsley's Fullerian Lectures, 1891. Willis was the first, or one of the first, to recognise the fact that the cerebral ventricles are nothing more than lymph-cavities.
[10] That the surface of the brain is not sensitive of such stimulation, that it does not perceive its own substance, was known to Aristotle. The fact is so familiar that there is no need to quote evidence of it, beyond that of Sir Charles Bell: "I have had my finger deep in the anterior lobes of the brain, when the patient, being at the time acutely sensible, and capable of expressing himself, complained only of the integument."