Capital and main towns.The capital and seat of Government of the country is Khartoum, situated at the junction of the White and Blue Niles (lat. 15° 36′, long. 32° 32′), and distant, as the crow flies, about 1,250 miles from the Mediterranean Sea. (For description see Chap. II, [p. 49.])
The other chief towns of the country are Khartoum North (formerly termed Halfaya) and Omdurman (close to Khartoum), Halfa, Merowe, Berber, Wad Medani, Kassala, Suakin, Dueim, and El Obeid. (Detailed descriptions will be found in the various chapters dealing with them.)
ADMINISTRATION.
The Sudan is administered by a Governor-General (who is at present also Sirdar of the Egyptian Army) and under him by Mudirs (governors of provinces), assisted by inspectors and deputy inspectors[5] (British: military and civilian), and by Mamurs (Egyptian or Native officers).
The text of the agreement of 1899, on which the administration is based, provides for the administration of the territory south of the 22nd parallel of latitude by a Governor-General, appointed by Egypt with the assent of Great Britain, and declares the general principles in accordance with which the administration shall be carried on. The British and Egyptian flags shall be used together; laws shall be made by proclamation; no duties shall be levied on imports from Egypt, and duties on imports from other countries shall not exceed those levied in Egypt; the import and export of slaves is prohibited, and special attention shall be paid to the Brussels Act of 1890 respecting the import and export of arms, ammunition, and spirits.
The “Capitulations” are not in force in the Sudan, nor are there any foreign Consuls.
The Sudan is divided into eight first class and four second class Provinces, as follows:—
| Province. | Chief Town. |
|---|---|
| First Class. | |
| Bahr El Ghazal | Wau |
| Berber | El Damer |
| Dongola | Merowe |
| Kassala | Kassala |
| Khartoum | Khartoum |
| Kordofan | El Obeid |
| Sennar | Senga |
| Upper Nile | Kodok |
| Second Class. | |
| Halfa | Halfa |
| Suakin | Suakin |
| Gezira (Blue Nile) | Wad Medaui |
| White Nile | Dueim |
Each Province is divided into a varying number of Districts, each of which is under an Egyptian or native Mamur, as follows:—
| Province. | District | |
|---|---|---|
| First Class. | ||
| Bahr El Ghazal | ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ | Deim Zubeir |
| Wau | ||
| Rumbek | ||
| Berber | ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ | Robatab |
| Berber Town | ||
| „ District | ||
| El Damer | ||
| Shendi | ||
| Dongola | ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ | Argo |
| Dongola | ||
| Khandak | ||
| Debba | ||
| Korti | ||
| Merowe | ||
| Kassala | ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ | Kassala |
| Gedaref | ||
| Gallabat | ||
| Khartoum | ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ | Khartoum |
| Omdurman | ||
| Wad Ramla | ||
| Kordofan | ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ | El Obeid |
| Bara | ||
| Khursi (Um Dam) | ||
| Taiara | ||
| Nahud | ||
| Dilling | ||
| Tendik | ||
| Nuba Mountains (Talodi) | ||
| Sennar | ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ | Sennar |
| Senga | ||
| Abu Naama | ||
| Dinder (Abu Hashim) | ||
| Roseires | ||
| Dar Fung (Soda) | ||
| Upper Nile | ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ | Renk |
| Kodok | ||
| Taufikia | ||
| Sobat | ||
| Mongalla | ||
| Second Class. | ||
| Gezira (Blue Nile) | ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ | Abu Deleig |
| Kamlin | ||
| Rufaa | ||
| Mesellemia | ||
| Wad Medani | ||
| Managil | ||
| Halfa | ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ | Halfa |
| Mahas (Dalgo) | ||
| Sukkot (Kosha) | ||
| Suakin | ⎰ ⎱ | Suakin |
| Tokar | ||
| White Nile | ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ | Geteina |
| Dueim | ||
| Kawa | ||
| Gedid | ||