Yoga as philosophy and religion

by Surendranath Dasgupta

The Yoga point of view.—It will be seen that strictly speaking the Yoga view does not agree with any one of these views though it approaches nearer to the Anvitābhidhāna view than to the Abhihitānvaya view. For according to the Yoga view the idea of the sentence is the only true thing; words only serve to manifest this idea but have themselves no meaning. The division of a sentence into the component word-conceptions is only an imaginary analysis—an afterthought.

Confusion the cause of verbal cognition.—According to Patañjali’s view verbal cognition proceeds only from a confusion of the letter-form sounds (which are perceived in the sense of hearing), the śabda-sphoṭa which is manifested in the buddhi, and the object which exists in the external world. These three though altogether distinct from one another yet appear to be unified on account of the saṅketa or sign, so that the letter-form sounds, the śabda-sphoṭa, and the thing, can never be distinguished from one another. Of course knowledge can arise even in those cases where there is no actual external object, simply by virtue of the manifesting power of the letter-form sounds. This saṅketa is again defined as the confusion of words and their meanings through memory, so that it appears that what a word is, so is its denoted object, and what a denoted word is, so is its object. Convention is a manifestation of memory of the nature of mutual confusion of words and their meanings. This object is the same as this word, and this word is the same as this object. Thus there is no actual unity of words and their objects: such unity is imaginary and due to beginningless tradition. This view may well be contrasted with Nyāya, according to which the convention of works as signifying objects is due to the will of God.

INDEX

• abhihitānvayavāda, [186]
• abhiniveśa, [101], [104]
• abhivyaktikāraṇa, [133]
• abhyāsa, [100], [101], [126], [128], [129], [130], [138], [143], [149], [162], [177]
• Absorption, [102]
• Abstraction, [135], [136], [148], [154], [174]
• Accessories, [135], [137], [145]
• Accidental variation, [77]
• acit, [162]
• Actual, [73]
• Actuality, [83]
• adharma, [85], [86], [88], [102], [106], [162]
• adhikārin, [123]
• adṛshṭajanmavedanīya, [112]
• adṛshṭa-janmavedanīya karma, [105], [110], [111]
• advaita, [14]
• Advaita-Brahmasiddhi, [14]
• Afflictions, [100], [103], [104], [105], [123], [124], [128], [143], [173] n., [176], [177], [178]
• Agent, [4]
• Aggregation, [168]
• Agreement, [33]
• ahaṃkāra, [38], [40], [41], [53], [56], [58], [61], [82], [86], [87], [93]
• ahaṃkāra-sāttvika, rājasa, tāmasa, [55]
• ahiṃsā, [136], [138], [139], [144]
• Ahirbudhnyasaṃhitā, [10]
• akhyāti, [164]
• aklishṭa, [101]
• aklishṭavṛtti, [128]
• aliṇga, [7], [41], [42], [62], [118]
• anādisaṃyoga, [28]
• anāśrita, [29] n.
• anekabhavika, [107], [112], [113]
• Anger, [141]
• anirvācyā, [28]
• aniyatavipāka, [112]
• aniyatavipāka-adṛshṭajanmavedanīya, [113]
• antaḥkaraṇa, [43] n.
• anukāreṇa paśyati, [21]
• anupaśya, [21]
• anuvrata, [139]
• anuvyavasāya, [176]
• anvaya, [166], [167]
• anvayikāraṇa, [61]
• anvitābhidhānavāda, [186]
• anvitābhidhānavāda, Yoga view, near to, [186]
• anyābhyāṃ ahaṃkārābhyām svakāryyopajanane rājasāhaṃkāraḥ sahakārībhavati, [55]
• anyathākhyāti, [164], [173] n.
• anyatvakāraṇa, [134]
• anyonyamithunāḥ sarvve naishāmādisamprayogo viprayogo vā úpalabhyate, [7]
• aṅga, [145]
• aṇu, [43] n., [65]
• ap, [74], [75], [166], [167]
• ap atom, [65], [66]
• apara vairāgya, [127], [128]
• aparigraha, [141]
• apavarga, [29]
• apoha, [101], [176]
• Appearance, [36]
• apuṇya karma, [88]
• Aristotle, [1], [13]
• artha, [150]
• arthavattva, [166], [167]
• arthena svakīyayā grāhyaśaktyā vijñānamajani, [33]
• asamprajñāta, [124], [149]
• asamprajñāta samādhi, [125]
• Asceticism, [136], [139], [142], [144]
• asmitā, [51], [59], [100], [104], [118], [153], [154], [172], [175]
• asmitā-ego, [51]
• asmitāmātra, [50], [51], [59], [160]
• asmitānugata, [125], [153], [154]
• asmītyetāvanmātrākāratvādasmitā, [153]
• Assimilation, [101]
• Association of ideas, [37]
• asteya, [141], [144]
• Astral body, [93]
• aśukla, [140]
• aśuklākṛshṇa, [102], [103], [111]
• Atheistic, [90]
• Atomic change as unit of time, [43]
• Atoms, [4], [38], [39], [43], [65], [72], [74], [77], [81], [152], [167];
  • continual change, [71]
• Attachment, [99], [100], [176], [177]
• Avariciousness, [136], [141]
• avasthā, [76]
• avasthāpariṇāma, [71], [73], [82], [156], [165]
• Aversion, [98], [176], [177]
• avibhāgaprāptāviva, [17]
• avidyā, [2], [11], [12], [97], [99], [100], [101], [104], [114], [115], [116], [120], [123], [128], [131], [159], [172], [173] n., [178];
  • its definition, [11];
  • uprooting of, [115], [116]
• avidyā of yoga and Sāṃkhya, [164]
• aviśesha, [7], [7] n., [40], [41], [60], [61], [62], [81], [82], [84], [165]
• aviśesheṇopashṭambhakasvabhāvāḥ, [6]
• aviveka, [173] n.
• avyapadeśyatva, [77]
• avyavasthitākhilapariṇamo bhavatyeva, [85]
• ayutasiddhāvayava, [69]
• ādisamprayoga, [7]
• ākāra, [85]
• ākāśa, [14], [43] n., [56], [57], [58], [68], [80], [93], [166], [167], [168], [169], [170]
• ākāśa, two kinds of, [168]
• ākāśa atom, [65], [66];
  • Bhikshu and Vācaspati on, [65]
• ākāśa tanmātra, [66]
• ālocana, [176]
• āmalaka, [77], [78], [79]
• ānanda, [153],154
• ānandānugata, [125], [153], [154]
• āptikāraṇa, [133], [135]
• āpūra, [93]
• āpyakāraṇa, [135]
• āsana, [136], [145]
• āśaya, [103]
• āśerate sāṃsārikā purushā asminniti āśayaḥ, [103]
• āvaraṇa śakti, [84]
• āyush, [105], [106], [115]
• Barabara muni, [64]
• bāhya karma, [102]
• Beginningless, [28]
• Behaviour, [6]
• Bel, [77]
• Benares, [11] n.
• bhakti, [161]
• bhaktiyoga, [159], [161]
• bhava, [110]
• bhavishyadvyaktikamanāgataṃanudbhūtavyaktikamatītam svavyāpāropārūḍhaṃ varttamānaṃ trayaṃ caitadvastu jñānasya jñeyam yadi caitat svarūpato nābhavishyannedaṃ nirvishayaṃ jñānamudapatsyata tasmādatītamanāgataṃ svarūpato’stīti, [31] n.
• Bhāshya, [16], [17], [18], [19], [33], [61], [62], [67], [71], [76], [78], [80], [91], [95], [99], [109], [110], [131]
• bhāvanā, [161]
• Bhikshu, [6], [9], [12] n., [43] n., [45] n., [46] n., [50], [65], [67], [85], [86], [88], [90], [94], [109], [110], [112], [126], [129], [145], [153], [168]
• bhoga, [29], [105], [106], [115]
• bhoga-śarīra, [105]
• Bhoja, [126]
• Bhojavṛtti, [95]
• bhrama, [173] n.
• bhūta, [60], [69], [166]
• bhūtādi, [54], [56], [58], [63], [64];
  • accretion from, [65], [66]
• Biological, [2]
• Birth, [133], [161]
• Body, sattvamaya, [160]
• Bondage, [19]
• Brahmacaryya, [141]
• Brahman, [27], [28], [139]
• Breath, [146], [147]
• Breath regulation, [135], [136]
• buddheḥ pratisaṃvedi purushaḥ, [19]
• buddhi, [16], [18], [21], [27], [28], [40], [51], [52], [61], [115], [116], [118], [152], [173] n.
• Buddhist, [33], [45] n.
• Buddhists, their theory of sahopalambhaniyama refuted, [33]
• Caitra, [173]
• Caraka, [11]
• Caste, [139]
• Categories of existence, [41]
• Category, [6], [117]
• Caturdaśī, [139]
• Causal activity, [4]
• Causal operation, [4]
• Causal transformation, [4]
• Causality, [152]
• Causation, [132], [133];
  • Sāṃkhya view of, [81]
• Cause, [79], [81], [85], [133], [134];
  • nine kinds of, [133]
• Cessation, [19]
• Change, [43], [44];
  • Buddhist and Yoga idea contrasted, [45] n.;
  • units of, [45], [46]
• Changeful, [18]
• Characterised, [37]
• Characteristic, [37]
• Chāyā-vyākhyā, [63], [93]
• Chemical, [2]
• Chowkhamba, [11] n.
• Circumstance, [139]
• cit, [15], [162]
• citta, [36], [81], [92], [93], [94], [96], [101], [114], [115], [116], [117], [119], [125], [132], [147], [154], [161], [175];
  • different forms of, [92], [93];
  • different states of, [170];
  • its nature, [94]
• cittamayaskāntamaṇikalpaṃ sannidhimātropakāri dṛśyatvena svaṃ bhavati purushasya svāminaḥ, [22]
• cittaprasāda, [127]
• Clairaudience, [144]
• Class-characteristics, [4] n.
• Cleanliness, [136], [143], [144]
• Coco-nut, [77]
• Co-existence, [34]
• Cognitive states, [48]
• Coherent, [7], [37]
• Collocation, [37]
• Commentary, [4]
• Compassion, [137]
• Complacency, [137]
• Compounds, [3], [166]
• Conceived, [3]
• Conceiver, [3]
• Concentration, [17], [94], [95], [96], [123], [126], [128], [135], [136], [147], [148], [150], [152], [153], [155], [163], [170]
• Concept, [150], [162], [173]
• Conceptual, [23], [25]
• Concomitant causes, [85]
• Condensation, [10]
• Conscious-like, [19]
• Consciousness, [17], [18], [20], [21], [25], [45], [92], [93], [122], [149], [151], [154], [173]
• Consciousness contentless, [50]
• Conscious states, [17]
• Conservation, [132], [133]
• Contact, [27], [29] n.
• Contemplation, [97]
• Contentment, [136], [139], [144]
• Continence, [136], [139], [141], [144]
• Contrary, [141]
• Co-operation, [5]
• Cosmic evolution, [47]
• Cosmic matter, [74]
• Country, [139]
• Creation, [114], [115], [160], [161]
• Critique of Judgment, [14]
• Critique of Practical Reason, [14]
• Critique of Pure Reason, [14]
• Davies, [25]
• Decision, [53]
• Demerit, [86], [87], [88], [93], [102], [103]
• Denotation, [7] n.
• deśa, [85], [170]
• Descartes, [13]
• Desire, [141]
• Determinate, [7]
• Determined, [3], [37]
• Determiner, [3]
• Devotion, [139], [142], [145], [161]
• dhāraṇā, [101], [128], [130], [135], [136], [137], [138], [145], [147], [148], [176]
• dharma, [42], [71], [82], [85], [86], [87], [88], [101], [103], [106], [162]
• dharmamegha-samādhi, [117]
• dharmapariṇāma, [69], [71], [74], [80], [81], [156], [165]
• dharmin, [71], [73], [74], [76]
• dharmisvarūpamātro hi dharmaḥ, dharmivikriyā eva eshā dharmadvārā propañcyate, [37], [71]
• dharmī, [42]
• dhātu, [11]
• dhṛtikāraṇa, [135]
• dhyāna, [117], [130], [135], [136], [138], [139], [145], [147], [148]
• Difference, [33]
• Differentiated, [7], [37], [62]
• Differentiation, [53], [66], [101]
• dik, [170]
• Discrimination, [8], [116], [120], [164]
• Distractions, [126], [148]
• Doubt, [172]
• drashṭā dṛśiṃātraḥ śuddho’pi pratyayānupaśyaḥ, [16]
• dravya, [4] n., [29] n., [168]
• Droṇa, [140] n.
• dṛgdarśanaśaktyorekātmateva asmitā, [16], [51]
• dṛk, [17]
• dṛkśakti, [20]
• dṛshṭajanma karmāśaya, [105]
• dṛshṭajanmavedanīya, [105], [110], [112]
• duḥkha, [175]
• dvesha, [104]
• Earth, [167]
• Effect, [81], [82], [85], [132]
• Efficient cause, [82]
• Ego, [3], [4], [27], [28], [38], [42], [51], [52], [53], [60], [61], [99], [152], [153], [175];
  • a modification of buddhi, [53];
  • evolution in three lines from, [54];
  • three kinds of, [55]
• Egohood, [50], [124]
• Ego-universal, [50]
• ekabhavika, [105], [110], [111], [112]
• ekabhavikatva, [109]
• ekāgra, [95], [96], [123], [126]
• ekātmatā, [17]
• ekātmikā saṃvidasmitā, [51]
• ekendriya, [128]
• Elements, [3], [166]
• Emancipation, [164]
• Energy, [3], [5], [8], [132]
• Enjoyment, [28], [29]
• Equilibrium, [6], [7], [8], [9], [42], [43], [87]
• Error, [173] n.
• Eternal, [8], [91]
• Eternity, two kinds of, [118]
• Ethics, [92]
• European, [10]
• Evolutes, [11]
• Evolution, [7], [39], [40], [41], [43], [45], [46], [47], [62], [65], [69], [72], [76], [81], [84], [87], [89], [114];
  • as change, [43];
  • as change of qualities and as derivation of categories, [69];
  • definite law of, [82];
  • its limitations by time and space, [79];
  • measured by units of spatial motion, [44];
  • of manas, [55];
  • of the senses, [54];
  • of categories, difference between Sāṃkhya and Yoga view, [58]–62;
  • of similars, [10]
• Evolutionary process, [77], [85], [91]
• Exhalation, [146]
• Existence as capacity of effecting, [8]
• Expiratory, [136]
• Extension, [34]
• Externality, [34]
• External reality, [34];
  • Buddhist objection to, [32];
  • has more than a momentary existence, [36];
  • its ground, [36];
  • not due to imagination, [35];
  • not identical with our ideas, [35]
• External world, [31];
  • refutation of Buddhist objections, [33]
• Faith, [102]
• Fichte, [50]
• Fisherman, [139]
• Force, [82]
• Freedom, [123], [125], [127];
  • of will, [177]
• Friendliness, [137]
• Future, [31], [32], [46], [72]
• Gaṇḍa, [15]
• gandha, [38], [152], [167]
• gandha-tanmātra, [58], [64]
• Gauḍapāda, [24]
• Generalisation, [154]
• Generic, [168]
• ghaṭāvacchinna ākāśa, [14]
• Gītā, [12]
• Gītābhāshya, [4] n.
• Goal, [115], [121], [124], [127], [129]
• God, [2], [85], [87], [88], [90], [91], [115], [136], [139], [142], [143], [145], [148], [149], [161], [163], [164], [172], [178], [187]
• Gold, [134]
• grahaṇa, [101], [153], [175]
• grahaṇadhāraṇohāpohatattvajñānābhiniveśā buddhau varttamānā purushe adhyāropitasadbhāvāḥ, [53]
• grahītṛ, [153]
• grāhya, [54], [153]
• Gross elements, derivation of, [65] et seq.
• Grossness, [34]
• guṇā eva prakṛtiśabdavācyā na tu tadatiriktā prakṛtirasti, [10]
• guṇānāṃ hi dvairūpyaṃ vyavasāyātmkatvam vyavaseyātmakatvaṃca, [53]
• guṇānāṃ paramaṃ rūpaṃ na dṛshṭipathamṛcchati, yattu drshṭipathaṃ prāptam tanmāyeva sutucchakaṃ, [12], [37]
• guṇas, [3], [4] n., [5], [6], [7], [8], [10], [11], [24], [26], [37], [38], [39], [42], [53], [76], [78], [81], [82], [98], [101], [118], [120], [121], [131], [155], [167], [170]
• guṇas, three classes, [5];
  • as causal effect, [6];
  • evolution of the cognitive and conative senses and tanmātras, [38];
  • identity of qualities and substances, [5];
  • relative preponderance of, [7];
  • special affinity of each class, [6];
  • special behaviour of each class of, [6];
  • their atomic qualities consistent with their all-pervasiveness, [43] n.;
  • their common purpose, [7];
  • their co-operation, [38];
  • their mode of combination, [6];
  • their mode of mutual operation, [5];
  • their mode of evolution, [7];
  • their nature as feelings, [68];
  • their twofold nature, [53];
  • their threefold course of development, [38];
  • their want of purpose in the state of equilibrium, [7];
  • two classes of their evolution, aviśesha and viśesha, [40]
• Hariharāraṇya, [96]
• Heaven, [86] n.
• hetumadanityamavyāpi sakriyamanekāśritaṃ liṅgaṃ sāvayavamparatantraṃ vyaktaṃ viparītamavyaktaṃ, [42]
• Hibiscus, [15] n.
• hiṃsā, [140], [141]
• History of Hindu Chemistry, [7] n., [63] n., [170] n.
• Horn of a hare, [8]
• Hume, [37]
• Idealistic Buddhists, [31]
• Ignorance, [141], [145]
• Illumination, [5]
• Illusion, [173] n.;
  • of Yoga and Sāṃkhya, [164]
• Illusive, [28]
• Imagination, [34]
• Immanent purpose, [90]
• Independence, [95], [128], [134]
• Indeterminate, [8]
• India, [14]
• Indra, [86] n.
• Inertia, [3], [5], [8], [37], [167]
• Inference, [1], [2], [81], [96], [154], [156], [162], [163], [170], [171]
• Infra-atomic, [3]
• Infra-atoms, [4]
• Inhalation, [146]
• Injury, [139]
• Inorganic, [74]
• Inspiratory, [136]
• Intellection, [6]
• Intelligence, [2], [48]
• Intelligence-stuff, [3], [8], [49]
• Iron, [6]
• Īśvara, [14], [79], [87], [88], [90], [103], [126], [144], [145], [159], [160], [161], [162], [164], [172];
  • removal of barriers, [87]
• Īśvarakṛshṇa, [7] n.
• Īśvarapraṇidhāna, [142], [145], [161]
• Īśvarasyāpi dharmādhisṭhānārthaṃ pratibandhāpanaya eva vyāpāro, [87]
• janmamaraṇakaraṇānāṃ pratiniyamādayugapat pravṛtteśca purushabahutvam siddhaṃ traiguṇyaviparyyayācca, [26]
• japāsphaṭikayoriva noparāgaḥ kintvabhimānaḥ, [15]
• jāti, [105], [106], [115]
• Jealousy, [143]
• jīva, [14]
• jīvanmukta, [117]
• jīvanmukti, [120]
• jñāna, [150]
• jñānayoga, [130], [142], [143], [159]
• Judgmental, [23]
• kaivalya, [22], [23], [27], [31], [95], [96], [116], [118], [121], [122], [139], [140], [142], [143], [177]
• kalpa, [160]
• Kant, [14], [37]
• Kapila, [25]
• karma, [86], [98], [117], [159], [160], [177];
  • its classification and divergence of views, [109]–113
• karma-sannyāsin, [103]
• karmāśaya, [103], [104], [105], [107], [109], [110], [111], [112], [115], [160]
• karmayoga, [159]
• karuṇā, [137], [138], [139]
• Kaumudī, [64]
• kāla, [85]
• kāma, [104]
• kāraṇa, [168]
• kāraṇacitta, [93]
• kārikā, [7] n., [11], [24], [26], [42], [64], [165]
• Kārya, [168]
• kārya vimukti, [120]
• kāryya citta, [92]
• kāryyakarī śakti, [84]
• Kāśmīra, [79]
• kevalapurushākārā saṃvit, [153]
• kevalī, [117], [118]
• kirātā, [101]
• kleśa, [99], [100], [104], [114]
• klishṭa, [128]
• klishṭavṛtti, [100]
• Knowable, [5], [27], [32], [38]
• Knower, [27], [50]
• Knowledge, different kinds of, differentiated, [163]
• Known, [27]
• kriyā, [37], [175]
• kriyāyoga, [129], [130], [142], [143], [161]
• krodha, [104]
• kṛshṇa, [102], [103], [111]
• kṛshṇa karma, [103], [111]
• kṛtārthaṃ prati nashṭamapyanashṭaṃ tadanyasādhāraṇatvāt, [26]
• kshaṇa, [43], [44], [45], [46] n., [146], [170]
• kshaṇabhaṅguram, [12] n.
• kshaṇapracayāśraya, [46] n.
• kshaṇapratiyogi, [46] n.
• kshaṇatatkramayornāsti vastusamāhāraḥ iti buddhisamāhāraḥ muhūrttāhorātrātrādayaḥ. sa tvayaṃ kālaḥ vastuśūnyo’pi buddhinirmāṇah, [44]
• kshipta, [95], [122]
• kshiti, [74], [75], [166]
• kshiti atom, [66]
• kuntī, [14], [15] n.
• kuśala, [121]
• kuśalī, [121]
• kūṭastha nitya, [118]
• lakshaṇa, [76], [82]
• lakshaṇa-pariṇāma, [71], [72], [73], [74], [156], [165]
• Latent, [46], [73], [81], [96], [108]
• laukikamāyeva, [12] n.
• liberation, [7], [25], [167], [175], [177]
• Light, [167]
• Limitation theory, [14], [15]
• liṅga, [7], [41], [42], [51], [62], [118]
• liṅgamātram mahattatvaṃ sattāmātre mahati ātmani, [50]
• lobha, [104]
• Locke, [37]
• Lokācāryya, [11], [55], [58]
• Lotus, [9]
• madhumatī, [125]
• madhupratīka, [125]
• Magnet, [6], [89], [171]
• mahat, [9], [11], [40], [41], [42], [51], [56], [58], [59], [61], [82];
  • its potential existence in prakṛti, [9]
• Mahābhārata, [15] n., [80], [140]
• mahāpralaya, [118]
• mahāvrata, [139]
• maitrī, [137], [138], [139]
• manas, [40], [51], [55], [60], [81], [100], [118], [133], [175], [176]
• Manifested, [72]
• mantra, [161]
• Many, [27], [28]
• Maṇiprabhā, [65]
• marut, [75], [166]
• Mass, [3]
• Material cause, [61], [81]
• Matter, [2], [3], [166]
• mānasa karma, [102]
• mātrā, [146]
• māyā, [2], [11], [12], [14], [27], [28]
• māyāṃ tu prakṛtiṃ vidyāt māyinaṃ tu maheśvaraṃ, [11]
• māyeva, [12] n.
• Mechanical, [2]
• Meditation, [102], [135], [136], [145], [148], [149], [161], [176]
• Memory, [53], [98]
• Mental, [2], [3], [4], [5], [10], [37], [48]
• Mental states, analysis of, [48]
• Merit, [85], [86], [87], [88], [93], [103]
• Metaphysics, [30]
• Method of agreement, [33], [35];
  • of difference, [33]
• Mind, [2], [3], [18], [19], [81];
  • its seven qualities, [156]
• Mind-modification, [20], [22];
  • -transformations, [18]
• moha, [104], [175]
• Mokshadharmādhyāya, [140]
• Moment, [44], [45]
• Momentary, [12], [35]
• Moral, [2]
• Moral ideal, [26]
• Movement, [48]
• muditā, [137], [139]
• mūḍha, [95], [122]
• Nahusha, [86]
• Naiyāyika, [58]
• Name, [150], [173];
  • and thing, [173]
• Nandī, [85]
• na tu kshaṇātiriktaḥ kshaṇikaḥ padārthaḥ kaścidishyate taistu kshaṇamātrasthāyyeva padārthaḥ ishyate, [45] n.
• Naturalism and agnosticism, [2] n.
• Natural selection, [76]
• Nāgeśa, [61], [63], [66], [86], [87], [94], [107], [109], [117], [168]
• Nārāyaṇa Tīrtha, [90], [126]
• nāsadāsīt na sadāsīt tadānīm, [12]
• nāstyasataḥ saṃbhavaḥ na cāsti sato vināśāḥ, [31]
• Nectar, [85]
• Nescience, [14], [15], [97], [99];
  • its different forms, [172] n.
• nidrā, [101]
• Nihilists, [2]
• niḥsaṅge’pi uparāgo vivekāt, [15]
• niḥsattāsattam niḥsadasat nirasat avyaktam aliṅgam pradhānam, [8]
• niḥsattāsattaṃ, [12]
• nirasmitā, [153]
• nirmāṇa citta, [160], [161]
• nirānanda, [153]
• nirodha, [19], [96], [118], [149], [155], [156], [170]
• nirodhaja saṃskāra, [97]
• nirodha samādhi, [139]
• niruddha, [95], [123]
• nirvicāra, [149], [153], [154]
• nirvīja, [122], [125]
• nirvīja samādhi, [154]
• nirvitarka, [150], [151], [153], [154]
• niścaya, [50]
• niyama, [136], [139], [142], [143], [148]
• niyata vipāka, [112]
• niyatavipākadṛshṭajanmavedanīya, [113]
• Nīlakaṇṭha, [80], [88], [89]
• Non-being, [2]
• Non-covetousness, [139], [144]
• Non-discrimination, [15]
• Non-distinction, [173] n.
• Non-existence, [8], [12]
• Non-injury, [139], [140], [144];
  • its classification, [141]
• Non-stealing, [139]
• Noumenon, [8], [14]
• Observance, [135], [136]
• oṃkāra, [161]
• Omniscience, [95]
• oshadhi, [161]
• Pain, [98], [121], [122], [126], [137], [142]
• Palm, [77]
• Pantheism, [13]
• Pañcaśikha, [17], [52], [103] n.
• parama mahat, [68]
• paramāṇu in Sāṃkhya and Yoga, [43] n., [66], [67], [165], [167]
• para vairāgya, [120], [127], [128]
• parikarma, [129], [130], [135], [137]
• pariṇāma, [98]
• pariṇāmaduḥkhatā, [98]
• pariṇāmakramaniyama, [62], [82]
• pariṇāmi, [19]
• pariṇāminityatā, [119]
• Past, [31], [32], [46], [72]
• Patañjali, [1], [2], [5] n., [16], [26], [30], [35], [51], [119]
• Patent, [81]
• pāda, [54]
• Pāñcāla, [79]
• pāṇi, [54]
• pāpa karma, [100]
• pāpakarmāśaya, [105]
• Pātañjala, [1], [12], [90], [115]
• pāyu, [54], [58]
• Perceived, [3]
• Perceiver, [3]
• Percept, [19]
• Perception, [3], [53], [96], [154], [162], [170], [171], [175]
• Permanent, [21]
• Phenomena, [2], [3], [5], [8], [10], [14], [17], [18], [19], [95]
• Phenomenal, [29], [84], [125], [155]
• Philosopher, [2]
• Philosophical, [2]
• Physical, [2], [3], [4], [5], [37], [166]
• Physical, Chemical and Mechanical Theories of the Ancient Hindus, [63] n.
• Plant: its possession of life and senses, [80]
• Plato, [13]
• Pleasure, [98]
• Plurality, [26]–29, [30]
• Poison, [85]
• Posture, [135], [136], [145]
• Potency, [19], [82], [96], [98], [101], [106], [116], [124], [125], [154], [155];
  • destroying other potencies, [117]
• Potential, [9], [32], [73], [77], [83], [84], [85]
• Potentiality, [5], [83], [84]
• Potentials, [3]
• Power, [82]
• pradhāna, [118]
• prajñā, [102], [116], [117], [120], [122], [125], [126], [128], [136], [151], [154], [170], [171];
  • its seven stages, [119]–120
• prajñāsaṃskāra, [101]
• prajñāloka, [149]
• prakāśa, [37], [175]
• prakṛti, [1], [3], [6], [7], [8], [9], [11], [13], [16], [17], [22], [25], [27], [28], [29], [40], [41], [42], [54], [59], [62], [77], [82], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [91], [93], [94], [95], [114], [115], [117], [118], [120], [122], [125], [143], [152], [160], [161], [162], [164], [165], [170], [173] n., [175], [177], [178];
  • as undifferentiated cosmic matter, [12];
  • as equilibrium of dharma and dharmī, [42];
  • avidyā and vāsanā lie merged in it, [114];
  • different views of, [10], [11];
  • different from avidyā, [12];
  • evolution of the second category of asmitā, [51];
  • its difference from māyā, [12];
  • its difference from purusha, [20];
  • its first evolutionary product, mahat, [50], [51];
  • its goal, [116];
  • its identity with guṇa reals, [9];
  • its relation with guṇas, [6];
  • its similarity with purusha, [20];
  • Lokācāryya’s view of, [11];
  • nature in the state of equilibrium, [8];
  • refilling from, [86];
  • roused by God, [87];
  • Venkaṭa’s view of, [10]
• prakṛtilīna, [127]
• prakṛtivikṛti, [7] n.
• prakṛtiṛityucyate vikārotpādakatvāt avidyā jñānavirodhitvāt māyā vicitrasṛshṭikaratvāt, [11]
• prakṛtyāpūra, [106]
• pralaya, [114]
• pramāṇa, [101], [170], [176]
• praṇava, [161]
• prāṇāyāma, [136], [137], [145], [146], [147], [148], [175]
• prasupta, [176]
• pratipaksha bhāvanā, [141]
• pratisambandhī, [46] n.
• pratiyogī, [46] n.
• pratyāhāra, [136], [137], [147], [148]
• pratyaksha, [171], [175]
• pratyaya, [119], [134]
• pratyayakāraṇa, [133]
• pratyayaṃ bauddhamanupaśyati tamanupaśyannatadātmāpi tadātmaka iva pratibhāti, [17]
• pratyayānupaśya, [17], [18]
• Pravacana-bhāshya, [64]
• prāmāṇyaniścaya, [134] n.
• Pre-established harmony, [2]
• Present, [31], [32], [46], [72]
• Presentative ideation, [101]
• Presentative power, [33]
• Pride, [143]
• Primal, [3]
• Primal cause, [3], [6]
• pṛthivī, [57]
• Psychological, [2]
• Psychology, [81]
• Psychosis, [3], [16]
• puṇya, [100]
• puṇya karma, [88], [100]
• puṇya karmāśaya, [105]
• Purāṇa, [64]
• Purification, [138]
• Purificatory, [129], [130], [136]
• Purity, [139]
• purusha, [3], [6], [7], [8], [9], [13], [16], [17], [19], [23], [28], [29], [42], [48], [53], [61], [76], [89], [90], [91], [92], [94], [95], [100], [104], [116], [117], [118], [119], [121], [122], [125], [131], [133], [143], [154], [159], [162], [164], [173], [173] n., [175], [177], [178];
  • arguments in favour of its separate existence, [24];
  • contrast with vedantic Brahman, [26];
  • different from the mental states, [17];
  • fulfilment of its objects, [7], [8];
  • its connection with prakṛti real, [28];
  • its final separation from prakṛti, [118];
  • its permanence, [21];
  • its plurality, [26]–30;
  • its reflection in the mind, [18];
  • its relation with concepts and ideas, [49];
  • its similarity with sattva, [49];
  • meaning determined from the sūtras, [16], [17];
  • nature of its reflection in buddhi, [21], [22]
• purushārtha, [89]
• purushārthatā, [120], [164];
  • its relation with avidyā, [115]
• pūrvadeśa, [43] n.
• rajas, [3], [4], [5], [6], [24], [37], [40], [43], [47], [49], [50], [51], [54], [55], [62], [95], [96], [116], [175]
• Rarefaction, [10]
• rasa, [38], [152]
• rasa-tanmātra, [58], [64]
• Ray, P. C., [7] n., [63] n., [170] n.
• Rādhā, [14], [15] n.
• rāga, [97], [99], [104], [172]
• Rājamārtaṇda, [65]
• rājaputtravattattvopadeśāt, [15]
• rājasa, [38]
• Rāmānuja, [64], [162]
• Realisation, [137]
• Reality, [2], [4], [30], [118], [154]
• Reals, [2], [3], [4], [10], [11], [28]
• Reason, [50]
• Reasoning, [53]
• Rebirth, [93], [107]
• Reflection, [18], [28]
• Reflection theory, [14], [15]
• Release, [28], [29], [123], [128]
• Religious, [2]
• Reperception, [18]
• Restraint, [135], [136]
• Retention, [101]
• Right knowledge, [53]
• rūpa, [38], [65], [152], [167]
• rūpa tanmātra, [57], [64]
• Ṛgveda, [11]
• ṛshi, [144]
• ṛtambharā, [154]
• sadṛśapariṇāmā, [10]
• sahakāri, [55]
• sahopalambhaniyama, [33]
• sahopalambhaniyamaś ca vedyatvañca hetū sandigdhavyatirekatayānaikāntikau, [34]
• sahopalambhaniyamādabhedo nilataddhiyoḥ, [32]
• Salvation, [145], [159], [162]
• samādhi, [81], [96], [102], [118], [122], [124], [126], [128], [130], [135], [136], [137], [140], [142], [143], [145], [147], [148], [149], [151], [153], [155], [161], [162];
  • classification of, [153], [154]
• samādhipariṇāma, [155]
• samāna tantra, [67]
• samprajñāta, [96], [124], [125], [126], [137], [144], [149], [153], [155], [156]
• samprajñāta samādhi, [138], [145], [150], [154]
• sampratyaya, [134] n.
• saṃghātaparārthatvāt triguṇādiviparyyayādadhishṭhānāt purusho’sti bhoktṛbhāvāt kaivalyārthaṃ pravṛtteśca, [24]
• saṃsāra, [115], [121]
• saṃskāra, [19], [81], [96], [98], [101], [108], [109], [125], [174], [176], [177]
• saṃskārāḥ vṛttibhiḥ kriyante saṃskāraiśca vṛttayaḥ evaṃ vṛttisaṃskāracakram aniśamāvarttate, [97]
• saṃskāraśesha, [125]
• saṃskāryyakāraṇa, [135]
• saṃsṛshṭā vivicyante, [62]
• saṃvega, [129]
• saṃyama, [149], [157]
• saṃyoga, [27], [29] n.
• sannyāsāśrama, [103]
• santosha, [143]
• saṅketa, [187]
• Sarasvatī Rāmānanda, [126]
• sarvaṃ sarvātmakaṃ, [77]
• satkāraṇavāda, [81]
• satkāryyavāda, [81]
• sattva, [3], [4], [5], [6], [22], [24], [37], [38], [40], [43], [47], [49], [50], [51], [53], [54], [55], [56], [96], [116], [143], [144], [153], [160], [161]
• sattvapurushayoḥ śuddhisāmye kaivalyaṃ, [16], [22]
• sattvapurushayoratyantāsaṅkīrṇayoḥ pratyayāviśesho bhogaḥ parārthatvāt svārthasamyamāt purushajñā, nam, [16]
• savicāra, [149], [150], [152], [153], [154];
  • prajñā, [151]
• savitarka, [149], [150], [152], [153], [154]
• sā ca ātmanā grahītrā saha buddhirekātmikā saṃvid, [51]
• sāmānya guṇa, [29] n.
• Sāṃkhya, [4], [7] n., [10], [11], [18], [26], [27], [28], [29], [29] n., [30], [58], [62], [67], [89], [90], [94], [140], [164], [165];
  • Jaina influence on, [94] n.
• Sāṃkhya-kārikā, [55], [56] n., [67]
• Sāṃkhya-Pātañjala, [24], [76], [77], [80], [81], [82], [85]
• Sāṃkhya philosophy, [4] n.
• Sāṃkhyapravacanabhāshya, [4] n.
• Sāṃkhya-sūtra, [11], [15], [169]
• Sāṃkhya-Yoga, [4], [26], [27], [50] n., [57]
• Sāṃkhyists, [12]
• sānanda, [153]
• sāttvika, [38], [56]
• sāttvikaahaṃkāra, [63]
• Science of Ethics, [50]
• Seal, Dr. B. N., [7], [37], [63] n., [66]–169
• Seeming reflection, [22], [23]
• Seer, [17], [19], [23], [24], [28], [47], [51]
• Self, [8], [18], [21], [26], [49], [51], [54]
• Self-consciousness, [52], [54]
• Self-control, [24]
• Self-intelligent, [3]
• Self-subsistent, [36]
• Sensation, [166]
• Sense, [141]
• Sense faculties, [56]
• Sense organs, [56]
• Senses, [3], [40], [41], [47], [54], [60], [86], [87], [100], [102], [135], [147], [167], [171];
  • divergent views about their evolution, [57]
• Separation, [29] n.
• Sex restraint, [144]
• Shashṭitantraśāstra, [10], [12]
• siddha, [144]
• Siddhānta-candrikā, [65], [95]
• Siddhāntaleśa, [14]
• Sign, [7], [41]
• Simultaneous revelation, [33]
• Sins, [103]
• Sleep, [174]
• smṛti, [19], [64], [101], [102], [108], [126], [128], [136]
• Social, [2]
• Soul, [13], [14], [24], [25]
• Sound, [169]
• Space, [79], [146], [152];
  • as relative position, [169]
• Space order, [170]
• sparśa, [38], [65]
• sparśâtanmātra, [57], [64]
• Specialised, [7], [8]
• Specific, [168]
• sphoṭavāda, [178]–187;
  • Kumāril’s view, [181];
  • Mahābhāshya and Kaiyaṭa, [182];
  • Prabhākara, [182];
  • Śabara’s view, [182];
  • Vaiśeshika view, [180];
  • Vākya-sphoṭa, [185];
  • Yoga view, [184]
• Spinoza, [13]
• Spirits, [7], [13]
• Spiritual principle, [24], [28]
• sthiti, [37], [175]
• sthitikāraṇa, [133]
• sthūla, [166]
• sthūlavishayaka, [154]
• Strength, [102]
• Studies, [136], [139]
• Subconscious, [81]
• Sub-latent, [46], [73]
• Substance, [4] n., [29] n., [40], [47], [73], [74], [76], [81], [168];
  • its nature, [37]
• Substantive entities, [3], [4], [7], [10], [11], [82], [84]
• Substratum, [36], [37], [49]
• Succession, [44], [45]
• summum bonum, [121]
• Susheṇa, [135]
• sutucchaka, [12]
• sūkshma, [61], [67], [166], [167]
• sūkshmavishayaka, [154]
• sūkshmavṛttimantaḥ, [6]
• Sūtra, [15], [17], [22], [26], [31], [62], [64], [108], [137], [147]
• Sūtrārthabodhinī, [65], [90]
• svarūpa, [166], [167], [175]
• svādhyāya, [136], [142], [161]
• Svetāśvatara, [11]
• Sympathy, [137], [138]
• śabda, [38], [65], [150]
• śabdajñānānupātī vastuśūnyo vikalpaḥ, [174]
• śabda-tanmātra, [57], [64]
• śabdādīnām mūrttisamānajātīyānām, [66] n.
• śakti, [17], [82], [83]
• śaktimān, [82], [83]
• Śaṅkara, [4] n., [135], [162]
• śānta, [73]
• Sānti-parva, [80], [88], [89]
• śāstra, [172]
• śauca, [143], [144]
• śīla, [6]
• śraddhā, [102], [126], [127], [128], [129], [130], [135], [138], [158]
• śruti, [57]
• śukla, [102], [111], [140], [175]
• śukla karma, [103], [140]
• śukla karmāśaya, [111]
• śuklakṛshṇa, [102], [111]
• Śūnyavādi Buddhists, [2]
• svalpasaṅkaraḥ saparihāraḥ sapratyavamarshaḥ, [103] n.
• svasvāmiśaktyoḥ svarūpopalabdhihetuḥ saṃyogaḥ, [16]
• tadartha eva drśyasya ātmā, [16]
• tadabhāvāt saṃyogābhāvo hānaṃ taddṛśeḥ kaivalyaṃ, [16]
• taijasa, [56]
• tamas, [3], [4], [5], [6], [37], [39], [40], [43], [47], [50], [51], [52], [54], [55], [56], [94], [95], [117], [169], [176]
• tanmātra, [38], [40], [42], [54], [59], [61], [65], [66], [67], [70], [82], [83], [124], [151], [167]
• tanmātras, evolution of grosser elements from, [65];
  • their difference from paramānus, [68];
  • their evolution, et seq., [64];
  • their relation to ahaṃkāra, [40], [41]
• tanmātrāvayava, [66]
• tanmātrāṇāmapi parasparavyārvṛttasvabhāvatvamastyeva tacca yogimātragamyam, [68]
• tanu, [176]
• tapaḥ, [136]
• tapas, [161]
• tasmāt svatantro’rthaḥ sarvapurushasādhāraṇaḥ svatantrāṇi ca cittāni pratipurushaṃ, pravarttante, [36]
• Taste, [167]
• tatradṛshṭajanmavedanīyasya niyatavipākasya, [109]
• tattva, [40], [94]
• tattvajñāna, [101], [176]
• Tattva-kaumudī, [25], [56] n., [103] n.
• Tattva-nirūpaṇa, [66]
• Tattvatraya, [11] n., [55], [58], [64], [66]
• Tattvavaiśāradī, [3] n., [5] n., [9] n., [33] n., [46], [53], [56] n., [64], [75], [78], [79], [93], [135], [154]
• tattvāntara, [68]
• tattvāntara-pariṇāma, [40], [41], [69]
• tāmasa, [38], [56]
• tāmasa ahaṃkāra, [60], [62]
• te vyaktasūkshmā guṇātmānaḥ ... sarvamidaṃ guṇānāṃ Sanniveśaviśeshamātramiti paramārthato guṇātmānaḥ, [38]
• tejas, [65], [75], [166], [167]
• tejas atom, [66]
• Teleological, [86], [121]
• Teleology, [24], [76], [77], [89]
• Temptation, [141]
• Theft, [136], [141]
• Theists, [90]
• Theories, [2]
• Thing, [150]
• Thing-in-itself, [2], [37]
• Thought, [2]
• Time, [79], [139], [152], [169];
  • as discrete moments, [44];
  • as unit of change, [43];
  • element of imagination in, [44];
  • unit of, [46];
  • order, [170]
• Tinduka, [77]
• Trance, [135], [136], [143];
  • Trance-cognition, [95]
• Transcendent, [18]
• Transformations, [20], [24]
• trasareṇu, [66]
• triguṇamaviveki vishayaḥ sāmānyamacetanaṃ prasavadharmi vyaktaṃ tathā pradhānaṃ, tadviparītastathā pumān, [42]
• Truth, [141]
• Truthfulness, [139], [140], [144]
• Tulyajātīyātulyajātīyaśaktibhedānupātinaḥ, [6]
• udāra, [176]
• udbodhaka, [174]
• udghāta, [146], [147]
• udita, [73]
• Ultimate state, [7]
• Unafflicted, [176]
• Understanding, [19]
• Undetermined, [8]
• Undifferentiated, [12], [162]
• Unindividuated, [12]
• Universe, [1], [13];
  • a product of guṇa combinations, [37]
• Unknowable, [2], [37]
• Unmanifested, [4], [8], [72]
• Unmediated, [8]
• Unpredicable, [73]
• Unreal, [28]
• Unspecialised, [7]
• Unwisdom, [142]
• Upanishads, [11]
• upastha, [54], [58]
• upādāna, [61]
• upādāna kāraṇa, [61], [133]
• upekshā, [137], [139]
• utpādyakāraṇa, [135]
• uttaradeśa, [43] n.
• ūha, [101], [176]
• vaikārika, [56]
• vairāgya, [100], [101], [127], [129], [130], [135], [136], [143], [149], [162], [177]
• Vaiśeshika, [43] n., [71], [168]
• Vaiśeshika atoms, [70]
• vaishṇava, [10]
• Vanity, [143]
• vaśīkāra, [128]
• vastupatitaḥ, [44]
• vastusāmye cittabhedāt tayor vibhaktaḥ panthāḥ, [35] n.
• Vācaspati, [3], [5] n., [8], [12], [32], [33], [35], [44], [46] n., [51], [55], [62], [65], [66], [67], [75], [78], [87], [89], [93], [109], [110], [112], [118], [126], [129], [144], [153], [154]
• vāk, [54]
• Vākyapadīya, [183]
• vāsanā, [99], [106], [108], [114], [116], [177];
  • contrasted with karmāśaya, [107]
• Vāyu, [167]
• Vāyu atom, [65]
• Vedas, [154], [160], [162], [170], [177]
• Vedānta, [11], [14], [24], [27], [28], [29], [162]
• Vedāntism, [14]
• Vedāntists, [12], [26], [66], [81]
• Vedic, [103]
• Vehicles of actions, [103]
• Venkaṭa, [10]
• Veracity, [136], [140]
• Verbal cognition, cause of, [186];
  • view of Nyāya, [187]
• vibhu, [43] n.
• vibhu parimāṇa, [29] n.
• vibhūti, [158]
• Vibhūtipāda, [22]
• vicāra, [153]
• vicārānugata, [125], [153]
• vicchinna, [176]
• Vice, [86], [87]
• videha, [127]
• vidyā, [177]
• vidyāviparītam jñānāntaraṃ avidyā, [11], [97]
• Vijñanāmṛta-bhāshya, [88], [90]
• Vijñāna Bhikshu, [4], [15]
• vikalpa, [101], [150], [173], [174]
• vikārakāraṇa, [133]
• vikāryyakāraṇa, [135]
• vikṛti, [7] n., [165]
• vikshipta, [95], [123]
• vikshiptacitta, [96], [130]
• vipāka, [105], [107]
• viparyyaya, [101], [172], [173], [176]
• viprayoga, [7]
• Virtue, [86]
• Vishṇu Purāṇa, [66]
• viśesha, [7], [7] n., [40], [59], [81], [84], [165], [171]
• viśeshapariṇāma, [60]
• viśeshāviśeshaliṅgamātrāliṅgāniguṇaparvāṇi, [59]
• visokā, [125]
• vitarka, [153]
• vitarkānugata, [125], [154]
• viyoga, [29] n.
• viyogakāraṇa, [134], [135]
• vīryya, [102], [126], [128], [135], [136]
• Vomit, [141]
• Vṛtti, [56], [92], [96], [97], [101], [102], [122], [171]
• vyaṇgya, [57]
• vyaṅjaka, [57]
• vyatireka, [128]
• vyavasāyātmakatva, [3]
• vyavaseyātmakatva, [3]
• Vyāsa, [5], [7], [8], [8] n., [22], [53], [121], [133], [135]
• Vyāsa-bhāshya, [3] n., [5] n., [7] n., [10], [11], [12], [16], [17], [18], [33], [36], [37], [43] n., [50], [56], [58], [59], [60], [66] n., [68] n., [70], [71] n., [79], [84], [85], [94], [99], [101], [117], [119], [121], [133], [171]
• vyoman, [75]
• vyutthāna, [155], [156], [170]
• vyutthāna citta, [95]
• Ward, [2] n.
• Wicked, [102]
• World-phenomena, [16]
• World-process, [91]
• yadyaliṅgāvasthā śabdādyupabhogaṃ vā sattvapurushānyatākhyātim vā purushārtham nirvarttayet tannrvarttane hi na sāmyāvasthā syāt, [8]
• Yama, [136], [138], [139], [142], [143], [148]
• Yatamāna, [127]
• yathā rathādi yantradibhiḥ, [25]
• yathāyaskāntamaṇiḥ svasminneva ayaḥsannidhīkaraṇamātrāt śalyanishkarshaṇākhyam upakāram kurvat purushasya svāminaḥ svam bhavati bhogasādhanatvāt, [22]
• ye cāsyānupasthitā bhāgaste cāsya na syurevaṃ nāsti pṛshṭhamiti udaramapi na gṛhyeta, [36]
• Yoga, [14], [29], [48], [62], [89], [96], [122], [123], [124], [129], [130], [131], [140], [144], [147], [155], [162], [177];
  • its points of difference with Sāṃkhya, [163]–165
• Yoga metaphysics, [1]
• Yoga philosophy in relation to other Indian systems of thought, [165]
• Yoga system, [2]
• Yoga theory, [5]
• yogāṅga, [122], [130], [131], [132], [135], [136], [144], [145], [149]
• Yoga-sūtra, [5] n., [11], [17], [35] n., [43] n., [45], [47], [108], [117], [142], [153]
• Yoga-vārttika, [4] n., [6] n., [9], [10], [12] n., [22], [29] n., [43] n., [45] n., [60], [61], [65], [66], [67], [87], [110], [126], [127], [129], [134] n., [143], [154], [176]
• Yogins, [79], [87], [95], [97], [98], [121], [125], [127], [128], [129], [136], [139], [143], [147], [153], [155], [156], [158], [160];
  • nine kinds of, [129]
• yogyatāvacchinnā dharmiṇaḥ śaktireva dharmaḥ, [82]
• Yudhishṭhira, [140]
• yutasiddhāvayaba, [168]

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[1]. See Ward’s Naturalism and Agnosticism.

[2]. Vācaspati’s Tattvavaiśāradī on the Vyāsa-bhāshya, III. 47.

[3]. Sāṃkhyapravacanabhāshya, I. 120.

[4]. It is indeed difficult to say what was the earliest conception of the guṇas. But there is reason to believe, as I have said elsewhere, that guṇa in its earliest acceptance meant qualities. It is very probable that as the Sāṃkhya philosophy became more and more systematised it was realised that there was no ultimate distinction between substance and qualities. In consequence of such a view the guṇas which were originally regarded as qualities began to be regarded as substantive entities and no contradiction was felt. Bhikshu in many places describes the guṇas as substantive entities (dravya) and their division into three classes as being due to the presence of three kinds of class-characteristics. This would naturally mean that within the same class there were many other differences which have not been taken into account (Yoga-vārttika, II. 18). But it cannot be said that the view that the guṇas are substantive entities and that there is no difference between qualities and substances is regarded as a genuine Sāṃkhya view even as early as Śaṅkara. See Ghābhāshya, XIV. 5.

[5]. See Vyāsa-bhāshya on Patañjali’s Yoga-sūtras, II. 18, and Vācaspati’s Tattvavaiśāradī on it.