A Brief Commentary on the Apocalypse

by Sylvester Bliss

Eusebius, who opposed this view, quotes Papias, who he admits was a disciple of St. John and a companion of Polycarp, as saying that “after the resurrection of the dead the kingdom of Christ shall be established corporeally on this earth.” And Jerome, another opposer, quotes from him that “he had the apostles for his authors; and that he considered what Andrew, what Peter said, what Philip, what Thomas said, and other disciples of the Lord.”

Polycarp was another of John's disciples; and Irenæus testifies in an epistle to Florinus, that he had seen Polycarp, “who related his conversation with John and others who had seen the Lord, and how he related their sayings, and the things he had heard of them concerning the Lord, both concerning his miracles and doctrine, as he had received them from the Lord of life; all of which Polycarp related agreeable to the scriptures.” Following such a teacher, Irenæus taught that at the resurrection of the just, the meek should inherit the earth; and that then would be fulfilled the promise which God made to Abraham.

Justin Martyr, born A. D. 89, says that, “A certain man among us, whose name is [pg 354] John, being one of the twelve apostles of Christ, in that Revelation which was shown him, prophesied that those who believe in our Christ shall fulfil a thousand years at Jerusalem.” He affirms that himself “and many others are of this mind”—“that Christ shall reign personally on earth;” and that “all who were accounted orthodox so believed.”

Tertullian, about A. D. 180, says it was a custom for Christians to pray that they might have part in the first resurrection. And Cyprian, about 220, says that Christians “had a thirst for martyrdom that they might obtain a better resurrection.”

Mosheim assures us that the opinion “that Christ was to come and reign 1000 years among men,” had, before the time of Origen, about the middle of the 3d century, “met with no opposition.” And it is the testimony of ecclesiastical historians, that the first who opposed it, seeing no way of avoiding the meaning of the words in Rev. 20th, denied the authenticity of the Apocalypse, and claimed that it was written by one Cerenthus, a heretic, for the very purpose of sustaining what they called “his fiction of the reign of Christ on earth.” This doctrine is not now evaded in this way, but by spiritualizing the language of the Apocalypse, and thus finding a meaning in it which is not expressed by any of the admitted laws of language. Theologians who thus reason make the [pg 355] first resurrection the conversion of the world. But those who are affirmed to be raised, are persons who have lived and are dead. If the resurrection is a mere metaphor, then the martyrs must have metaphorically died, and must have comprised only those who had been previously converted and were fallen away. The rest of the dead must then be understood as persons morally dead, which would be inconsistent with the idea of a converted world. Those who were raised being those who were previously converted, they must have been literally dead, and the only resurrection predicable of such is a literal resurrection.

The Bible teaches such a resurrection of the righteous prior to that of the wicked. Thus the Psalmist says of them: “Like sheep they are laid in the grave; death shall feed on them, and the upright shall have dominion over them in the morning.” But of himself he says: “But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave,” Psa. 49:14, 15. Of the wicked Isaiah testifies: “They are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased, they shall not rise,” i.e. with the righteous; but to Zion he says: “Thy dead men shall live, together with my dead body shall they arise. Awake and sing, ye that dwell in the dust: for thy dew is as the dew of herbs, and the earth shall cast out her dead,” Isa. 26:14, 19. To the same import is the prophecy of Daniel, respecting the time [pg 356] when Michael shall stand up, and “thy people shall be delivered, every one that shall be found written in the book. And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some, [the awakened, shall be] to everlasting life, and some, [the unawakened, shall be] to shame and everlasting contempt,” Dan. 12:1, 2. Such, according to Prof. Bush, is the precise rendering of the original.

The New Testament also teaches a resurrection of the just, in distinction from that of the wicked. Paul says, while all are to be made alive, that it will be “every man in his own order,” or band—“Christ the first fruits; afterwards they that are Christ's at his coming,” 1 Cor. 15:23. None others are spoken of as being raised at that epoch. When the Lord descends from heaven with a shout, at the trump of God, not the entire mass of the dead, but “the dead in Christ shall rise first,” before the righteous living are changed, 1 Thess. 4:16. In accordance with this priority in the resurrection of the righteous, Paul teaches that the worthies who died in faith “accepted not deliverance, that they might obtain a better resurrection,” (Heb. 11:13); and himself, he says, counted all things loss for Christ, “if by any means I might attain unto the resurrection of the dead,” (Phil. 3:11); which is “the resurrection from among the dead”—it being a resurrection to which some will not attain. Thus also the Saviour [pg 357] taught: while “they that have done good shall come forth at [as it is literally] the resurrection of life, and they that have done evil at the resurrection of damnation” (John 5:29), the two are not co-etaneous; for the righteous shall be “recompensed at the resurrection of the just,” Lu. 14:14. That must be the resurrection of which those are the subjects who receive the kingdom; for “flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God,” 1 Cor. 15:50. While “the children of this world marry and are given in marriage,” “they which shall be accounted worthy to obtain that world, and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry, nor are given in marriage; neither can they die any more: for they are equal unto the angels, and are the children of God, being the children of the resurrection,” Lu. 20:34-36.

The children of the resurrection thus include all who attain unto that world, which, consequently, the wicked do not obtain, and of which the righteous dead and the living saints are made equal subjects, according to Paul's “mystery:” “We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed,” i.e., to the same incorruptible state to which the dead are raised, (1 Cor. 15:50-54); so that all the [pg 358] righteous will alike “bear the image of the heavenly” (v. 49) when they “shall be caught up together” (1 Thess. 4:16) “to meet the Lord in the air.”

The resurrection state is that to which the ancients looked for the restoration of Israel.

Rabbi Eliezer the great, supposed to have lived just after the second temple was built, applied Hosea 14:8 to the pious Jews, who seemed likely to die without seeing the glory of Israel, saying: “As I live, saith Jehovah, I will raise you up, in the resurrection of the dead; and I will gather you with all Israel.”