Bibliography (No. 12).—Bilharz, in Siebold and Köll., ‘Zeitsch. für wissensch. Zool.,’ iv, 1851.—Idem, ‘Wiener medic. Wochenschrift,’ 1856.—Cobbold, T. S., “On some new forms of Entozoa (Bilharzia magna),” ‘Linn. Trans.,’ vol. xxii, p. 364, 1859.—Idem, “Synopsis of the Distomidæ,” in ‘Proceed. Linn. Soc.,’ vol. v, Zool. Div., p. 31, 1860.—Idem, “Remarks on Dr J. Harley’s Distoma capense,” in ‘Lancet,’ also in the ‘Veterinarian,’ and in ‘Intell. Observer’ for Feb. and March, 1864.—Idem, “Entozoa,” l. c., p. 197, 1864.—Idem, “On Blood Worms,” Lecture xx in ‘Worms,’ l. c., p. 145 et seq., 1872; Tommasi’s edit., Vermi, p. 141, 1873.—Idem, “On the Embryos of Bilharzia,” ‘Brit. Assoc. Rep.,’ 1864.—Idem, “On the Development of Bilharzia hæmatobia, together with Remarks on the Ova of another Urinary Parasite occurring in a case of Hæmaturia from Natal,” ‘Brit. Med. Journ.,’ July, 1872; repr. in the ‘Veterinarian,’ 1872.—Idem, ‘New Entozootic Malady, &c.’ (brochure), London, 1865.—Idem, “Helminthes,” in Gunther’s ‘Record of Zool. Literature,’ p. 617, 1865.—Idem, “Entozoa in relation to Public Health and the Sewage Question,” Rep. of the Proceed. of the Metrop. Assoc. of Officers of Health, in ‘Med. Times and Gazette,’ Jan., 1871, repr. in the ‘Veterinarian,’ p. 359, 1871.—Idem, “Verification of recent Hæmatozoal Discoveries in Australia and Egypt,” ‘Brit. Med. Journ.,’ June, 1876.—Idem, “On Sewage and Parasites, especially in relation to the Dispersion and Vitality of the Germs of Entozoa,” rep. in ‘Med. Times and Gaz.’ for Feb., and the ‘Veterinarian’ for May, 1871.—Davaine, C., l. c., ‘Synops,’ and p. 312, 1860.—Diesing, C. M., ‘Revis. d. Myzelmith,’ Vienna, 1858.—Griesinger, “Klin. und Anat. Beobachtungen über die Krankheiten von Egypten,” in ‘Arch. für physiol. Heilkunde,’ 1856.—Idem, ‘Gesammelte Abhandlungen,’ Berlin, 1872.—Idem, ‘Arch. d. Heilk.,’ 1866.—Harley, J., ‘On the Hæmaturia of the Cape of Good Hope, produced by a Distoma,’ rep. in ‘Lancet,’ and ‘Med. Times and Gaz.,’ Feb., 1864; also in Ranking’s ‘Abstract,’ p. 173, 1864, and fully in ‘Medico-Chirurg. Trans.,’ 1865.—Idem, “On the Endemic Hæmaturia of the South Eastern Coast of Africa,” ‘Med.-Chir. Trans.,’ vol. liv, 1871.—Idem, in Hooper’s ‘Vade Mecum,’ 1869.—Hatch, W. K., “Case of Bilharzia hæmatobia,” in ‘British Medical Journal,’ Dec. 14, 1878, p. 875.—Küchenmeister, F., ‘Parasiten,’ 1855; Eng. edit., p. 277, 1857.—Leuckart, R., l. c., s. 617, 1863.—Sonsino, P., “Richerche intorno alla Bilharzia hæmatobia in relazione colla Ematuria Endemica dell’ Egitto e nota intorno un Nematoideo trovato nel Sangue Umano,” ‘Estr. dal Rend., del. R. Accad.,’ 1874.—Idem, ‘Della Bilharzia hæmatobia e delle alterazione Anatomo-patologiche che induce nell’ Organismo Umano, loro importanza come Fattori della Morbilità e Mortalità in Egitto, con cenno sopra una Larva d’Insetto Parassita dell’ Uomo. Estratto dall’ Imparziale,’ Firenze, 1876.—Idem, ‘Sugli ematozoi come contributo alla Fauna Entozooca Egiziana,’ Cairo, 1877.—Idem, “La Bilharzia hæmatobia, et son rôle Pathologique en Egypte,” ‘Arch. Gén. de Médicine,’ for June, p. 650, 1876.—Idem, “Intorno ad un nuovo Parassita del bue (Bilharzia bovis),” ‘Estr. dal Rend. del. R. Accad. di Napoli,’ 1876.—Weinland, D. F., l. c., p. 67, 1858.
SECTION II.—Cestoda (Tapeworms).
Tænia mediocanellata, Küchenmeister.—This cestode is frequently spoken of as the unarmed or beef tapeworm. In general appearance it is very similar to the armed form. It is, however, a larger and broader animal, being at the same time rather stouter. It varies usually from fifteen to twenty-three feet in length, but specimens have been described as attaining thirty feet. It is called the unarmed tapeworm in consequence of the absence of any coronet of hooks on the head; and consequently, also, from there being no prominent rostellum or proboscis. The place of the last-named structure, however, is supplied by a small rudimentary disk, which I have seen protruded on pressure (fig. [20]). Usually this disk forms a more or less conspicuous cup-shaped circular depression, which has been compared to and described as a fifth sucker. That it is not, in any structural sense, comparable to the true suckers, I have had abundant opportunity of ascertaining; nevertheless, I do not doubt that it is to a slight extent capable of being used by the parasite as a supernumerary holdfast. The anchorage thus secured, however, is by no means equal to that obtained by the armed species. This explains the comparative difficulty we find in procuring a specimen of the armed tapeworm with the head attached.
Fig. 20.—Head of Tænia mediocanellata. Showing the calcareous corpuscles, suckers, rudimentary proboscis, and water vessels. Highly magnified. Original.
The establishment of this species as distinct from T. solium is due to Küchenmeister; but it is curious to observe how accurately this determination was foreshadowed by the shrewd naturalist and theologian, J. A. E. Goeze, who clearly indicated two forms of the common tapeworm, remarking (l. c., Bibl. No. 1, s. 278):—“Die erste ist die bekannte grosse, mit langen dicken und gemästeten Gliedern, die ich Tænia cucurbitina, grandis, saginata, nennen will.” The same author (s. 245) pointed out the resemblance subsisting between the tapeworm of the cat (T. crassicollis) and the vesicles (“Krystallblasen”) and their contained “erbsförmige Blasen” (Cysticercus fasciolaris) of the mouse. Thus the celebrated pastor of St Blasius, in Quedlinberg, almost contemporaneously with Pallas, early arrived at the conclusion that the hydatid-measle was a kind of tapeworm.
Fig. 21.—Free proglottides of Tænia mediocanellata. After Leuckart.