Since one of the principal features of this treatise is to afford a handy means of reference to the rich and extended literature of parasitism, I here subjoin a list of general and systematic treatises. To most of these I shall constantly refer. Full special references to detached memoirs will appear in the bibliographies scattered throughout the body of the work.
Bibliography (No. 1).—Bremser, ‘Ueber lebende Würmer im lebenden Menschen,’ Vienna, 1819; French edit., by Grundler, 1824.—Idem, ‘Icones helminthium,’ Vienna, 1824.—Cobbold, T. S., ‘Entozoa, an Introduction to the Study of Helminthology, with reference more particularly to the Parasites of Man,’ London, 1864; Supp., 1869.—Reviews in the ‘Lancet,’ Sept. 24th, 1864, p. 353; in the ‘Med. Times and Gaz.,’ Oct. 29th, 1864, p. 474; in the ‘Athenæum,’ Oct. 15th, 1864, p. 493; in ‘Cosmos,’ Oct. 27th, 1864, p. 463; in the ‘Reader,’ Nov. 26th, 1864, p. 668; in the ‘Edinburgh Vet. Review,’ Nov., 1864, p. 662; in ‘Intellectual Observer,’ vol. vi, 1864, p. 190; in the ‘Quarterly Journal of Science,’ No. v, January, 1865, p. 145; in the ‘Quart. Journ. of Micr. Science,’ New Series, No. 17, Jan., 1865, p. 43; in ‘Popular Science Review,’ Jan., 1865, p. 214; in the ‘Veterinarian,’ Feb., 1865, p. 97; in the ‘Medical Mirror,’ Jan., 1865, p. 23; in the ‘Natural History Review’ for July, 1865; in the ‘British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review,’ April, 1865, in the ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal’ for April, p. 929; in the ‘Social Science Review’ for Feb. 1, 1866, p. 169; in ‘Dublin Quart. Journ. of Medical Science’ for Aug., 1867.—Davaine, C., ‘Traité des Entozoaires et des maladies vermineuses de l’homme et des animaux domestiques,’ Paris, 1860, 2nd edit., 1877–79.—Diesing, C. M., ‘Systema helminthum,’ Vienna, 1850.—Dujardin, F., ‘Histoire naturelle des helminthes ou vers intestineaux,’ Paris, 1845.—Goeze, T. A. S., ‘Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewürmer thierischer Körper,’ Blankenburgh, 1782.—Küchenmeister, F., ‘Die in und an dem Körper des lebenden Menschen vorkommenden Parasiten,’ Leipsic, 1855, 2nd. edit., 1878–79; Eng. edit., by Lankester, 1857.—Le Clerc, D., ‘A Natural and medicinal History of Worms bred in the bodies of men and other animals’ (sic), Browne’s edit., London, 1721.—Leuckart, R., ‘Die menschlichen Parasiten, und die von ihren herruhrenden Krankheiten,’ Leipsic und Heidelberg, 1863–1876.—Redi, F., ‘De animalculis vivis quæ in corporibus animalium vivorum reperiuntur, observationes;’ Coste’s edition, Amstelædami, 1688.—Rudolphi, C. A., ‘Entozoorum sive vermium intestinalium historia naturalis,’ Amsterdam, 1808.—Idem, ‘Entozoorum Synopsis,’ Berlin, 1819.—Van Beneden, P. J., ‘Animal Parasites and Messmates,’ London, 1876.
Several of the above works, while professing to deal with human parasites only, cover more or less of the whole ground of helminthology. Leuckart’s work is invaluable in this respect; and in the matter of literary references of a professional kind Davaine’s treatise is itself well nigh exhaustive. In any ordinary volume it is not possible to give a complete bibliography of parasitism. I make no pretension to do so here; nevertheless, the large number of modern memoirs that I have received from the distinguished writers themselves, enables me to render this part of my book very useful. As second only in importance to the above-mentioned works may be added the following—whether minor treatises, memoirs, monographs, comprehensive articles, or reports of a general or special character, respectively. As such it will be seen that some of them are sufficiently comprehensive, and their mere enumeration will enable the beginner to realise something like a fair estimate of the scope of helminthology. In the case of my own works I have ventured to add references to reviews and notices, because many of the latter contain valuable original suggestions made by the various anonymous writers.
Bibliography (No. 2).—Bastian, H. C., “On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Nematoids, parasitic and free,” ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1865 (see also Bibliog., No. 60).—Cobbold, T. S., ‘Worms; a series of lectures on Practical Helminthology,’ London, 1872; Italian edition by Tommasi. Milan, Florence, &c., 1873.—Idem, ‘The Internal Parasites of our Domesticated Animals,’ London, 1873; Italian edit. by Tommasi, Florence, 1874.—Idem, ‘Tapeworms (Human), their Sources, Varieties, and Treatment,’ London, 3rd edit., 1875. Reviews (1st and 2nd edit., with ‘Threadworms’), in ‘Brit. and For. Med.-Chir. Review’ for 1867, p. 433; in ‘Edin. Med. Journ.’ for 1866–67, p. 107; in ‘Lancet,’ Nov. 10th, 1866; in ‘Popular Science Review,’ Oct. 1st, 1866; in ‘Intellectual Observer,’ Oct. 1866; in ‘Med. Press and Circular,’ Jan. 16th, 1867; again in the ‘Lancet,’ for March 13th, 1867; and in ‘Dublin Quart. Journ. of Medical Science’ for 1867, 3rd edit.; in the ‘Field,’ Sept. 25th, 1875; and in ‘Popular Science Review’ for Jan., 1876.—Idem, ‘Catalogue of the Specimens of Entozoa in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England,’ London, 1866; noticed in the ‘Lancet’ for March 24th, 1866, p. 321.—Idem, “On the best Methods of displaying Entozoa in Museums,” ‘Journ. Linn. Soc.,’ vol. viii, p. 170.—Idem, ‘New Entozootic Malady,’ &c., 1864; popular brochure, reviewed in the ‘Lancet,’ Feb. 4th, 1865, p. 128; in the ‘Athenæum,’ Jan. 21st, 1865, p. 87; in the ‘British Med. Journal,’ Jan., 1865; in the ‘Veterinary Review and Stockowners’ Journal,’ No. 2, New Series, Feb., 1865, p. 76; in the ‘Reader,’ Feb. 4th, 1865, p. 142; in ‘Med. Times and Gaz.’ for June 2nd, 1865; in the ‘Field’ for March 18th, 1865.—Idem, “Parasites of Man,” forming a series of articles contributed to the ‘Midland Naturalist,’ 1878–79.—Idem, “Notes on Entozoa contained in the various Metropolitan Museums,” in ‘Lancet,’ May 13th, 1865, p. 503.—Idem, “Report on Plica polonica, in reference to Parasites,” in ‘Pathological Soc. Trans.,’ 1866, p. 419.—Idem, “Report on Experiments respecting the Development and Migrations of the Entozoa,” ‘British Assoc. Reports’ (Bath Meeting) for 1864, p. 111; and briefly noticed in ‘Lancet’ for Sept. 24th, 1864.—Idem, Miscellaneous observations, including “Note on Parasites in the Lower Animals,” in ‘Dub. Med. Press’ for Feb. 11th, 1863, p. 154.—Idem, “Vegetables, Fruits, and Water considered as sources of Intestinal Worms;” in the ‘Popular Science Review’ for Jan., 1865, p. 163.—Idem (anonymously), “On Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics” (in relation to Entozoötics); leading art. in ‘Lancet’ for Dec. 9th, 1865, p. 652.—Idem, “List of Entozoa, including Pentastomes, from animals dying at the Zoological Society’s Menagerie, between 1857–60 inclusive, with descriptions of several new species,” ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ 1861.—Idem, “Remarks on all the Human Entozoa,” ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ 1862; abstracts in ‘Brit. Med. Journ.’ for 1862, and in ‘Edinb. New Phil. Journ.,’ vol. xvii, new series, 1863, p. 145; in Report of the ‘Proceed. of the Brit. Assoc. at Cambridge,’ 1862.—Idem, “Our Food-producing Ruminants, and the Parasites which reside in them; being the Cantor Lectures of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce,” delivered in 1871, and pub. in the ‘Journal of the Soc. of Arts’ for that year.—Davaine, C., “Les Cestoïdes,” in ‘Dict. Encycl. des Sci. Med.,’ Paris, 1876.—Eberth, C. J., ‘Untersuchungen ueber Nematoden,’ Leipsic, 1863.—Heller, A., “Darmschmarotzer,” in Von Ziemssen’s ‘Handbuch,’ Bd. vii, 1876; and in the American edition of the same, 1877.—Jones, T. R., “List of Entozoa of Greenland,” taken from Krabbe; ‘Arctic Manual,’ 1875, p. 179.—Krabbe, H., ‘Helminthologiske Undersogelser,’ Copenhagen, 1865.—Leuckart, R., ‘Die Blasenbandwürmer und ihre Entwicklung,’ Giessen, 1856.—Moquin-Tandon, A., “Epizoa and Entozoa,” in Hulme’s edit. of his ‘Elements of Medical Zoology,’ London, 1871.—Nordmann, A. von, ‘Mikrographische Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere,’ Berlin, 1832.—Olsson, P., “Entozoa, iakttagna hos Skandanaviska hafsfiskar.,” Lund, ‘Univ. Årsskrift,’ 1867.—Owen, R., “Entozoa,” art. in Todd’s ‘Cyclopædia of Anat. and Physiol.,’ London, 1839.—Idem, “Entozoa,” ‘Lectures (iv and v) on the Comp. Anat. and Physiol. of the Invertebrate Animals,’ London, 1855.—Pagenstecher, H. A., ‘Trematodenlarven und Trematoden,’ Heidelberg, 1857.—Rhind, W., ‘A Treatise on the Nature and Cure of Intestinal Worms, &c.,’ London, 1829.—Rolleston, G., “Characteristics of Nematelminthes and Platyelminthes,” in his ‘Forms of Animal Life,’ Oxford, 1870.—Schneider, A., ‘Monographie der Nematoden,’ Berlin, 1866.—Siebold, C. von., “Parasiten,” art. in Wagener’s ‘Handwörterbuch der Physiol., &c.,’ 1845.—Idem, “Helminthes,” Book v, in Burnett’s edit. of Siebold and Stannius’ ‘Comparative Anatomy,’ London and Boston, 1854.—Thomson, A., “Entozoa,” in the art. “Ovum,” in Todd’s ‘Cyclop. of Anat. and Physiol.,’ London, 1859.—Van Beneden, P. J., ‘Mémoire sur les Vers Intestineaux,’ Paris, 1858.—Idem, “Les Vers Cestoïdes,” ‘Mém. de l’Acad. Roy.,’ Brussels, 1850.—Verrill, A. E., “The External and Internal Parasites of Man and the Domestic Animals,” ‘Rep. of Board of Agriculture,’ Connecticut, U.S., 1870.—Von Baer, K. E., ‘Observations on Entozoa;’ in an analytical notice of his article “Beiträge zur Kentniss der niedern Thiere,” from ‘Nova Acta Nat. Cur.,’ tom. xiii, in the ‘Zool. Journ.,’ vol. iv, p. 250, 1828–29.—Wagener, G. R., ‘Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Eingeweidewürmer,’ Haarlem, 1857.—Weinland, D. F., ‘An Essay on the Tapeworms of Man,’ Cambridge, U.S., 1858.
BOOK I.
PARASITES OF MAN.
Whatever notions people may entertain respecting the dignity of the human race, there is no gainsaying the fact that we share with the lower animals the rather humiliating privilege and prerogative of entertaining a great variety of parasites. These are for the most part entozoal in habit. As the parasites are apt to cause suffering to the bearer, a superstitious age sought to interpret their presence as having some connection with human wrong-doing. We can now afford to smile at such erroneous ideas. The intimate relation subsisting between parasitic forms dwelling in man and animals, and their interdependence upon one another, alone suffices to preclude the idea that parasites have been arbitrarily placed within the human bearer. It would seem, indeed, that our existence is essential to the welfare and propagation of certain species of parasites. Possibly it is only by accepting the hypothesis of “Natural Selection” that we can escape the somewhat undignified conclusion that the entozoa were expressly created to dwell in us, and also that we were in part designed and destined to entertain them. View the matter as we may, the internal parasites of man and animals strictly conform to a few well-known types of structure, but these types branch out into infinitely varied specific forms. The vulgar mind sees nothing attractive in the morphology and organisation of a parasitic worm, and common-place conceptions of the beautiful cannot be expected to embrace within their narrow grasp the marvelous harmony and order that pervade the structure and economy of the individual members of this remarkable class of beings.